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Espinosa Ferao A. Deoxygenation of Oxiranes by λ 3 σ 3 -Phosphorus Reagents: A Computational, Mechanistic, and Stereochemical Study. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300474. [PMID: 37782574 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The deoxygenation of parent and substituted oxiranes by λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents has been explored in detail, therefore unveiling mechanistic aspects as well as regio- and stereochemical consequences. Attack to a ring C atom is almost always preferred over one-step deoxygenation by direct P-to-O attack. In most cases a carbene transfer occurs as first step, leading to a phosphorane and a carbonyl unit that thereafter react in the usual Wittig fashion via the corresponding λ5 σ5 -1,2-oxaphosphetane intermediate. Betaines rarely constitute true minima after the first C-attack to oxiranes, at least in the gas-phase. Use of the heavier derivatives AsMe3 and SbMe3 as oxirane deoxygenating reagents was also mechanistically studied. The thermodynamic tendency of λ3 σ3 -phosphorus reagents to act as oxygen (O-attack) or carbene acceptors (C-attack) was theoretically studied by means of the thermodynamic oxygen-transfer potential (TOP) and the newly defined thermodynamic carbene-transfer potential (TCP) parameters, that were explored in a wider context together with many other acceptor centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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2
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Discovery and Preclinical Development of Antigiardiasis Fumagillol Derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00582-20. [PMID: 32778548 PMCID: PMC7508583 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, is a severe diarrheal disease, endemic in poverty-stricken regions of the world, and also a common infection in developed countries. The available therapeutic options are associated with adverse effects, and G. lamblia resistance to the standard-of-care drugs is spreading. Fumagillin, an antimicrosporidiosis drug, is a therapeutic agent with potential for the treatment of giardiasis. However, it exhibits considerable, albeit reversible, toxicity when used to treat immunocompromised microsporidiosis patients. Giardiasis, caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, is a severe diarrheal disease, endemic in poverty-stricken regions of the world, and also a common infection in developed countries. The available therapeutic options are associated with adverse effects, and G. lamblia resistance to the standard-of-care drugs is spreading. Fumagillin, an antimicrosporidiosis drug, is a therapeutic agent with potential for the treatment of giardiasis. However, it exhibits considerable, albeit reversible, toxicity when used to treat immunocompromised microsporidiosis patients. Fumagillin is also a highly unstable compound. To address these liabilities, we designed and synthesized stable fumagillol derivatives with lower levels of permeation across polarized epithelial Caco-2 cells and better potency against G. lamblia trophozoites than fumagillin. Metronidazole-resistant G. lamblia strains were also susceptible to the new fumagillol derivatives. In addition, these compounds were more potent against the amebiasis-causing parasite Entamoeba histolytica than fumagillin. Two compounds exhibited better thermal and acid stability than fumagillin, which should prolong the drug shelf life and reduce compound degradation in the stomach. Studies with a mouse model of giardiasis with the most stable compound, 4-(((((3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy-4-((2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl)oxy)carbonyl)amino)benzoic acid (compound 9), revealed that it had better efficacy (effective dose [ED]) than fumagillin at both the fully curative dose (the 100% ED) of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight and a 50% ED of 0.064 mg/kg. Plasma pharmacokinetics revealed the slow absorption of compound 9 through the gut, consistent with the in vitro characterization in Caco-2 cells. An acute-dose study yielded a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 1,500 mg/kg, 227-fold higher than the fully curative dose. Thus, along with improved stability, compound 9 also exhibited an excellent therapeutic window.
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Mori T, Takeuchi Y, Hojo M. Nickel-catalyzed deoxygenation of oxiranes: Conversion of epoxides to alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morgen M, Jöst C, Malz M, Janowski R, Niessing D, Klein CD, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Spiroepoxytriazoles Are Fumagillin-like Irreversible Inhibitors of MetAP2 with Potent Cellular Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1001-11. [PMID: 26686773 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) are responsible for the cotranslational cleavage of initiator methionines from nascent proteins. The MetAP2 subtype is up-regulated in many cancers, and selective inhibition of MetAP2 suppresses both vascularization and growth of tumors in animal models. The natural product fumagillin is a selective and potent irreversible inhibitor of MetAP2, and semisynthetic derivatives of fumagillin have shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of cancer, and, more recently, for obesity. Further development of fumagillin derivatives has been complicated, however, by their generally poor pharmacokinetics. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, we developed an easily diversifiable synthesis of a novel class of MetAP2 inhibitors that were designed to mimic fumagillin's molecular scaffold but have improved pharmacological profiles. These substances were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of MetAP2, as demonstrated in biochemical enzymatic assays against three MetAP isoforms. Inhibitors with the same relative and absolute stereoconfiguration as fumagillin displayed significantly higher activity than their diastereomeric and enantiomeric isomers. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the inhibitors covalently modify His231 in the MetAP2 active site via ring-opening of a spiroepoxide. Biochemically active substances inhibited the growth of endothelial cells and a MetAP2-sensitive cancer cell line, while closely related inactive isomers had little effect on the proliferation of either cell type. These effects correlated with altered N-terminal processing of the protein 14-3-3-γ. Finally, selected substances were found to have improved stabilities in mouse plasma and microsomes relative to the clinically investigated fumagillin derivative beloranib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morgen
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Jöst
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Malz
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute
of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute
of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomedical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer
Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neunheimer
Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Nakagiri T, Murai M, Takai K. Stereospecific Deoxygenation of Aliphatic Epoxides to Alkenes under Rhenium Catalysis. Org Lett 2015; 17:3346-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakagiri
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masahito Murai
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Research
Center of New Functional Materials for Energy Production, Storage
and Transport, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Arico-Muendel CC, Blanchette H, Benjamin DR, Caiazzo TM, Centrella PA, DeLorey J, Doyle EG, Johnson SR, Labenski MT, Morgan BA, O’Donovan G, Sarjeant AA, Skinner S, Thompson CD, Griffin ST, Westlin W, White KF. Orally active fumagillin analogues: transformations of a reactive warhead in the gastric environment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:381-6. [PMID: 24900682 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthetic analogues of fumagillin, 1, inhibit methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) and have entered the clinic for the treatment of cancer. An optimized fumagillin analogue, 3 (PPI-2458), was found to be orally active, despite containing a spiroepoxide function that formed a covalent linkage to the target protein. In aqueous acid, 3 underwent ring-opening addition of water and HCl, leading to four products, 4-7, which were characterized in detail. The chlorohydrin, but not the diol, products inhibited MetAP2 under weakly basic conditions, suggesting reversion to epoxide as a step in the mechanism. In agreement, chlorohydrin 6 was shown to revert rapidly to 3 in rat plasma. In an ex vivo assay, rats treated with purified acid degradants demonstrated inhibition of MetAP2 that correlated with the biochemical activity of the compounds. Taken together, the results indicate that degradation of the parent compound was compensated by the formation of active equivalents leading to a pharmacologically useful level of MetAP2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Arico-Muendel
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Heather Blanchette
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis R. Benjamin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teresa M. Caiazzo
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paolo A. Centrella
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer DeLorey
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elisabeth G. Doyle
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven R. Johnson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew T. Labenski
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Barry A. Morgan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gary O’Donovan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven Skinner
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles D. Thompson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sarah T. Griffin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William Westlin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kerry F. White
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Balthaser BR, Maloney MC, Beeler AB, Porco JA, Snyder JK. Remodelling of the natural product fumagillol employing a reaction discovery approach. Nat Chem 2012; 3:969-73. [PMID: 22213919 PMCID: PMC3254213 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new biologically active molecules, diversity-oriented synthetic strategies break through the limitation of traditional library synthesis by sampling new chemical space. Many natural products can be regarded as intriguing starting points for diversity-oriented synthesis, wherein stereochemically rich core structures may be reorganized into chemotypes that are distinctly different from the parent structure. Ideally, to be suited to library applications, such transformations should be general and involve few steps. With this objective in mind, the highly oxygenated natural product fumagillol has been successfully remodelled in several ways using a reaction-discovery-based approach. In reactions with amines, excellent regiocontrol in a bis-epoxide opening/cyclization sequence can be obtained by size-dependent interaction of an appropriate catalyst with the parent molecule, forming either perhydroisoindole or perhydroisoquinoline products. Perhydroisoindoles can be further remodelled by cascade processes to afford either morpholinone or bridged 4,1-benzoxazepine-containing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Balthaser
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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9
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Bala N, Chimni SS. Recent developments in the asymmetric hydrolytic ring opening of epoxides catalysed by microbial epoxide hydrolase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Arico-Muendel CC, Benjamin DR, Caiazzo TM, Centrella PA, Contonio BD, Cook CM, Doyle EG, Hannig G, Labenski MT, Searle LL, Lind K, Morgan BA, Olson G, Paradise CL, Self C, Skinner SR, Sluboski B, Svendsen JL, Thompson CD, Westlin W, White KF. Carbamate analogues of fumagillin as potent, targeted inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidase-2. J Med Chem 2010; 52:8047-56. [PMID: 19929003 DOI: 10.1021/jm901260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) represents a novel approach to antiangiogenic therapy. We describe the synthesis and activity of fumagillin analogues that address the pharmacokinetic and safety liabilities of earlier candidates in this compound class. Two-step elaboration of fumagillol with amines yielded a diverse series of carbamates at C6 of the cyclohexane spiroepoxide. The most potent of these compounds exhibited subnanomolar inhibition of cell proliferation in HUVEC and BAEC assays. Although a range of functionalities were tolerated at this position, alpha-trisubstituted amines possessed markedly decreased inhibitory activity, and this could be rationalized by modeling based on the known fumagillin-MetAP2 crystal structure. The lead compound resulting from these studies, (3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy-4-((2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)oxiran-2-yl)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl (R)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, (PPI-2458), demonstrated an improved pharmacokinetic profile relative to the earlier clinical candidate TNP-470, and has advanced into phase I clinical studies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and solid cancers.
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11
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Russo A, Lattanzi A. Asymmetric epoxidation of 2-arylidene-1,3-diketones: facile access to synthetically useful epoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2633-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c002587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chen GJ, Weylie B, Hu C, Zhu J, Forough R. FGFR1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is a novel target for antiangiogenic effects of the cancer drug fumagillin (TNP-470). J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1492-504. [PMID: 17295210 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1), a prototypic member of the FGF family, is a potent angiogenic factor. Although FGF-stimulated angiogenesis has been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms regulating FGF1-induced angiogenesis are poorly understood in vivo. Fumagillin, an antiangiogenic fungal metabolite, has the ability to inhibit FGF-stimulated angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). In the current study, chicken CAMs were transfected with a signal peptide-containing version of the FGF1 gene construct (sp-FGF1). Transfected CAMs were then analyzed in the presence and absence of fumagillin treatment with respect to the mRNA expression levels and protein activity of the FGF1 receptor protein (FGFR1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and its immediate downstream target, AKT-1 (protein kinase B). Treatment of sp-FGF1-transfected CAMs with fumagillin showed downregulation for both PI3K and AKT-1 proteins in mRNA expression and protein activity. In contrast, no major alterations in FGFR1 mRNA expression level were observed. Similar patterns of mRNA expression for the above three proteins were observed when the CAMs were treated with recombinant FGF1 protein in place of sp-FGF1 gene transfection. Investigation using biotin-labeled fumagillin showed that only the FGF1 receptor protein containing the cytoplasmic domain demonstrated binding to fumagillin. Furthermore, we demonstrated endothelial-specificity of the proposed antiangiogenic signaling cascade using an in vitro system. Based on these findings, we conclude that the binding of fumagillin to the cytoplasmic domain of the FGF1 receptor inhibited FGF1-stimulated angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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13
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Bang JIY, Kim EY, Seong NS, Shin YS, Kang IC. ProteoChip-based library screening of integrin α5β1 antagonists from korean medicinal plant extracts. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:1584-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02977328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Weijers CAGM, Könst PM, Franssen MCR, Sudhölter EJR. Stereochemical preference of yeast epoxide hydrolase for the O-axial C3 epimers of 1-oxaspiro[2.5]octanes. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3106-14. [PMID: 17878969 DOI: 10.1039/b709742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1-oxaspiro[2.5]octane moiety is a common motif in many biologically active spiroepoxide compounds. Stereochemistry plays an important role in the action of these spiroepoxides, since the O-axial C3 epimers are predominantly responsible for biological activity. In view of this, the reactivity of the yeast epoxide hydrolase (YEH) from Rhodotorula glutinis towards both O-axial and O-equatorial C3 epimers of various 1-oxaspiro[2.5]octanes was investigated. O-axial C3 Epimers were hydrolyzed faster than the O-equatorial C3 epimers. The stereochemical preference was greatly dependent on the type of substitution on the cyclohexane ring. The preference of YEH for O-axial C3 epimers, found throughout this study, illustrates the effectiveness of YEH in enzymatic detoxification of spiroepoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel A G M Weijers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Dupuy J, Lespine A, Sutra JF, Alvinerie M. Fumagillin, a new P-glycoprotein-interfering agent able to modulate moxidectin efflux in rat hepatocytes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:489-94. [PMID: 17083452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the ability of two compounds licensed in veterinary medicine: fumagillin and diminazene diaceturate to increase intracellular moxidectin quantity in rat hepatocytes. These compounds significantly increased the quantity of 14C-moxidectin (expressed as area under the time curve concentrations) in cultured rat hepatocytes by 44% and 65% for diminazene and fumagillin treatments respectively. In addition, we have tested these drugs for their interference with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function in porcine kidney epithelial cells transfected with murine mdr1a (Mdr1a-LLCPK1). We examined the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) as a functional test to evaluate the effects of these two drugs on P-gp activity. In this model, only fumagillin led to a marked intracellular accumulation of Rho 123. After transforming the data to express the results as a percentage of the accumulation in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor valspodar (VSP), the maximal Rho 123 accumulation was 47% of that with VSP for 100 microm fumagillin. The EC50, the concentration needed to determine 50% of the maximal effect was 34 microm. Fumagillin interacts with P-gp function and appears as a promising compound among registered drugs available, which may optimize the therapeutic use of macrocyclic lactones (MLs).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dupuy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse, France.
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16
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Yance DR, Sagar SM. Targeting angiogenesis with integrative cancer therapies. Integr Cancer Ther 2006; 5:9-29. [PMID: 16484711 DOI: 10.1177/1534735405285562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrative approach for managing a patient with cancer should target the multiple biochemical and physiological pathways that support tumor development while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. Angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer. Many natural health products that inhibit angiogenesis also manifest other anticancer activities. The authors will focus on natural health products (NHPs) that have a high degree of antiangiogenic activity but also describe some of their many other interactions that can inhibit tumor progression and reduce the risk of metastasis. NHPs target various molecular pathways besides angiogenesis, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the HER-2/neu gene, the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, the NF-kB transcription factor, the protein kinases, Bcl-2 protein, and coagulation pathways. The herbalist has access to hundreds of years of observational data on the anticancer activity of many herbs. Laboratory studies are confirming the knowledge that is already documented in traditional texts. The following herbs are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities: Artemisia annua (Chinese wormwood), Viscum album (European mistletoe), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), resveratrol and proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract), Magnolia officinalis (Chinese magnolia tree), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, Poria cocos, Zingiber officinale (ginger), Panax ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens (rabdosia), and Chinese destagnation herbs. Quality assurance of appropriate extracts is essential prior to embarking on clinical trials. More data are required on dose response, appropriate combinations, and potential toxicities. Given the multiple effects of these agents, their future use for cancer therapy probably lies in synergistic combinations. During active cancer therapy, they should generally be evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. In this role, they act as biological response modifiers and adaptogens, potentially enhancing the efficacy of the so-called conventional therapies. Their effectiveness may be increased when multiple agents are used in optimal combinations. New designs for trials to demonstrate activity in human subjects are required. Although controlled trials might be preferred, smaller studies with appropriate end points and surrogate markers for antiangiogenic response could help prioritize agents for the larger resource-intensive phase 3 trials.
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Jeong BS, Choi NS, Ahn SK, Bae H, Kim HS, Kim D. Total synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of cyclopentane analogues of fumagillol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3580-3. [PMID: 15978809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclopentane analogues of fumagillol were synthesized and their endothelial cell proliferation inhibitory activities were evaluated. The cyclopentane-fumagillol derivatives were synthesized from (-)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-erythronolactone via stereoselective glycolate Claisen rearrangement and intramolecular ester enolate alkylation as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Seon Jeong
- New Drug Research Laboratories, Chong Kun Dang Research Institute, Cheonan 330-831, Republic of Korea
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18
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Luo QL, Li JY, Chen LL, Li J, Ye QZ, Nan FJ. Inhibitors of type I MetAPs containing pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide. Part 2: SAR studies on the pyridine ring 3-substituent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:639-44. [PMID: 15664829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systematic SAR studies on the pyridine ring 3-substituent of PCAT, an inhibitor of EcMetAP1 and ScMetAP1, revealed that 3-substituents have different selectivity for EcMetAP1 and ScMetAP1. The selective inhibitors of type I MetAP are useful tools for investigating the detailed interactions between the enzymes and their inhibitors. In addition, these findings provide useful information for the design and discovery of more potent inhibitors of type I MetAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Li Luo
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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19
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Luo QL, Li JY, Liu ZY, Chen LL, Li J, Ye QZ, Nan FJ. Inhibitors of type I MetAPs containing pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide. Part 1: SAR studies on the determination of the key scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:635-8. [PMID: 15664828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 11/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Systematic SAR studies on the HTS hit pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide (PACT) analogues revealed that the scaffold of PCAT is indispensable for the inhibition of type I MetAP. For effective inhibition of the enzyme, the most suitable position to modify is the 3-position of the pyridine ring of PCAT, and the best substituents are those containing O or N atoms connected directly with the pyridine ring. These findings provide useful information for the design and discovery of more potent inhibitors of type I MetAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Li Luo
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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