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Frouni I, Kwan C, Bédard D, Hamadjida A, Kang W, Belliveau S, Nuara SG, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Effect of mGluR 2 and mGluR 2/3 activators on parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned non-human primate. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03216-2. [PMID: 38900249 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
We have previously discovered that the selective activation of metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptors (mGluR2) and concurrent stimulation of metabotropic glutamate types 2 and 3 receptors (mGluR2/3) enhance the anti-parkinsonian action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Here, we sought to determine the effects of the mGluR2/3 orthosteric agonists LY-354,740 and LY-404,039, as well as the effects of the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators LY-487,379 and CBiPES on the range of movement, bradykinesia, posture and alertness as adjuncts to L-DOPA. Ten 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets entered 4 experimental streams: L-DOPA + LY-354,740 (vehicle, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), L-DOPA + LY-404,039 (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), L-DOPA + LY-487,379 (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), L-DOPA + CBiPES (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg). For each molecule, treatments were randomised, and the range of movement, bradykinesia, posture and alertness were assessed by a blinded rater. None of the tested compounds significantly altered the global range of movement. LY-404,039 and CBiPES both reduced global bradykinesia, by up to 46% (both P < 0.05). LY-354,740, LY-404,039 and CBiPES each improved global posture by 35%, 44% and 39% (each P < 0.05), respectively. LY-404,039 and CBiPES both enhanced alertness by 54% (P < 0.05) and 79% (P < 0.01), respectively. LY-487,379 did not improve any of the parameters. Our results suggest that selective mGluR2 positive allosteric modulation and combined mGluR2/3 orthosteric stimulation might benefit bradykinesia, posture and alertness in PD when added to L-DOPA, which potentially represent novel therapeutic indications for molecules acting via these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Belliveau
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Anti-parkinsonian effect of the mGlu 2 positive allosteric modulator LY-487,379 as monotherapy and adjunct to a low L-DOPA dose in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 939:175429. [PMID: 36502960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In previous experiments, we have discovered that positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors enhances the anti-parkinsonian action of an optimal dose of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Whether selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation would also alleviate parkinsonian disability as monotherapy or as adjunct to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA has not been determined. Here, we assessed the anti-parkinsonian effect of mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation as monotherapy and adjunct to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets. The highly selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY-487,379 was utilised to activate mGlu2 receptors. When administered as monotherapy, LY-487,379 10 mg/kg diminished global parkinsonism by 48% (P < 0.001) and increased duration of on-time by 7-fold, when compared to vehicle treatment (P < 0.05). When added to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA, LY-487,379 10 mg/kg decreased global parkinsonism by 44% (P < 0.001) and extended duration of on-time by 2.5-fold (P < 0.01). Our results indicate that selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation elicits anti-parkinsonian benefits as monotherapy and as adjunct to sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA paradigms, potentially suggesting that mGlu2 PAMs may have a therapeutic niche early in the treatment of PD as DOPA-sparing agents.
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Hascup ER, Hascup KN, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Hajos-Korcsok E, Kehr J, Gerhardt GA. An allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR₂), (+)-TFMPIP, inhibits restraint stress-induced phasic glutamate release in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 2012; 122:619-27. [PMID: 22578190 PMCID: PMC3970435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential anxiolytic effects of a novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subgroup 2 (mGluR₂) were investigated using a self-referencing recording technique with enzyme-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) that reliably measures tonic and phasic changes in extracellular glutamate levels in awake rats. Studies involved glutamate measures in the rat prefrontal cortex during subcutaneous injections of the following: vehicle, a mGluR₂/₃ agonist, LY354740 (10 mg/kg), or a mGluR₂ PAM, 1-Methyl-2-((cis-(R,R)-3-methyl-4-(4-trifluoromethoxy-2-fluoro)phenyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ((+)-TFMPIP; 1.0 or 17.8 mg/kg). Studies assessed changes in tonic glutamate levels and the glutamatergic responses to a 5-min restraint stress. Subcutaneous injection of (+)-TFMPIP at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (day 3: -7.1 ± 15.1 net AUC; day 5: -24.8 ± 24.9 net AUC) and 17.8 mg/kg (day 3: -46.5 ± 33.0 net AUC; day 5: 34.6 ± 36.8 net AUC) significantly attenuated the stress-evoked glutamate release compared to vehicle controls (day 3: 134.7 ± 50.6 net AUC; day 5: 286.6 ± 104.5 net AUC), whereas the mGluR₂/₃ agonist LY354740 had no effect. None of the compounds significantly affected resting glutamate levels, which we have recently shown to be extensively derived from neurons. Taken together, these data support that systemic administration of (+)-TFMPIP produces phasic rather than tonic release of glutamate that may play a major role in the effects of stress on glutamate neuronal systems in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Hascup
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Urwyler S. Allosteric modulation of family C G-protein-coupled receptors: from molecular insights to therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:59-126. [PMID: 21228259 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric receptor modulation is an attractive concept in drug targeting because it offers important potential advantages over conventional orthosteric agonism or antagonism. Allosteric ligands modulate receptor function by binding to a site distinct from the recognition site for the endogenous agonist. They often have no effect on their own and therefore act only in conjunction with physiological receptor activation. This article reviews the current status of allosteric modulation at family C G-protein coupled receptors in the light of their specific structural features on the one hand and current concepts in receptor theory on the other hand. Family C G-protein-coupled receptors are characterized by a large extracellular domain containing the orthosteric agonist binding site known as the "venus flytrap module" because of its bilobal structure and the dynamics of its activation mechanism. Mutational analysis and chimeric constructs have revealed that allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing, metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors bind to the seven transmembrane domain, through which they modify signal transduction after receptor activation. This is in contrast to taste-enhancing molecules, which bind to different parts of sweet and umami receptors. The complexity of interactions between orthosteric and allosteric ligands is revealed by a number of adequate biochemical and electrophysiological assay systems. Many allosteric family C GPCR modulators show in vivo efficacy in behavioral models for a variety of clinical indications. The positive allosteric calcium sensing receptor modulator cinacalcet is the first drug of this type to enter the market and therefore provides proof of principle in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Urwyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, P/A Weissensteinweg 3, CH-3303 Jegenstorf, Berne, Switzerland.
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Dhanya RP, Sidique S, Sheffler DJ, Nickols HH, Herath A, Yang L, Dahl R, Ardecky R, Semenova S, Markou A, Conn PJ, Cosford NDP. Design and synthesis of an orally active metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that decreases cocaine self-administration in rats. J Med Chem 2010; 54:342-53. [PMID: 21155570 DOI: 10.1021/jm1012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The modification of 3'-((2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)methyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (BINA, 1) by incorporating heteroatoms into the structure and replacing the cyclopentyl moiety led to the development of new mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with optimized potency and superior druglike properties. These analogues are more potent than 1 in vitro and are highly selective for mGluR2 vs other mGluR subtypes. They have significantly improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, with excellent oral bioavailability and brain penetration. The benzisothiazol-3-one derivative 14 decreased cocaine self-administration in rats, providing proof-of-concept for the use of mGluR2 PAMs for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Jin X, Semenova S, Yang L, Ardecky R, Sheffler DJ, Dahl R, Conn PJ, Cosford NDP, Markou A. The mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator BINA decreases cocaine self-administration and cue-induced cocaine-seeking and counteracts cocaine-induced enhancement of brain reward function in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2021-36. [PMID: 20555310 PMCID: PMC2922422 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) agonists were shown previously to nonselectively decrease both cocaine- and food-maintained responding in rats. mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) may represent improved therapeutic compounds because of their modulatory properties and higher selectivity for mGluR2. We analyzed the effects of the selective, brain penetrant, and systemically active mGluR2 PAM potassium 3'-([(2-cyclopentyl-6-7-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]methyl)biphenyl l-4-carboxylate (BINA) and the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 on intravenous cocaine self-administration and cocaine-seeking behavior in rats that had short (1 h, ShA) or long (6 h, LgA) access to cocaine. The effects of BINA on food responding and food-seeking behavior were also analyzed. Finally, we examined the effects of BINA on brain reward function and cocaine-induced reward enhancement using the intracranial self-stimulation procedure. BINA decreased cocaine self-administration in both ShA and LgA rats, with no effect on food self-administration. Alternatively, LY379268 nonselectively decreased both cocaine and food self-administration. BINA decreased cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking with no effect on food seeking. The cocaine-induced enhancement of brain reward function was blocked by BINA, although the highest doses of BINA decreased brain reward function when administered alone, suggesting additive, rather than interactive, effects of BINA and cocaine. In conclusion, BINA attenuated the reinforcing and counteracted the reward-enhancing effects of cocaine and decreased cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, without affecting behaviors motivated by food reinforcement. The higher selectivity of BINA compared with an mGluR2/3 agonist for drug- vs food-motivated behaviors suggests a therapeutic role for mGluR2 PAMs for the treatment of cocaine addiction and possibly other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Ardecky
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Russell Dahl
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicholas DP Cosford
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA, Tel: +1 858 534 1572, Fax: +1 858 534 9917, E-mail:
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Pustovit YM, Alekseenko AN, Volkov ND, Fedorchuk MY, Rozhenko AB. Halogen migration vs. hydrogen halogenide elimination in reactions of 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethansulfonyl chloride and 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethansulfonyl fluoride with amines: theoretical and experimental investigation. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Fraley ME. Positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1259-75. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Rowe BA, Schaffhauser H, Morales S, Lubbers LS, Bonnefous C, Kamenecka TM, McQuiston J, Daggett LP. Transposition of three amino acids transforms the human metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-3-positive allosteric modulation site to mGluR2, and additional characterization of the mGluR2-positive allosteric modulation site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:240-51. [PMID: 18430863 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.138271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and abnormal glutamate neurotransmission has been implicated in many neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, addiction, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, and pain. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) activate intracellular signaling cascades in a G protein-dependent manner, which offer the opportunity for developing drugs that regulate glutamate neurotransmission in a functionally selective manner. In the present study, we further characterize the human mGluR2 (hmGluR2) potentiator binding site by showing that the substitution of the three amino acids found to be required for hmGluR2 potentiation, specifically Ser(688), Gly(689), and Asn(735), with the homologous hmGluR3 amino acids, inactivates the positive allosteric modulator activity of several structurally unique mGluR2 potentiators. Based on the characterization of the hmGluR2 potentiator binding site, we developed a novel scintillation proximity assay that was able to discriminate between compounds that were hmGluR2-specific potentiators, and those that were active on both hmGluR2 and hmGluR3. In addition, we substituted Ser(688), Gly(689), and Asn(735) into hmGluR3 and created an active hmGluR2 allosteric modulation site on the hmGluR3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Rowe
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Bonnefous C, Vernier JM, Hutchinson JH, Gardner MF, Cramer M, James JK, Rowe BA, Daggett LP, Schaffhauser H, Kamenecka TM. Biphenyl-indanones: allosteric potentiators of the metabotropic glutamate subtype 2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4354-8. [PMID: 16046122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and synthesized a series of biphenyl-carboxylic acid indanones as allosteric potentiators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward improving the potency and the brain to plasma ratio of the initial lead led to the discovery of 5 and 23 (EC50=111 and 5 nM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bonnefous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Govek SP, Bonnefous C, Hutchinson JH, Kamenecka T, McQuiston J, Pracitto R, Zhao LX, Gardner MF, James JK, Daggett LP, Rowe BA, Schaffhauser H, Bristow LJ, Campbell UC, Rodriguez DE, Vernier JM. Benzazoles as allosteric potentiators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2): efficacy in an animal model for schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4068-72. [PMID: 16005222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has been implicated in a variety of CNS disorders, including schizophrenia. Disclosed herein is the development of a new series of allosteric potentiators of mGluR2. Structure-activity relationship studies in conjunction with pharmacokinetic data led to the discovery of indole 5, which is active in an animal model for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Govek
- Merck Research Laboratories, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Pinkerton AB, Cube RV, Hutchinson JH, James JK, Gardner MF, Rowe BA, Schaffhauser H, Rodriguez DE, Campbell UC, Daggett LP, Vernier JM. Allosteric potentiators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2). Part 3: Identification and biological activity of indanone containing mGlu2 receptor potentiators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1565-71. [PMID: 15745798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and synthesized a series of phenyl-tetrazolyl and 4-thiopyridyl indanones as allosteric potentiators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Structure activity relationship studies directed toward improving the potency and level of potentiation, as well as PK properties, led to the discovery of 28 (EC50=186 nM), which displayed activity in a rodent model for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Pinkerton
- Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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