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Modi P, Shah BM, Patel S. Interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE): A comprehensive review on discovery and development of caspase-1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115861. [PMID: 37857145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a critical mediator of the inflammatory process by activating various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as pro-IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33. Uncontrolled activation of caspase-1 leads to various cytokines-mediated diseases. Thus, inhibition of Caspase-1 is considered therapeutically beneficial to halt the progression of such diseases. Currently, rilonacept, canakinumab and anakinra are in use for caspase-1-mediated autoinflammatory diseases. However, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of these peptides limits their use as therapeutic agents. Therefore, several peptidomimetic inhibitors have been developed, but only a few compounds (VX-740, VX-765) have advanced to clinical trials; because of their toxic profile. Several small molecule inhibitors have also been progressing based on the three-dimensional structure of caspase-1. However there is no successful candidate available clinically. In this perspective, we highlight the mechanism of caspase-1 activation, its therapeutic potential as a disease target and potential therapeutic strategies targeting caspase-1 with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University Ahmedabad - 382 210, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University Ahmedabad - 382 210, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivani Patel
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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2
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Zarezin DP, Nenajdenko VG. Diazocarbonyl derivatives of amino acids: unique chiral building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with applications of chiral α-amino diazoketones, α-amino acid derivatives, in the synthesis of various biologically active compounds. General approaches to the synthesis of chiral α-amino diazoketones, including the Arndt – Eistert reaction, acylation of trimethylsilyldiazomethanes, etc., are discussed. Due to the presence of three functional groups, these building blocks can be used to produce a wide range of organic compounds with potential physiological activity, ranging from various heterocyclic compounds to peptidomimetics. Methods for the synthesis of β-amino acid-containing peptides and depsipeptides, amino acid derivatives and heterocyclic compounds with three- to seven-membered rings are considered.
The bibliography includes 226 references.
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Yu H, Zhang G, Liu J. Copper-Catalysed (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene-Promoted Aerobic Esterification Reaction: Synthesis of Oxamates from Acetoacetamides. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang, Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang, Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science; Anshan Normal University; Anshan, Liaoning 114007 People's Republic of China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang, Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang, Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
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4
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Poreba M, Szalek A, Kasperkiewicz P, Rut W, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Small Molecule Active Site Directed Tools for Studying Human Caspases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12546-629. [PMID: 26551511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases of clan CD and were described for the first time more than two decades ago. They play critical roles in the control of regulated cell death pathways including apoptosis and inflammation. Due to their involvement in the development of various diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, or autoimmune disorders, caspases have been intensively investigated as potential drug targets, both in academic and industrial laboratories. This review presents a thorough, deep, and systematic assessment of all technologies developed over the years for the investigation of caspase activity and specificity using substrates and inhibitors, as well as activity based probes, which in recent years have attracted considerable interest due to their usefulness in the investigation of biological functions of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szalek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Program in Cell Death and Survival Networks, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Bogolubsky AV, Moroz YS, Mykhailiuk PK, Pipko SE, Zhemera AV, Konovets AI, Stepaniuk OO, Myronchuk IS, Dmytriv YV, Doroschuk RA, Zaporozhets OA, Tolmachev A. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Chlorooxoacetate--Universal Reagent for One-Pot Parallel Synthesis of N(1)-Aryl-N(2)-alkyl-Substituted Oxamides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:615-22. [PMID: 26325360 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot parallel synthesis of N(1)-aryl-N(2)-alkyl-substituted oxamides with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl chlorooxoacetate was developed. The synthesis of a library of 45 oxamides revealed higher efficiency of this reagent over the known ethyl chlorooxoacetate. The reagent was successfully used to prepare the known oxamide-containing HIV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- ChemBioCenter, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 61 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska
Street, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Sergey E. Pipko
- ChemBioCenter, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 61 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Anzhelika I. Konovets
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- The
Institute of High Technologies, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 4 Glushkov Street, Building 5, Kyiv, 03187, Ukraine
| | - Olena O. Stepaniuk
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Politechnic Institute”, 37 Peremohy Avenue, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Inna S. Myronchuk
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Politechnic Institute”, 37 Peremohy Avenue, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
| | | | - Roman A. Doroschuk
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska
Street, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Olga A. Zaporozhets
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska
Street, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andrey Tolmachev
- Enamine, Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- ChemBioCenter, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 61 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
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6
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Apoptosis in health and disease and modulation of apoptosis for therapy: An overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 22:6-16. [PMID: 23105676 DOI: 10.1007/bf02913307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis a physiological mechanism that eliminates excessive, damaged or unwanted cells, is a highly regulated pathway important for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. It can be initiated through various signals via the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, or via the intrinsic pathway which is initiated by intracellular damage and involves the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c from it to further activate caspases. The Bcl-2 family of proteins is situated upstream to the irreversible damage of cellular constituents and is an important checkpoint in the fate of a cell. The pro-apoptotic members, BH3 only members include BID, BAD and BIM. They directly or indirectly activate multidomain BAX/BAK that constitute the requisite gateway to the intrinsic pathway which operates at the mitochondrial surface and endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, antiapoptotic members such as Bcl-2, Bcl-XL bind and sequester activation. Downstream of mitochondria, the apoptosome involvement is seen to generate caspase activity. Post mitochondria regulation involves IAPs, and their inhibitors. The pathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disorders, heart disease, infectious diseases including AIDS is closely related to aberrant apoptosis. Consequently interest has emerged in employing various the rapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, antisense therapy, recombinant biologicals, organic and combinatorial chemistry, to specifically target apoptosis signaling pathways such as death receptors FAS/TRAIL, Bcl-2, p53, IAPs, SMAC and caspases, etc. and are now advancing from preclinical to clinical phase.
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7
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Samiulla DS, Naidu A, Rao GV, Ramachandra M. Discovery of indole tetrafluorophenoxymethylketone-based potent novel small molecule inhibitors of caspase-3. Org Med Chem Lett 2012; 2:27. [PMID: 22794498 PMCID: PMC3519673 DOI: 10.1186/2191-2858-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caspase-3 inhibition has been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective in moderating excessive programmed cell death. Interest in caspase-3 as a therapeutic target has led many to pursue the development of inhibitors. To date, only a few series of non-peptide inhibitors have been described, and these have limitations on their drug-like properties. Methods Here, we report the screening of 70 novel small molecules against the caspase-3 enzyme which belongs to four different series (indole fluoromethylketone, indole difluoro and tetrafluorophenoxymethylketone, and oxalamide). Selected molecules were subjected for counter-screening, cell-based, ADME/PK assays in order to understand the potency and drug-like properties. Results The screening yielded series of hits with IC50 values ranging from 0.11 to 10 μM with reasonable SAR, irreversible mode of inhibition, and reasonable selectivity against other proteases including caspase-1, cathepsin B and D, and thrombin. On the basis of in vitro profile, the selected molecules were evaluated for their drug-like properties. Among the compounds evaluated, compound 3D exhibited good solubility, low permeability, interaction with efflux pump, and low potential for CYP450 drug-drug interaction. After intravenous administration, compound 3D showed low clearance (588 ml/hr/kg), medium volume of distribution, and good oral bioavailability (90%). Conclusions These results support further advancement of compound 3D in different apoptotic models to develop as a new anti-apoptotic agent in relevant disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodheri Syed Samiulla
- DMPK Department, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Electronic City Phase 2, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560100, India.
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8
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Leyva MJ, Degiacomo F, Kaltenbach LS, Holcomb J, Zhang N, Gafni J, Park H, Lo DC, Salvesen GS, Ellerby LM, Ellman JA. Identification and evaluation of small molecule pan-caspase inhibitors in Huntington's disease models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:1189-200. [PMID: 21095569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's Disease (HD) is characterized by a mutation in the huntingtin (Htt) gene encoding an expansion of glutamine repeats on the N terminus of the Htt protein. Numerous studies have identified Htt proteolysis as a critical pathological event in HD postmortem human tissue and mouse HD models, and proteases known as caspases have emerged as attractive HD therapeutic targets. We report the use of the substrate activity screening method against caspase-3 and -6 to identify three novel, pan-caspase inhibitors that block proteolysis of Htt at caspase-3 and -6 cleavage sites. In HD models these irreversible inhibitors suppressed Hdh(111Q/111Q)-mediated toxicity and rescued rat striatal and cortical neurons from cell death. In this study, the identified nonpeptidic caspase inhibitors were used to confirm the role of caspase-mediated Htt proteolysis in HD. These results further implicate caspases as promising targets for HD therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Leyva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Sharma BK, Pilania P, Singh P, Prabhakar YS. Combinatorial protocol in multiple linear regression/partial least-squares directed rationale for the caspase-3 inhibition activity of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 21:169-185. [PMID: 20373219 DOI: 10.1080/10629360903570545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The caspase-3 inhibition activity of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives has been analysed with the topological and molecular features from Dragon software. Analysis of the structural features in conjunction with the biological endpoints in combinatorial protocol in multiple linear regression (CP-MLR) led to the identification of 45 descriptors for modelling the activity. The study clearly suggested the role of rotatable bonds, mean information on the distance degree equality, radial centricity, bond and structural information content of five-order neighbourhood symmetry, atomic van der Waals volumes and the presence or absence of certain structural fragments to optimise the caspase-3 inhibitory activity of titled compounds. The models developed and the participating descriptors advocate that the substituent groups of the isoquinoline moiety hold scope for further modification in the optimization of the caspase-3 inhibitory activity. Analysis of these descriptors in partial least squares (PLS) highlighted their relative significance in modulating the biological response. The selected descriptors are enriched with information corresponding to the activity when compared to the remaining ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, SK Government College, Sikar 332 001, India.
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10
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Ueno H, Kawai M, Shimokawa H, Hirota M, Ohmi M, Sudo R, Ohta A, Arano Y, Hattori K, Ohmi T, Kato N, Kojima M, Ueno Y, Yamamoto M, Moriguchi Y, Eda H, Masubuchi K. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of oxamyl dipeptide caspase inhibitors developed for the treatment of liver disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:199-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of many diseases is most closely connected with aberrantly regulated apoptotic cell death. The past 15 years have witnessed an explosion in the basic knowledge of mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and the mediators that either trigger or inhibit cell death. Consequently, great interest has emerged in devising therapeutic strategies for modulating the key molecules of life-and-death decisions. Numerous novel approaches are currently being followed employing gene therapy and antisense strategies, recombinant biologics or classical organic and combinatorial chemistry in order to target specific apoptotic regulators. Although drug development is still in its infancy, several therapeutics have progressed to clinical testing or have even been approved in record time. This review outlines the recent advances in the field of apoptosis-based therapies and explores some highlights of a very active field of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Chen YH, Zhang YH, Zhang HJ, Liu DZ, Gu M, Li JY, Wu F, Zhu XZ, Li J, Nan FJ. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione Derivatives as Potent Caspase-3 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1613-23. [PMID: 16509578 DOI: 10.1021/jm050896o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione derivatives were identified as novel and potent inhibitors of caspase-3 through structural modification of the original compound from high-throughput screening. Various analogues (2, 6, 9, 13, and 14) were synthesized and identified as caspase inhibitors, and the introduction of a 6-N-acyl group (compound 13) greatly improved their activity. Some of them showed low nanomolar potency against caspase-3 in vitro (for example, for 6k, IC50 = 40 nM) and significant protection against apoptosis in a model cell system. Additionally, compound 13f demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in infarct volume in the transient MCA occlusion stroke model. The present small-molecule caspase-3 inhibitor with novel structures different from structures of known caspase inhibitors revealed a new direction for therapeutic strategies directed against diseases involving abnormally up-regulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PRC
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13
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Linton SD, Aja T, Armstrong RA, Bai X, Chen LS, Chen N, Ching B, Contreras P, Diaz JL, Fisher CD, Fritz LC, Gladstone P, Groessl T, Gu X, Herrmann J, Hirakawa BP, Hoglen NC, Jahangiri KG, Kalish VJ, Karanewsky DS, Kodandapani L, Krebs J, McQuiston J, Meduna SP, Nalley K, Robinson ED, Sayers RO, Sebring K, Spada AP, Ternansky RJ, Tomaselli KJ, Ullman BR, Valentino KL, Weeks S, Winn D, Wu JC, Yeo P, Zhang CZ. First-in-class pan caspase inhibitor developed for the treatment of liver disease. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6779-82. [PMID: 16250635 DOI: 10.1021/jm050307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of oxamyl dipeptides were optimized for pan caspase inhibition, anti-apoptotic cellular activity and in vivo efficacy. This structure-activity relationship study focused on the P4 oxamides and warhead moieties. Primarily on the basis of in vitro data, inhibitors were selected for study in a murine model of alpha-Fas-induced liver injury. IDN-6556 (1) was further profiled in additional in vivo models and pharmacokinetic studies. This first-in-class caspase inhibitor is now the subject of two Phase II clinical trials, evaluating its safety and efficacy for use in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Linton
- Idun Pharmaceuticals, 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Nedev HN, Klaiman G, LeBlanc A, Saragovi HU. Synthesis and evaluation of novel dipeptidyl benzoyloxymethyl ketones as caspase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:397-400. [PMID: 16137654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe novel peptide-based caspase inhibitors. Potent and comparatively selective compounds containing a dipeptide scaffold and a substituted oxymethyl ketone as a warhead were developed. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for inhibition in in vitro enzymatic assays of caspases-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9. The benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylglycyl-aspartyl benzoyloxymethyl ketone (Z-Phg-Asp-CH2OCO-Ph, coded as HU44) was the most potent inhibitor of caspase-1 and caspase-3. Of several analogs of HU44 that were made, the beta-Asp methyl ester (2) is an effective inhibitor against caspase-3 and caspase-8, and less effective against caspase-1. These compounds did not inhibit caspase-6 and caspase-9 significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinyu N Nedev
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3999 Cote St. Catherine, F223 Montreal, Que., Canada H3T 1E2
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15
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Fischer U, Schulze-Osthoff K. New approaches and therapeutics targeting apoptosis in disease. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:187-215. [PMID: 15914467 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the major form of cellular suicide, is central to various physiological processes and the maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Presumably, even more important is a causative or contributing role of apoptosis to various human diseases. These include situations with unwanted cell accumulation (cancer) and failure to eradicate aberrant cells (autoimmune diseases) or disorders with an inappropriate loss of cells (heart failure, stroke, AIDS, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver injury). The past decade has witnessed a tremendous progress in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and the mediators that either prevent or trigger cell death. Consequently, apoptosis regulators have emerged as key targets for the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating cellular life-and-death decisions. Numerous novel approaches are currently being followed employing gene therapy and antisense strategies, recombinant biologics, or classical organic and combinatorial chemistry to target specific apoptotic regulators. Convincing proof-of-principle evidence obtained in several animal models confirms the validity of strategies targeting apoptosis and revealed an enormous potential for therapeutic intervention in a variety of illnesses. Although numerous apoptotic drugs are currently being developed, several therapeutics have progressed to clinical testing or are already approved and marketed. Here we review the recent progress of apoptosis-based therapies and survey some highlights in a very promising field of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Building 23.12, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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