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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Bates JN, Parran T, Hoffer L, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Knauss ZT, Damron DS, Hsieh YH, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. The cell-permeant antioxidant D-thiol ester D-cysteine ethyl ester overcomes physical dependence to morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1444574. [PMID: 39253377 PMCID: PMC11381264 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1444574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of morphine to decrease cysteine transport into neurons by inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3) may be a key molecular mechanism underlying the acquisition of physical and psychological dependence to morphine. This study examined whether co-administration of the cell-penetrant antioxidant D-thiol ester, D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee), with morphine, would diminish the development of physical dependence to morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Systemic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (NLX), elicited pronounced withdrawal signs (e.g., wet-dog shakes, jumps, rears, circling) in rats that received a subcutaneous depot of morphine (150 mg/kg, SC) for 36 h and continuous intravenous infusion of vehicle (20 μL/h, IV). The NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were reduced in rats that received an infusion of D-CYSee, but not D-cysteine, (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) for the full 36 h. NLX elicited pronounced withdrawal signs in rats treated for 48 h with morphine (150 mg/kg, SC), plus continuous infusion of vehicle (20 μL/h, IV) that began at the 36 h timepoint of morphine treatment. The NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were reduced in rats that received a 12 h infusion of D-CYSee, but not D-cysteine, (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) that began at the 36 h timepoint of morphine treatment. These findings suggest that D-CYSee may attenuate the development of physical dependence to morphine and reverse established dependence to the opioid in male Sprague Dawley rats. Alternatively, D-CYSee may simply suppress the processes responsible for NLX-precipitated withdrawal. Nonetheless, D-CYSee and analogues may be novel therapeutics for the treatment of opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Theodore Parran
- Center for Medical Education, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lee Hoffer
- Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Derek S Damron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Bates JN, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. L-cysteine ethyl ester prevents and reverses acquired physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303207. [PMID: 38111383 PMCID: PMC10726967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of addiction/dependence on morphine may result from the ability of the opioid to diminish the transport of L-cysteine into neurons via inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3). The objective of this study was to determine whether the co-administration of the cell-penetrant L-thiol ester, L-cysteine ethyl ester (L-CYSee), would reduce physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Injection of the opioid-receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX; 1.5 mg/kg, IP), elicited pronounced withdrawal phenomena in rats which received a subcutaneous depot of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 36 h and were receiving a continuous infusion of saline (20 μL/h, IV) via osmotic minipumps for the same 36 h period. The withdrawal phenomena included wet-dog shakes, jumping, rearing, fore-paw licking, 360° circling, writhing, apneas, cardiovascular (pressor and tachycardia) responses, hypothermia, and body weight loss. NLX elicited substantially reduced withdrawal syndrome in rats that received an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) for 36 h. NLX precipitated a marked withdrawal syndrome in rats that had received subcutaneous depots of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 48 h) and a co-infusion of vehicle. However, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were markedly reduced in morphine (150 mg/kg for 48 h)-treated rats that began receiving an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) at 36 h. In similar studies to those described previously, neither L-cysteine nor L-serine ethyl ester (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) mimicked the effects of L-CYSee. This study demonstrates that 1) L-CYSee attenuates the development of physical dependence on morphine in male rats and 2) prior administration of L-CYSee reverses morphine dependence, most likely by intracellular actions within the brain. The lack of the effect of L-serine ethyl ester (oxygen atom instead of sulfur atom) strongly implicates thiol biochemistry in the efficacy of L-CYSee. Accordingly, L-CYSee and analogs may be a novel class of therapeutics that ameliorate the development of physical dependence on opioids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Almasirad A, Sani PSV, Mousavi Z, Fard GB, Anvari T, Farhadi M, Vosooghi M, Azizian H. Novel Thiazolotriazolone Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, In Silico Investigation, Analgesic and Anti‐inflammatory Activity. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Almasirad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Parvane Sadat Vafaei Sani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Behnami Fard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Taha Anvari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Farhadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Vosooghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Iran University of Medical Science Shahid Kabiri Tameh Street (North Shahin) Hemmat Gharb Highway Tehran Iran
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Ossowicz-Rupniewska P, Klebeko J, Świątek E, Bilska K, Nowak A, Duchnik W, Kucharski Ł, Struk Ł, Wenelska K, Klimowicz A, Janus E. Influence of the Type of Amino Acid on the Permeability and Properties of Ibuprofenates of Isopropyl Amino Acid Esters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084158. [PMID: 35456976 PMCID: PMC9025941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications of (RS)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl] propanoic acid with amino acid isopropyl esters were synthesised using different methods via a common intermediate. The main reaction was the esterification of the carboxyl group of amino acids with isopropanol and chlorination of the amino group of the amino acid, followed by an exchange or neutralisation reaction and protonation. All of the proposed methods were very efficient, and the compounds obtained have great potential to be more effective drugs with increased skin permeability compared with ibuprofen. In addition, it was shown how the introduction of a modification in the form of an ion pair affects the properties of the obtained compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (K.B.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-449-4801
| | - Joanna Klebeko
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (K.B.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewelina Świątek
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (K.B.); (E.J.)
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (K.B.); (E.J.)
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Wiktoria Duchnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Łukasz Struk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Al. Piastów 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Wenelska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 45, PL-70311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, PL-70111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.N.); (Ł.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ewa Janus
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, PL-71065 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (E.Ś.); (K.B.); (E.J.)
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Enhancement of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of NSAIDs by Their Conjugation with 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl Alcohol. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072104. [PMID: 35408503 PMCID: PMC9000480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of derivatives of three nonspecific COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen is presented. These acids were connected via an amide bond with an amino acid (L-proline, L-tyrosine, and beta-alanine) used as a linker. The amino acid carboxylic group was esterified with 3,4,5 trimethoxybenzyl alcohol. The activity of the novel derivatives was examined in vivo on carrageenan-induced inflammation, and in vitro, as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. It was found that the new compounds were more potent anti-inflammatory agents than the parent drugs. Thus, the ibuprofen (21) and ketoprofen (16) derivatives reduced rat paw edema by 67 and 91% (the reduction by the relevant NSAIDs was 36 and 47%, respectively). They inhibited COX-2 more than the starting drugs (21 by 67%, ibuprofen 46%, 19 by 94%, ketoprofen 49%). Docking of compounds on the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 reflects their in vitro activity. Thus, 19 adopts an unfavorable orientation for COX-1 inhibition, but it binds effectively in the binding pocket of COX-2, in agreement with the absence of activity for COX-1 and the high inhibition of COX-2. In conclusion, the performed structural modifications result in the enhancement of the anti-inflammatory activity, compared with the parent NSAIDs.
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Duan X, Song Y, Fu C, Ma S. Pd/Gorlos‐Phos‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Amination of Bromophenyl Chlorides with Primary Arylamines. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Yulong Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province P. R. China
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Tzara A, Lambrinidis G, Kourounakis A. Design of Multifaceted Antioxidants: Shifting towards Anti-Inflammatory and Antihyperlipidemic Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164928. [PMID: 34443516 PMCID: PMC8399014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two conditions that coexist in many multifactorial diseases such as atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. Thus, the design of multifunctional compounds that can concurrently tackle two or more therapeutic targets is an appealing approach. In this study, the basic NSAID structure was fused with the antioxidant moieties 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHB), its reduced alcohol 3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (BHBA), or 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), a hydrophilic analogue of α-tocopherol. Machine learning algorithms were utilized to validate the potential dual effect (anti-inflammatory and antioxidant) of the designed analogues. Derivatives 1–17 were synthesized by known esterification methods, with good to excellent yields, and were pharmacologically evaluated both in vitro and in vivo for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, whereas selected compounds were also tested in an in vivo hyperlipidemia protocol. Furthermore, the activity/binding affinity of the new compounds for lipoxygenase-3 (LOX-3) was studied not only in vitro but also via molecular docking simulations. Experimental results demonstrated that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the new fused molecules were increased compared to the parent molecules, while molecular docking simulations validated the improved activity and revealed the binding mode of the most potent inhibitors. The purpose of their design was justified by providing a potentially safer and more efficient therapeutic approach for multifactorial diseases.
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Benamara N, Merabet-Khelassi M, Aribi-Zouioueche L, Riant O. CAL-B-mediated efficient synthesis of a set of valuable amides by direct amidation of phenoxy- and aryl-propionic acids. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory Activity, and In Silico Studies of Some New 3-({P-Dimethylamino}benzylidenehydrazinylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one Derivatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1339:347-357. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Prasher P, Mudila H, Sharma M, Khati B. Developmental perspectives of the drugs targeting enzyme-instigated inflammation: a mini review. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and In Silico Study of Novel Diclofenac and Isatin Conjugates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:9139786. [PMID: 30009055 PMCID: PMC6020500 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9139786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and development of novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with better activity and lower side effects are respectable area of research. Novel Diclofenac Schiff's bases (M1, M2, M4, M7, and M8) were designed and synthesized, and their respective chemical structures were deduced using various spectral tools (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS). The compounds were synthesized via Schiff's condensation reaction and their anti-inflammatory activity was investigated applying the Carrageenan-induced paw edema model against Diclofenac as positive control. Percentage inhibition of edema indicated that all compounds were exhibiting a comparable anti-inflammatory activity as Diclofenac. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity was supported via virtual screening using molecular docking study. Interestingly compound M2 showed the highest in vivo activity (61.32% inhibition) when compared to standard Diclofenac (51.36% inhibition) as well as the best binding energy score (-10.765) and the virtual screening docking score (-12.142).
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Wei ZY, Chi KQ, Wang KS, Wu J, Liu LP, Piao HR. Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular docking of ursolic acid derivatives containing a nitrogen heterocycle as anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1797-1803. [PMID: 29678461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were synthesized in an attempt to develop potent anti-inflammatory agents. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Most of the synthesized compounds showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effects at 100 mg/kg. In particular, compound 11b, which displayed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity of all of the compounds prepared, with 69.76% inhibition after intraperitoneal administration, was more potent than the reference drugs indomethacin and ibuprofen. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was also assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50 >100 μmol/L). Furthermore, molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds were performed to rationalize the obtained biological results. Overall, the results indicate that compound 11b could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Wei
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Chi
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China.
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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de Macêdo IYL, Garcia LF, Menegatti R, Guimarães FF, Lião LM, de Carvalho FS, Torres Pio dos Santos W, Verly RM, Arotiba OA, de Souza Gil E. Electrochemical characterizations of darbufelone, a di-tert-butylphenol derivative, by voltammetric techniques and density functional theory calculations. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Shah K, Gupta JK, Chauhan NS, Upmanyu N, Shrivastava SK, Mishra P. Prodrugs of NSAIDs: A Review. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2017; 11:146-195. [PMID: 29387273 PMCID: PMC5748882 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTORODUCTION Prodrug approach deals with chemical biotransformation or enzymatic conversion or involves inactive or less active bio-reversible derivatives of active drug molecules. They have to pass through enzymatic or chemical biotransformation before eliciting their pharmacological action. METHODS & MATERIALS The two different pharmacophores combine to give synergistic activity or may help in targeting the active drug to its target. Prodrug super seeds the problems of prodrug designing, for example solubility enhancement, bioavailability enhancement, chemical stability improvement, presystemic metabolism, site specific delivery, toxicity masking, improving patient acceptance, or eradicating undesirable adverse effects. RESULTS As an outcome the search for a prodrug or mutual prodrug with reduced toxicity has continued during recent years. This present review emphasizes the common help to revamp physiochemical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. CONCLUSION This gives the researcher a common platform where they can find prodrugs of commonly used NSAIDs to overcome the gastrointestinal toxicity (irritation, ulcergenocity and bleeding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | - Jeetendra K. Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | | | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- School of Pharmacy & Research, Peoples University, Bhopal, M.P.- 462037, India
| | - Sushant K. Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi U.P.- 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
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15
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Athanasekou C, Rekka EA. Dual antioxidant structures with potent anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic and cytoprotective properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4800-4804. [PMID: 29017787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel amide derivatives of trolox, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (E)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid and cinnamic acid with cysteamine and l-cysteine ethyl ester were synthesised. In four cases, the disulfide derivatives were also isolated and tested. All compounds were examined for antioxidant activity, expressed as their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to scavenge free radicals. They were found to demonstrate up to 17-fold better activity than that of the parent antioxidant acids. They could reduce acute inflammation up to 87%. The most active antioxidant compounds were further tested for their in vivo hypolipidemic effect, which ranged from 47% to 73%, and for their ability to protect the liver against oxidative toxicity caused by high paracetamol dose. The disulfide derivatives of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid had no antioxidant activity and presented equal or lower anti-inflammatory effect than their thiol analogues, indicating that their molecular characteristics may not permit biological barrier penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Athanasekou
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Bhookya S, Pochampally J, Valeru A, Sunitha V, Balabadra S, Manga V, Kudle KR. Synthesis of tert-butyl (substituted benzamido)phenylcarbamate derivatives: anti-inflammatory activity and docking studies. J Chem Biol 2017; 10:105-115. [PMID: 28684997 PMCID: PMC5480262 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-017-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new tert-butyl 2-(substituted benzamido) phenylcarbamate (4a-4j) were synthesized by the condensation of tert-butyl 2-amino phenylcarbamate (3) with various substituted carboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI and HOBt as coupling reagent, obtain in excellent yields. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically and evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard drug, indomethacin, by using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema protocol. Most of the compounds exhibited a promising anti-inflammatory activity within 9 to 12 h, the percentage of inhibition values ranging from 54.239 to 39.021%. The results revealed that the compounds 4i and 4a exhibited better or equivalent anti-inflammatory activity with the percentage of inhibition of 54.239 and 54.130%, respectively, which was comparable to standard drug. In addition to experimental results, in silico docking studies was used as a tool to verify and expand the experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Bhookya
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, 500004 India
| | - Jalapathi Pochampally
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, 500004 India
| | - Anil Valeru
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, 500004 India
| | - Vianala Sunitha
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad, 500004 India
| | - Saikrishna Balabadra
- MMMC Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- MMMC Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
| | - Karunakar rao Kudle
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
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Shankar B, Jalapathi P, Valeru A, Kishor Kumar A, Saikrishna B, Kudle KR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2-(6-alkyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-1H-benz[d]imidazoles as potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Dougherty RJ, Singh J, Krishnan V. Kinetics and thermodynamics of oxidation mediated reaction in l-cysteine and its methyl and ethyl esters in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 by NMR spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Novel polyfunctional esters of ibuprofen and ketoprofen with hypolipidemic, lipoxygenase inhibitory and enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Iyer VB, Gurupadayya B, Koganti VS, Inturi B, Chandan RS. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as promising anti-inflammatory agents. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Synthesis, In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Molecular Docking Studies of New Isatin Derivatives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:2181027. [PMID: 27022484 PMCID: PMC4769772 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2181027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of 2-hydroxy-N′-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) benzohydrazide derivatives was synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide with substituted isatins. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectral data. Further, the compounds were screened for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema method. The tested compounds have shown mild-to-moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds VIIc and VIId exhibited 65% and 63% of paw edema reduction, respectively. The molecular docking studies were also carried out into the active site of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (PDB ID: 3N8Y, 3LN1, resp.) using VLife MDS 4.3. The compounds VIIc, VIId, and VIIf exhibited good docking scores of −57.27, −62.02, and −58.18 onto the active site of COX-2 and least dock scores of −8.03, −9.17, and −8.94 on COX-1 enzymes and were comparable with standard COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. A significant correlation was observed between the in silico and the in vivo studies. The anti-inflammatory and docking results highlight the fact that the synthesized compounds VIIc, VIId, and VIIf could be considered as possible hit as therapeutic agents.
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22
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Amides of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with thiomorpholine can yield hypolipidemic agents with improved anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:910-913. [PMID: 26750253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel amides of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), α-lipoic acid and indole-3-acetic acid with thiomorpholine were synthesised by a simple method and at high yields (60-92%). All the NSAID derivatives highly decreased lipidemic indices in the plasma of Triton treated hyperlipidemic rats. The most potent compound was the indomethacin derivative, which decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol by 73%, 80% and 83%, respectively. They reduced acute inflammation equally or more than most parent acids. Hence, it could be concluded that amides of common NSAIDs with thiomorpholine acquire considerable hypolipidemic potency, while they preserve or augment their anti-inflammatory activity, thus addressing significant risk factors for atherogenesis.
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23
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Sharma R, Nayak PS, Narayana B, Kant R. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, and thermal analysis of 2-chloro-N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetamide. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774515070226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Kourti M, Tziona P, Kourounakis PN, Rekka EA. Esters of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with cinnamyl alcohol are potent lipoxygenase inhibitors with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5028-31. [PMID: 26494261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel esters of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, α-lipoic acid and indol-3-acetic acid with cinnamyl alcohol were synthesised by a straightforward method and at high yields (60-98%). They reduced acute inflammation more than the parent acids and are potent inhibitors of soybean lipoxygenase. Selected structures decreased plasma lipidemic indices in Triton-induced hyperlipidemia to rats. Therefore, the synthesised compounds may add to the current knowledge about agents acting against various inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Malamati Kourti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Tziona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panos N Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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25
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Borges RS, Castle SL. The antioxidant properties of salicylate derivatives: A possible new mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4808-4811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Benzimidazole derivatives: search for GI-friendly anti-inflammatory analgesic agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:337-42. [PMID: 26579464 PMCID: PMC4629282 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been successfully used for the alleviation of pain and inflammation in the past and continue to be used daily by millions of patients worldwide. However, gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity associated with NSAIDs is an important medical and socioeconomic problem. Local generation of various reactive oxygen species plays a significant role in the formation of gastric ulceration associated with NSAIDs therapy. Co-medication of antioxidants along with NSAIDs has been found to be beneficial in the prevention of GI injury. This paper describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of N-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-methylamino-substituted-1H-benzimidazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory analgesic agents with lower GI toxicity. Studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of the test compounds decreased GI toxicity.
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27
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Xu Z, Wu J, Zheng J, Ma H, Zhang H, Zhen X, Zheng LT, Zhang X. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug conjugates as novel neuroinflammatory inhibitors. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:528-37. [PMID: 25765352 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the process of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia and multiple sclerosis. As the macrophages in the central nervous system, microglial cell function in the innate immunity of the brain and are largely responsible for the inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity. Prevention of microglia activation might alleviate neuronal damage and degeneration under the inflammatory conditions, and therefore, represents a possible therapeutic approach to the aforementioned CNS diseases. Here we report the synthesis of a number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) conjugates, and the evaluation of their anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and primary mouse microglial cells. Among the tested analogues, compounds 8 and 11 demonstrated potent inhibition of nitric oxide production with no or weak cell toxicity. Compound 8 also significantly suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Further mechanistic studies indicated that compound 8 significantly suppressed phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and subsequent activation of activator of transcription 1 (AP-1). Furthermore, in a co-culture system, compound 8 inhibited the cytotoxicity generated by LPS-activated microglia toward HT-22 neuroblastoma cells. Collectively, these experimental results demonstrated that compound 8 possessed potent anti-neuroinflammatory activity via inhibition of microglia activation, and might serve as a potential lead for the therapeutic treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Long Tai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China.
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28
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Suthar SK, Sharma M. Recent Developments in Chimeric NSAIDs as Safer Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:341-407. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
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29
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Narayana B, Nayak PS, Sarojini BK, Jasinski JP. 4-[(4-Acetylphenyl)amino]-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o752-3. [PMID: 25161547 PMCID: PMC4120591 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814012562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C13H13NO4, the N—C(=O) bond length of 1.354 (2) Å is indicative of amide-type resonance. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene ring and oxoamine group is 36.4 (3)°, while the mean plane of the 2-methylidene group is inclined by 84.2 (01)° from that of the oxoamine group. In the crystal, classical O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds formed by the carboxylic acid groups and weak N—H⋯O weak interactions formed by the amide groups and supported by weak C—H⋯O interactions between the 2-methylidene, phenyl and acetyl groups with the carboxylic acid, oxoamine and acetyl O atoms, together link the molecules into dimeric chains along [010]. The O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form R22(8) graph-set motifs.
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30
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Narayana B, Nayak PS, Sarojini BK, Jasinski JP. 4-[(4-Bromophenyl)amino]-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o779-80. [PMID: 25161566 PMCID: PMC4120590 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814012872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C11H10BrNO3, two independent molecules (AandB) crystallize in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the 4-bromophenyl ring and amide group are 24.8 (7) in moleculeAand 77.1 (6)° in moleculeB. The mean plane of the methylidene group is further inclined by 75.6 (4) in moleculeAand 72.5 (6)° in moleculeBfrom that of the amide group. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds formed by amide groups and O—H...O hydrogen bonds formed by carboxylic acid groups are observed and supported additionally by weak C—H...O interactions between the methylidene and amide groups. Together, these link the molecules into chains of dimers along [110] and formR22(8) graph-set motifs.
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1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides: Synthesis, molecular modeling, evaluation of their anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenicity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:155-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jones RA, Thillier Y, Panda SS, Rivera Rosario N, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Synthesis and characterisation of glucosamine–NSAID bioconjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8325-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to prepare non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug–glucosamine bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Jones
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Yann Thillier
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Nicole Rivera Rosario
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - C. Dennis Hall
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
- Chemistry Department
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Defonsi Lestard ME, Díaz SB, Puiatti M, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Pierini AB, Altabef AB, Tuttolomondo ME. Vibrational and Structural Behavior of l-Cysteine Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride in the Solid State and in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:14243-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Defonsi Lestard
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Instituto de Química Física, Facultad
de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN Tucumán, R. Argentina
| | - S. B. Díaz
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Instituto de Química Física, Facultad
de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN Tucumán, R. Argentina
| | - M. Puiatti
- INFIQC-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, R. Argentina
| | - G. A. Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Institute IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La
Plata, R. Argentina
| | - O. E. Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Institute IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La
Plata, R. Argentina
| | - A. B. Pierini
- INFIQC-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, R. Argentina
| | - A. Ben Altabef
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Instituto de Química Física, Facultad
de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN Tucumán, R. Argentina
| | - M. E. Tuttolomondo
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Instituto de Química Física, Facultad
de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN Tucumán, R. Argentina
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Bansal Y, Silakari O. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of polyfunctional benzimidazole-NSAID chimeric molecules combining anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:1426-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ouyang N, Ji P, Williams JL. A novel NSAID derivative, phospho-ibuprofen, prevents AOM-induced colon cancer in rats. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:643-50. [PMID: 23291777 PMCID: PMC3982714 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer chemopreventive properties and gastrointestinal toxicity of ibuprofen are well documented. Modification of existing NSAIDs has improved on the chemopreventive efficacy of this agent and reduced its toxicity. In this study, ibuprofen and a modified derivative (phospho-modified ibuprofen or p-ibuprofen) were used in a chemically induced model of colon cancer. Fisher 344 rats were injected with azoxymethane then treated with either ibuprofen (500 ppm) or p-ibuprofen (900 ppm) for 20 weeks to observe aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or 40 weeks to evaluate tumor incidence and multiplicity. β-catenin and p65 were measured in colonic tissues by immunofluorescence staining. Equal molar doses of ibuprofen (75 and 670 mg/kg) and p-ibuprofen (135 and 1,215 mg/kg) were administered to rats for 7 days to assess acute toxicity. The in vitro effect of p-ibuprofen on COX-2 and PGE(2) synthesis, β-catenin expression and NF-κB activity were examined in RAW 264.7 macrophage and HCT 116 colon cancer cells. At week 20, p-ibuprofen and ibuprofen significantly reduced the multiplicity of ACF compared with control (p<0.05); 31.2 and 37.9%, respectively. At week 40, p-ibuprofen and ibuprofen reduced the multiplicity of colon tumors compared with control (p<0.01) by 47.2 and 56.6%, respectively. Equal molar concentrations of ibuprofen (670 mg/kg) and p-ibuprofen (1,215 mg/kg) resulted in stomach ulceration in 85.7% (6 out of 7) and 14.3% (1 out of 7) of rats, respectively, with p<0.01. Immunofluoresence staining and western blot analysis demonstrated that both ibuprofen and p-ibuprofen suppressed β-catenin nuclear translocation in colon cancer cells. In addition, p-ibuprofen but not ibuprofen inhibited NF-κB activation in colon cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that p-ibuprofen is a potential effective novel drug for long-term use in colon cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengtai Ouyang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8175, USA
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Somani RR, Bhanushali UV. Synthesis and evaluation of antiinflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenic potential of NSAIDs bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:634-40. [PMID: 23112397 PMCID: PMC3480748 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of diclofenac and mefenamic acid are described. The target compounds 5-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)benzyl]-2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (3a-3e) and 5-[2-(2,3-dimethylanilino)phenyl]-2-(aryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (6a-6e) were obtained by treating 2 and 5 with various aromatic acids using POCl3 as dehydrating agent. They were purified and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. These compounds were further subjected to antiinflammatory, analgesic and acute ulcerogenic activity. Compound 3c and 6d exhibited good antiinflammatory activity and compounds 3c, 3e, 6c, 6d, 6e were found to be non ulcerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Somani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VES's College of Pharmacy, Collector Colony, Chembur, Mumbai, India
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37
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Zhou C, Wang H, Chen Y, Chen C. Effect of l-cysteine and lactose on color stability of porcine red blood cell during freeze-drying and powder storage. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Sinha SK, Praveen B, Shrivastava PK, Shrivastava SK. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some glutathione inducing amino acid conjugates of valproic acid with reduced hepatotoxicity. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hegazy GH, Ali HI. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and comparative Cox1 and Cox2 docking of p-substituted benzylidenamino phenyl esters of ibuprofenic and mefenamic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1259-70. [PMID: 22225915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently associated with gastric mucosal and renal adverse reactions, related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase1 (Cox1) in tissues where prostaglandins exert physiological effects. This led us to develop a set of ibuprofenic acid and mefenamic acid esters, namely: 4-((4-substituted benzylidene)amino)phenyl 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoate and 4-((4-substituted benzylidene)amino)phenyl 2-((2,4-dimethylphenyl)amino)benzoate analogs, which were synthesized by condensation of the corresponding acids with Schiff's bases [4-(4-substituted benzylideneamino)phenols] involving dicyclohexyl carbodiimmide (DCC) as mild dehydrating agent. The main objective is to reduce the GIT toxicity associated with acute and chronic NSAIDs use. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic as well as ulcerogenic activities of the prepared esters were evaluated in vivo and compared with that of ibuprofen as reference standard in all screenings, involving the carrageenan induced paw oedema model and hot plate method. Most of the synthesized esters showed remarkable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Interestingly, all of the compounds were found to be non-ulcerogenic under the tested conditions. This evidence have suggested that modification of the carboxyl function of representative NSAIDs results in retained or enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with reduced ulcerogenic potential. Additionally, a comparative AutoDock study into Cox 1 and Cox2 has been done involving both of rigid and flexible docking for potential selectivity of our compounds within different Cox enzymes and to find out the binding orientation of these novel esters into their binding site. Some of the newly prepared aforementioned compounds showed considerable more Cox2 over Cox1 binding affinities by flexible docking better than rigid one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan H Hegazy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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41
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Compounds against inflammation and oxidative insult as potential agents for neurodegenerative disorders. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Thiazolidin-4-one, azetidin-2-one and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of isonicotinic acid hydrazide: Synthesis and their biological evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc101104092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiazolidin-4-one (2a-h, 3a-h), azetidin-2-one (4a- h) and
1,3,4-oxadiazole (5a-h) derivatives of isoninicotinic acid hydrazide (INH)
were synthesized in order to obtain new compounds with potential
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation activities.
The structures of the new compounds were supported by their IR, 1H-NMR and
mass spectral data. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory
activity by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test method. Eleven of the
new compounds, out of 32, showed very good anti-inflammatory activity in the
carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, with significant analgesic activity
in the tail immersion method together with negligible ulcerogenic action.
The compounds, which showed less ulcerogenic action, also showed reduced
malondialdehyde content (MDA), which is one of the by-products of lipid
peroxidation. The study showed that the compounds inhibited the induction of
gastric mucosal lesions and it can be suggested from the results that their
protective effects may be related to inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the
gastric mucosa.
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Tozkoparan B, Aytaç SP, Gürsoy Ş, Aktay G. Design and synthesis of some thiazolotriazolyl esters as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Jiang S, Ding N, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Geng M, Li Y. Novel conjugates of aspirin with phenolic acid as anti-inflammatory agents having significantly reduced gastrointestinal toxicity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:215-21. [PMID: 20222062 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel conjugates of aspirin with natural phenolic acid antioxidants connected through a diol linker were designed and synthesized as potential bifunctional agents combining antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity for reducing gastrointestinal toxicity. In general, the conjugates were found to be efficient antioxidants and many of them demonstrated much more potent anti-inflammatory activity than aspirin. Among them, 5a and 5b which bear the best anti-inflammatory activity exhibited significantly reduced ulcerogenic potency and toxicity compared to aspirin. However, it is evident that the anti-inflammatory activity of these dual-acting molecules in vivo, was not simply consistent with their antioxidant ability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
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Amir M, Saifullah K, Akhter W. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel azole derivatives of aryl acetic acid as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:141-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.481622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Khalid Saifullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Wasim Akhter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Akkurt M, Nassozi M, Kocabalkanlı A, Khan IU, Sharif S. 2-[2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]- N-[(2 S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-8-phenyl-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]dec-4-yl]acetamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o882. [PMID: 21580700 PMCID: PMC2983948 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810009803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C29H29Cl2N3O2S, the phenyl ring is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.55 (3) and 0.45 (3). The molecular packing in the crystal is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O interactions, linking the molecules into infinite chains along the c axis. In addition, there are weak C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π interactions.
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47
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Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 5-substituted-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2245-9. [PMID: 20172630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 5-substituted-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-methylbenzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized. The structures of these compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectral data and elemental analyses. Compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity as well as gastric ulcerogenic effects. Derivatives 4a, 4b and 4c exhibited moderate to good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, respectively, with low ulcerogenicity compared with the standard drug indomethacin.
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48
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Two-step enzymatic selective synthesis of water-soluble ketoprofen–saccharide conjugates in organic media. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1905-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Barsoum F, Georgey H, Abdel-Gawad N. Anti-inflammatory activity and PGE2 inhibitory properties of novel phenylcarbamoylmethyl ester-containing compounds. Molecules 2009; 14:667-81. [PMID: 19214155 PMCID: PMC6253937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of 4-(un)substituted phenylcarbamoyl methyl ester-containing compounds 3a-d, 5a-d and 7a-d were synthesized via reaction in N,N-dimethylformamide of (un)substituted chloroacetanilides 2a-d with the potassium salts of ibuprofen (1), naproxen (4) and N-acetylanthranilic acid (6). Moreover, other 4-(un)substituted phenylcarbamoylmethyl ester-containing compounds 10a-d were synthesized via the attack of (un)substituted chloroacetanilides 2a-d on one of the carboxylic acid groups of the potassium salt of 4-(2-carboxyethylcarboxamido)benzoic acid (8) in N,N-dimethylformamide, with subsequent cyclization of the other one giving finally a pyrrolidinone structure. Anti-inflammatory properties of the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vivo utilizing a standard acute carrageenan-induced paw oedema method in rats and the most promising prepared anti-inflammatory active agents were evaluated for ulcerogenic liability in rats using ibuprofen and naproxen as reference standards in both screenings. PGE2 inhibitory properties of the highly promising anti-inflammatory agents synthesized and low gastric ulcerogenic liabilities were tested with a PGE2 assay kit technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Georgey
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: ; Tel.:002-02-24535200 or 002-017-5600699
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50
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Smietana M, Clayette P, Mialocq P, Vasseur JJ, Oiry J. Synthesis of new N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine/MEA conjugates: evaluation of their free radical-scavenging activities and anti-HIV properties in human macrophages. Bioorg Chem 2008; 36:133-40. [PMID: 18367231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four novel N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine/2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA, cysteamine) conjugates have been designed and synthesized. The antioxidant activities of these new series were evaluated by three different free radical scavenging methods (DPPH test, ABTS test, and deoxyribose assay) and their metal binding capacity was evaluated by the ethidium bromide fluorescence binding assay. These results were compared with those obtained with their pro-GSH acetyl analogues recently developed in our laboratory. We observed that most of these compounds exhibit free radical-scavenging activities similar to those of Trolox, but always superior than NAC. While none of these new derivatives had pro-GSH activities, they displayed anti-HIV properties in human monocyte-derived macrophages infected in vitro. The present study demonstrates that these new N-isobutyryl derivatives, which are expected to have a greater bioavailability than their acetyl analogues, may have useful applications in HIV infection in respect to their antioxidant and anti-HIV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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