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Matthee C, Terre'Blanche G, Legoabe LJ, Janse van Rensburg HD. Exploration of chalcones and related heterocycle compounds as ligands of adenosine receptors: therapeutics development. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1779-1821. [PMID: 34176057 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the mammalian body where they are involved in an extensive list of physiological and pathological processes that scientists have only begun to decipher. Resultantly, AR agonists and antagonists have been the focus of multiple drug design and development programmes within the past few decades. Considered to be a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, the chalcone framework has attracted a substantial amount of interest in this regard. Due to the potential liabilities associated with its structure, however, it has become necessary to explore other potentially promising compounds, such as heterocycles, which have successfully been obtained from chalcone precursors in the past. This review aims to summarise the emerging therapeutic importance of adenosine receptors and their ligands, especially in the central nervous system (CNS), while highlighting chalcone and heterocyclic derivatives as promising AR ligand lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisna Matthee
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Helena D Janse van Rensburg
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa.
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2
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Tosh DK, Salmaso V, Rao H, Bitant A, Fisher CL, Lieberman DI, Vorbrüggen H, Reitman ML, Gavrilova O, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Truncated (N)-Methanocarba Nucleosides as Partial Agonists at Mouse and Human A 3 Adenosine Receptors: Affinity Enhancement by N6-(2-Phenylethyl) Substitution. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4334-4348. [PMID: 32271569 PMCID: PMC7443318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine-derived N6-substituents, compared to N6-(2-phenylethyl), in truncated (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl) adenosines favored high A3 adenosine receptor (AR) affinity/selectivity, e.g., C2-phenylethynyl analogue 15 (MRS7591, Ki = 10.9/17.8 nM, at human/mouse A3AR). 15 was a partial agonist in vitro (hA3AR, cAMP inhibition, 31% Emax; mA3AR, [35S]GTP-γ-S binding, 16% Emax) and in vivo and also antagonized hA3AR in vitro. Distal H-bonding substitutions of the N6-(2-phenylethyl) moiety particularly enhanced mA3AR affinity by polar interactions with the extracellular loops, predicted using docking and molecular dynamics simulation with newly constructed mA3AR and hA3AR homology models. These hybrid models were based on an inactive antagonist-bound hA1AR structure for the upper part of TM2 and an agonist-bound hA2AAR structure for the remaining TM portions. These species-independent A3AR-selective nucleosides are low efficacy partial agonists and novel, nuanced modulators of the A3AR, a drug target of growing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - Courtney L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | | | - Helmut Vorbrüggen
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | | | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
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3
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Tosh DK, Rao H, Bitant A, Salmaso V, Mannes P, Lieberman DI, Vaughan KL, Mattison JA, Rothwell AC, Auchampach JA, Ciancetta A, Liu N, Cui Z, Gao ZG, Reitman ML, Gavrilova O, Jacobson KA. Design and in Vivo Characterization of A 1 Adenosine Receptor Agonists in the Native Ribose and Conformationally Constrained (N)-Methanocarba Series. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1502-1522. [PMID: 30605331 PMCID: PMC6467784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba ([3.1.0]bicyclohexyl) adenosines and corresponding ribosides were synthesized to identify novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonists for CNS or peripheral applications. Human and mouse AR binding was determined to assess the constrained ring system's A1AR compatibility. N6-Dicyclobutylmethyl ribose agonist (9, MRS7469, >2000-fold selective for A1AR) and known truncated N6-dicyclopropylmethyl methanocarba 7 (MRS5474) were drug-like. The pure diastereoisomer of known riboside 4 displayed high hA1AR selectivity. Methanocarba modification reduced A1AR selectivity of N6-dicyclopropylmethyl and endo-norbornyladenosines but increased ribavirin selectivity. Most analogues tested (ip) were inactive or weak in inducing mouse hypothermia, despite mA1AR full agonism and variable mA3AR efficacy, but strong hypothermia by 9 depended on A1AR, which reflects CNS activity (determined using A1AR or A3AR null mice). Conserved hA1AR interactions were preserved in modeling of 9 and methanocarba equivalent 24 (∼400-fold A1AR-selective). Thus, we identified, and characterized in vivo, ribose and methanocarba nucleosides, including with A1AR-enhancing N6-dicyclobutylmethyl-adenine and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (40, MRS7451) nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Harsha Rao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Philip Mannes
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - David I. Lieberman
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Kelli L. Vaughan
- SoBran BioSciences, SoBran, Inc., 4000 Blackburn Lane, Burtonsville, MD, USA 20866
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 16701 Elmer School Rd., Bldg. 103, Dickerson, MD, USA 20842
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 16701 Elmer School Rd., Bldg. 103, Dickerson, MD, USA 20842
| | - Amy C. Rothwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, USA 53226
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Queen’s University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, 96 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA, USA 20892
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Knight A, Hemmings JL, Winfield I, Leuenberger M, Frattini E, Frenguelli BG, Dowell SJ, Lochner M, Ladds G. Discovery of Novel Adenosine Receptor Agonists That Exhibit Subtype Selectivity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:947-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Knight
- Systems
Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jennifer L. Hemmings
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Winfield
- Division
of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Frattini
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | | | - Simon J. Dowell
- Department
of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, contributing to increased morbidity and reduced survival through its associations with stroke and heart failure. AF contributes to a four- to fivefold increase in the risk of stroke in the general population and is responsible for 10-15 % of all ischemic strokes. Diagnosis and treatment of AF require considerable health care resources. Current therapies to restore sinus rhythm in AF are suboptimal and are limited either by their pro-arrhythmic effects or by their procedure-related complications. These limitations have necessitated identification of newer therapeutic targets to expand the treatment options. There has been a considerable amount of research interest in investigating the mechanisms of initiation and propagation of AF. Despite extensive research focused on the pathogenesis of AF, a thorough understanding of various pathways mediating initiation and propagation of AF still remains limited. Research efforts focused on the identification of these pathways and molecular mediators have generated a great degree of interest for developing more targeted therapies. This review discusses the potential therapeutic targets and the results from experimental and clinical research investigating these targets.
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de Lera Ruiz M, Lim YH, Zheng J. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Drug Discovery Target. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3623-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yeon-Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Tosh DK, Phan K, Gao ZG, Gakh AA, Xu F, Deflorian F, Abagyan R, Stevens RC, Jacobson KA, Katritch V. Optimization of adenosine 5'-carboxamide derivatives as adenosine receptor agonists using structure-based ligand design and fragment screening. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4297-308. [PMID: 22486652 PMCID: PMC3479662 DOI: 10.1021/jm300095s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structures of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a proven utility in the discovery of new antagonists and inverse agonists modulating signaling of this important family of clinical targets. Applicability of active-state GPCR structures to virtual screening and rational optimization of agonists, however, remains to be assessed. In this study of adenosine 5' derivatives, we evaluated the performance of an agonist-bound A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) structure in retrieval of known agonists and then employed the structure to screen for new fragments optimally fitting the corresponding subpocket. Biochemical and functional assays demonstrate high affinity of new derivatives that include polar heterocycles. The binding models also explain modest selectivity gain for some substituents toward the closely related A(1)AR subtype and the modified agonist efficacy of some of these ligands. The study suggests further applicability of in silico fragment screening to rational lead optimization in GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Khai Phan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Andrei A. Gakh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- University of California, San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Franchetti P, Cappellacci L, Vita P, Petrelli R, Lavecchia A, Kachler S, Klotz KN, Marabese I, Luongo L, Maione S, Grifantini M. N6-Cycloalkyl- and N6-Bicycloalkyl-C5′(C2′)-modified Adenosine Derivatives as High-Affinity and Selective Agonists at the Human A1 Adenosine Receptor with Antinociceptive Effects in Mice. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2393-406. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palmarisa Franchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vita
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Grifantini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Dhalla AK, Chisholm JW, Reaven GM, Belardinelli L. A1 adenosine receptor: role in diabetes and obesity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:271-295. [PMID: 19639285 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine mediates its diverse effects via four subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)) of G-protein-coupled receptors. The A(1) adenosine receptor (A(1)AR) subtype is the most extensively studied and is well characterized in various organ systems. The A(1)ARs are highly expressed in adipose tissue, and endogenous adenosine has been shown to tonically activate adipose tissue A(1)ARs. Activation of the A(1)ARs in adipocytes reduces adenylate cyclase and cAMP content and causes inhibition of lipolysis. The role of A(1)ARs in lipolysis has been well characterized by using several selective A(1)AR agonists as well as A(1)AR knockout mice. However, the contribution of A(1)ARs to the regulation of lipolysis in pathological conditions like insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia, where free fatty acids (FFA) play an important role, has not been well characterized. Pharmacological agents that reduce the release of FFA from adipose tissue and thus the availability of circulating FFA have the potential to be useful for insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Toward this goal, several selective and efficacious agonists of the A(1)ARs are now available, and some have entered early-phase clinical trials; however, none have received regulatory approval yet. Here we review the existing knowledge on the role of A(1)ARs in insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity, and the progress made in the development of A(1)AR agonists as antilipolytic agents, including the challenges associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvinder K Dhalla
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CV Therapeutics Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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10
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Kiesman WF, Elzein E, Zablocki J. A1 adenosine receptor antagonists, agonists, and allosteric enhancers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:25-58. [PMID: 19639278 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intense efforts of many pharmaceutical companies and academicians in the A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) field have led to the discovery of clinical candidates that are antagonists, agonists, and allosteric enhancers. The A(1)AR antagonists currently in clinical development are KW3902, BG9928, and SLV320. All three have high affinity for the human (h) A(1)AR subtype (hA(1) K (i) < 10 nM), > 200-fold selectivity over the hA(2A) subtype, and demonstrate renal protective effects in multiple animal models of disease and pharmacologic effects in human subjects. In the A(1)AR agonist area, clinical candidates have been discovered for the following conditions: atrial arrhythmias (tecadenoson, selodenoson and PJ-875); Type II diabetes and insulin sensitizing agents (GR79236, ARA, RPR-749, and CVT-3619); and angina (BAY 68-4986). The challenges associated with the development of any A(1)AR agonist are to obtain tissue-specific effects but avoid off-target tissue side effects and A(1)AR desensitization leading to tachyphylaxis. For the IV antiarrhythmic agents that act as ventricular rate control agents, a selective response can be accomplished by careful IV dosing paradigms. The treatment of type II diabetes using A(1)AR agonists in the clinic has met with limited success due to cardiovascular side effects and a well-defined desensitization of full agonists in human trials (GR79236, ARA, and RPR 749). However, new partial A(1)AR agonists are in development, including CVT-3619 hA(1) AR K(i) = 55nM, hA(2A:hA2B:hA(3))1,000:20, CV Therapeutics), which have the potential to provide enhanced insulin sensitivity without cardiovascular side effects and tachyphylaxis. The nonnucleosidic A(1)AR agonist BAY 68-4986 (capadenoson) represents a novel approach to angina wherein both animal studies and early human studies are promising. T-62 is an A(1)AR allosteric enhancer that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain. The challenges associated with developing A(1)AR antagonists, agonists, or allosteric enhancers for therapeutic intervention are now well defined in humans. Significant progress has been made in identifying A(1)AR antagonists for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), A(1)AR agonists for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias, type II diabetes and angina, and A(1)AR allosteric enhancers for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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11
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Elzein E, Zablocki J. A1adenosine receptor agonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1901-10. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780802497284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Cappellacci L, Franchetti P, Vita P, Petrelli R, Lavecchia A, Costa B, Spinetti F, Martini C, Klotz KN, Grifantini M. 5′-Carbamoyl derivatives of 2′-C-methyl-purine nucleosides as selective A1 adenosine receptor agonists: Affinity, efficacy, and selectivity for A1 receptor from different species. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:336-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Elzein E, Kalla R, Li X, Perry T, Marquart T, Micklatcher M, Li Y, Wu Y, Zeng D, Zablocki J. N6-Cycloalkyl-2-substituted adenosine derivatives as selective, high affinity adenosine A1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:161-6. [PMID: 17045477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of new selective, high affinity A(1)-AdoR agonists is reported. Compound 23 that incorporated a carboxylic acid functionality in the 4-position of the pyrazole ring displayed K(iL) value of 1 nM for the A(1)-AdoR and >5000-fold selectivity over the A(3) and A(2A)-AdoRs. In addition, compound 19 that incorporated a carboxamide functionality in the 4-position of the pyrazole ring displayed subnanomolar affinity for the A(1)-AdoR (K(iL)=0.6 nM) and >600-fold selectivity over the A(3) and A(2A)-AdoRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfatih Elzein
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Invited Lectures : Overviews Purinergic signalling: past, present and future. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:1-324. [PMID: 18404494 PMCID: PMC2096525 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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González MP, Terán C, Teijeira M, González-Moa MJ. GETAWAY descriptors to predicting A2A adenosine receptors agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1080-6. [PMID: 16006015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The GEometry, Topology and Atom-Weights AssemblY approach has been applied to the study of the A(2A) adenosine receptors agonist effect of 29 adenosine analogues: N(6)-arylcarbamoyl, 2-arylalkynyl-N(6)-arylcarbamoyl, and N(6)-carboxamido derivatives. A model able to describe more than 77% of the variance in the experimental activity was developed with the use of the mentioned approach. In contrast, no one of four different approaches, including the use of Topological, Galvez Topological Charges indexes, Geometrical and WHIM descriptors were able to explain more than 70% of the variance in the mentioned property with the same number of variables in the equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P González
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vigo University, C.P. 36200, Vigo, Spain.
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