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Casella B, Farmer JP, Nesheva DN, Williams HEL, Charlton SJ, Holliday ND, Laughton CA, Mistry SN. Design, Synthesis, and Application of Fluorescent Ligands Targeting the Intracellular Allosteric Binding Site of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12911-12930. [PMID: 37523859 PMCID: PMC10544029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), a key inflammatory mediator, is a potential strategy in the treatment of several pulmonary diseases and cancers. The complexity of endogenous chemokine interaction with the orthosteric binding site has led to the development of CXCR2 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) targeting an intracellular pocket near the G protein binding site. Our understanding of NAM binding and mode of action has been limited by the availability of suitable tracer ligands for competition studies, allowing direct ligand binding measurements. Here, we report the rational design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of fluorescent NAMs, based on navarixin (2), which display high affinity and preferential binding for CXCR2 over CXCR1. We demonstrate their application in fluorescence imaging and NanoBRET binding assays, in whole cells or membranes, capable of kinetic and equilibrium analysis of NAM binding, providing a platform to screen for alternative chemophores targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca
Maria Casella
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James P. Farmer
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School
of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Desislava N. Nesheva
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School
of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery
Institute, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Steven J. Charlton
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School
of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- OMass
Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford OX4 2GX, UK
| | - Nicholas D. Holliday
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, School
of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Excellerate
Bioscience Ltd., Biocity, University of
Nottingham, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Charles A. Laughton
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Shailesh N. Mistry
- Division
of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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2
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Optimization of triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines towards human CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115240. [PMID: 36924670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
CCR7 signaling directs the migration of both immune cells and cancer cells to the lymph nodes, is involved in numerous chronic inflammatory disorders and lymph node metastases. Despite the therapeutic promise of CCR7 antagonists, no potent and selective small molecule CCR7 antagonists have been reported to date. Since most human chemokine G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) share a conserved intracellular allosteric binding site, new CCR7 antagonist chemotypes may be identified by screening small molecules that are known to target this site in other chemokine GPCRs. In this work, our previously prepared series of 14 scaffold-modified analogues of a known thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine CXCR2 antagonist were screened as potential CCR7 antagonists. This resulted in the discovery of a triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine analogue with an IC50 of 2.43 μM against CCR7 and 0.66 μM against CXCR2. Exploration of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the 3-, 5- and 7-position substituents of this triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine resulted in improved potency and selectivity, with an IC50 of 0.43 μM and 11.02 μM against CCR7 and CXCR2, respectively, for the most selective derivative. Molecular docking showed that the binding mode of these triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines in CCR7 and CXCR2 corresponds with those of previously co-crystallized ligands.
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3
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Van Hoof M, Claes S, Boon K, Van Loy T, Schols D, Dehaen W, De Jonghe S. Exploration of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines as Antagonists of the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR2. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052099. [PMID: 36903345 PMCID: PMC10004157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulated CXCR2 signalling is found in numerous inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer. Consequently, CXCR2 antagonism is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of these disorders. We previously identified, via scaffold hopping, a pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue as a promising CXCR2 antagonist with an IC50 value of 0.11 µM in a kinetic fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay. This study aims at exploring the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and improving the CXCR2 antagonistic potency of this pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine via systematic structural modifications of the substitution pattern. Almost all new analogues completely lacked the CXCR2 antagonism, the exception being a 6-furanyl-pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue (compound 17b) that is endowed with similar antagonistic potency as the original hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Van Hoof
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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4
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Identification of novel chemotypes as CXCR2 antagonists via a scaffold hopping approach from a thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Bassyouni F, Tarek M, Salama A, Ibrahim B, Salah El Dine S, Yassin N, Hassanein A, Moharam M, Abdel-Rehim M. Promising Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Agents Based on Fused Pyrimidine Derivatives: Molecular Modeling and Biological Evaluation with Histopathological Effect. Molecules 2021; 26:2370. [PMID: 33921827 PMCID: PMC8072832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in both developing and non-developing countries, and a well-recognized global health problem. The WHO anticipates an increase in cases from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million by 2030. In the present study, we focus on the preparation of pyrimidine derivatives as potential antidiabetic and antimicrobial agents. Thein vivoeffect on total serum glucose concentration, cholesterol and antioxidant activity was assessed in adult male albino Wister rats and compared to the reference drug glimperide. Promising results were observed for compound 5. The histopathological study confirms that compound 5 results in significant activity with liver maintenance. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against several bacterial strains such as Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 25566, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli NRRN 3008, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538and fungi such as Rhizopus oligosporus, Mucor miehei and Asperillus niger. Compounds 4 and 5 showed a good inhibition of the bacterial zone compared to the reference drug cephradine. Finally, we suggest protein targets for these drugs based on computational analysis, and infer their activities from their predicted modes of binding using molecular modeling. The molecular modeling for compounds 4 and 5 resulted in improved docking scores and hydrogen bonding. The docking studies are in good agreement with the in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bassyouni
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industry Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Tarek
- Bioinformatics Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (B.I.); (S.S.E.D.); (N.Y.)
| | - Bassant Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (B.I.); (S.S.E.D.); (N.Y.)
| | - Sawsan Salah El Dine
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (B.I.); (S.S.E.D.); (N.Y.)
| | - Nemat Yassin
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (A.S.); (B.I.); (S.S.E.D.); (N.Y.)
| | - Amina Hassanein
- Pathology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Maysa Moharam
- Chemistry Department of Microbial Products, Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Materials and Nanophysics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE11419 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Targeting CXCR1/2: The medicinal potential as cancer immunotherapy agents, antagonists research highlights and challenges ahead. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111853. [PMID: 31732253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intractable issue in anti-cancer immunotherapy. The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 recruit immune suppressive cells such as the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the TME. Therefore, CXCR1/2 antagonists have aroused pharmaceutical interest in recent years. In this review, the medicinal chemistry of CXCR1/2 antagonists and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy have been summarized. The development of the drug candidates, along with their design rationale, clinical status and current challenges have also been discussed.
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7
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Xue WJ, Du JY, Deng YH, Yan ZH, Liu JP, Liu Y, Sun LP. Design and Synthesis of Novel Thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Angiogenesis Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900232. [PMID: 31287621 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) plays an important role in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 has been demonstrated as a key method against tumor-associated angiogenesis. Thiazolopyrimidine is an important analog of the purine ring, and we choose the thiazolopyrimidine scaffold as the mother nucleus. Two series of thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. In HUVEC inhibition assay, compounds 3l (=1-(5-{[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl]amino}pyridin-2-yl)-3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)urea) and 3m (=1-(5-{[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl]amino}pyridin-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)urea) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect (IC50 =1.65 and 3.52 μm, respectively). Compound 3l also showed the best potency against VEGFR-2 at 50 μm (98.5 %). These results suggest that further investigation of compound 3l might provide potential angiogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yao Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hui Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ping Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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8
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Kindon N, Davis A, Dougall I, Dixon J, Johnson T, Walters I, Thom S, McKechnie K, Meghani P, Stocks MJ. From UTP to AR-C118925, the discovery of a potent non nucleotide antagonist of the P2Y 2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4849-4853. [PMID: 28958619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled P2Y2 receptor, activated by ATP and UTP has been reported as a potential drug target for a wide range of important clinical conditions, such as tumor metastasis, kidney disorders, and in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. However, pharmacological studies on this receptor have been impeded by the limited reported availability of stable, potent and selective P2Y2R antagonists. This article describes the design and synthesis of AR-C118925, a potent and selective non-nucleotide antagonist of the P2Y2 receptor discovered using the endogenous P2Y2R agonist UTP as the chemical starting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kindon
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK.
| | - Andrew Davis
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Iain Dougall
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - John Dixon
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Iain Walters
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Steve Thom
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | | | - Premji Meghani
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Michael J Stocks
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK.
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9
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Kuppast B, Fahmy H. Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:198-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Austin RP, Bennion C, Bonnert RV, Cheema L, Cook AR, Cox RJ, Ebden MR, Gaw A, Grime K, Meghani P, Nicholls D, Phillips C, Smith N, Steele J, Stonehouse JP. Discovery and evaluation of a novel monocyclic series of CXCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1616-20. [PMID: 25708618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 has been proposed as a strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Earlier series of bicyclic CXCR2 antagonists discovered at AstraZeneca were shown to have low solubility and poor oral bioavailability. In this Letter we describe the design, synthesis and characterisation of a new series of monocyclic CXCR2 antagonists with improved solubility and good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert P Austin
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Colin Bennion
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Roger V Bonnert
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Lal Cheema
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Anthony R Cook
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Rhona J Cox
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Mark R Ebden
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Alasdair Gaw
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Ken Grime
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Premji Meghani
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - David Nicholls
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Caroline Phillips
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neal Smith
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - John Steele
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey P Stonehouse
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
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11
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Yıldırım M, Çelikel D. A rapid access to novel and diverse 3-oxothiazolo[3,2- $$c$$ c ]pyrimidine-8-carboxylates using multicomponent Mannich cyclisation reactions. Mol Divers 2014; 19:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Porter DW, Bradley M, Brown Z, Charlton SJ, Cox B, Hunt P, Janus D, Lewis S, Oakley P, O'Connor D, Reilly J, Smith N, Press NJ. The discovery of potent, orally bioavailable pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile-6-alkyl CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3285-90. [PMID: 24974342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hit-to-lead optimisation programme was carried out on the Novartis archive screening hit, pyrimidine 2-((2,6-dichlorobenzyl)thio)-5-isocyano-6-phenylpyrimidin-4-ol 4, resulting in the discovery of CXCR2 receptor antagonist 2-((2,3-difluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)-5-isocyanopyrimidin-4-ol 24. The SAR was investigated by systematic variation of the aromatic group at c-6, the linker between c-2 and the halogenated ring, and the c-5 nitrile moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Porter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Bradley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Zarin Brown
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Charlton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Cox
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hunt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Janus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Oakley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Des O'Connor
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Press
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
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13
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Newer thiazolopyrimidine-based sulfonamides clubbed with benzothiazole moiety: synthesis and biological evaluation. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small-molecule antagonists of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) have attracted a considerable amount of attention due to the key central role that this receptor plays in inflammatory conditions. Recently, several CXCR2 receptor antagonists have demonstrated promising proof of activity in early pulmonary clinical trials, which has stimulated additional efforts to identify new CXCR2 receptor antagonists. AREAS COVERED During the period 2009 - 2013, there were numerous patent publications from various companies claiming the discovery of novel CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Herein, an interpretation of these new patent publications combined with emerging disclosures from the peer-reviewed literature during this time frame is given. This review highlights the preferred or representative compounds from the patent applications along with relevant biological characterization. EXPERT OPINION Many of the new CXCR2 receptor antagonists described in this review represent closely related analogs to previously disclosed clinical candidates. With the recent discontinuation of several CXCR2 receptor antagonists in the clinic, additional clinical trial information for CXCR2 receptor antagonists, both past and present, will determine the long-term therapeutic potential of these compounds for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dwyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , 126 E. Lincoln Ave, RY800-D101, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900 , USA +1 732 594 1733 ; +1 732 594 9490 ;
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15
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Porter DW, Bradley M, Brown Z, Canova R, Charlton S, Cox B, Hunt P, Kolarik D, Lewis S, O'Connor D, Reilly J, Spanka C, Tedaldi L, Watson SJ, Wermuth R, Press NJ. The discovery of potent, orally bioavailable pyrazolo and triazolopyrimidine CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:72-6. [PMID: 24332493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A hit-to-lead optimisation programme was carried out on the Novartis archive screening hit, pyrazolopyrimidine 2-methyl-5-((phenylthio)methyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol 1, resulting in the discovery of CXCR2 receptor antagonist 2-benzyl-5-(((2,3-difluorophenyl)thio)methyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol 14. The SAR was investigated by systematic variation of the pendant thiol, alkyl and pyrimidinol groups. Replacement of the pyrazolopyrimidine core with a triazolo alternative led to a dual series of antagonists with favourable biological and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Porter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Bradley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Zarin Brown
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Canova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Charlton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Cox
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hunt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - David Kolarik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Des O'Connor
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Spanka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lauren Tedaldi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Watson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Wermuth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil J Press
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
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16
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Konstantinidou M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Cytokines in terms of QSAR. Review, evaluation and comparative studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:883-962. [PMID: 24099567 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.815656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of chemical factors that act as mediators in the complex biological response of inflammation, potentially implicated in various diseases. Therefore, selective inhibition or antagonism of cytokines is a target of anti-inflammatory drug design. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) analysis presented here attempts to identify the structural features and physicochemical properties that are significant for cytokine antagonists or inhibitors and in particular of i) interleukin-5 (IL-5), ii) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and iii) of the chemotactic cytokine (chemokine) interleukin-8 (IL-8). Firstly, a historical aspect of the limited published QSARs is discussed and then a 2D-QSAR analysis was carried out for 26 data sets of compounds using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. In six cases hydrophobicity appeared to be important. Steric factors in the form of overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar refractivity of the substituent (MR), molar volume (MgVol), Taft's Es constant and the sterimol parameters B1 and B5 have a significant impact on biological activity in most of the derived equations whereas electronic parameters as σp, σm or Σσ appeared in five cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konstantinidou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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17
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Karlström S, Nordvall G, Sohn D, Hettman A, Turek D, Åhlin K, Kers A, Claesson M, Slivo C, Lo-Alfredsson Y, Petersson C, Bessidskaia G, Svensson PH, Rein T, Jerning E, Malmberg Å, Ahlgen C, Ray C, Vares L, Ivanov V, Johansson R. Substituted 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as potent and selective antagonists of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3177-90. [PMID: 23516963 DOI: 10.1021/jm3012273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two parallel series, A and B, of CX3CR1 antagonists for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By modifying the substituents on the 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine core structure, we were able to achieve compounds with high selectivity for CX3CR1 over the closely related CXCR2 receptor. The structure-activity relationships showed that a leucinol moiety attached to the core-structure in the 7-position together with α-methyl branched benzyl derivatives in the 5-position displayed promising affinity, and selectivity as well as physicochemical properties, as exemplified by compounds 18a and 24h. We show the preparation of the first potent and selective orally available CX3CR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Karlström
- CNSP iMed Science Södertälje, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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18
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Deng QG, Gao Y, Zhao B, Jiang LL, Liu Z, Song B. A MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY SUBSTITUTED 7-METHYL-5H-THIAZOLO[3,2-a]PYRIMIDINE-6-CARBOXYLATE DERIVATIVES VIA ONE-POT REACTION OF AMINOTHIAZOLE, ALDEHYDE AND ETHYL ACETOACETATE. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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20
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Morley A, Tomkinson N, Cook A, MacDonald C, Weaver R, King S, Jenkinson L, Unitt J, McCrae C, Phillips T. Effect of lipophilicity modulation on inhibition of human rhinovirus capsid binders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6031-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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de Kruijf P, Lim HD, Roumen L, Renjaän VA, Zhao J, Webb ML, Auld DS, Wijkmans JC, Zaman GJR, Smit MJ, de Graaf C, Leurs R. Identification of a Novel Allosteric Binding Site in the CXCR2 Chemokine Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.073825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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22
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Morley AD, Cook A, King S, Roberts B, Lever S, Weaver R, Macdonald C, Unitt J, Fagura M, Phillips T, Lewis R, Wenlock M. Discovery of pyrazoles as novel FPR1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6456-60. [PMID: 21955939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazole inhibitors of the human FPR1 receptor have been identified from high throughput screening. The compounds demonstrate potent inhibition in human neutrophils and attractive physicochemical and in vitro DMPK profiles to be of further interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Morley
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Chemistry, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK.
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23
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Targeting of a common receptor shared by CXCL8 and N-Ac-PGP as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate chronic neutrophilic lung diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:1-5. [PMID: 21669195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent neutrophilia is implicated in the pathology of several chronic lung diseases and consequently targeting the signals that drive the recruitment of these cells offers a plausible therapeutic strategy. The tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) is a neutrophil chemoattractant derived from extracellular matrix collagen and implicated in diseases such as COPD and cystic fibrosis. It was anticipated that PGP exerts its chemoatactic activity by mimicking key sequences found within classical neutrophil chemokines, such as CXCL8, and binding their receptors, CXCR1/2. Recently, however, the role of CXCR1/2 as the receptors for PGP has been questioned. In this issue of European Journal of Pharmacology, three studies address this controversy and demonstrate CXCR1/2 to be a common receptor for CXCL8 and PGP. Accordingly, these studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting this shared receptor to simultaneously alleviate neutrophilic inflammation driven by multiple neutrophil chemoattractants.
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24
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Unitt J, Fagura M, Phillips T, King S, Perry M, Morley A, MacDonald C, Weaver R, Christie J, Barber S, Mohammed R, Paul M, Cook A, Baxter A. Discovery of small molecule human FPR1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2991-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Mihara K, Wijkmans J. Low Molecular Weight CXCR2 Antagonists as Promising Therapeutics. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Synthesis of novel 5-amino-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as E. coli and S. aureus SecA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:702-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Jang MY, Lin Y, De Jonghe S, Gao LJ, Vanderhoydonck B, Froeyen M, Rozenski J, Herman J, Louat T, Van Belle K, Waer M, Herdewijn P. Discovery of 7-N-Piperazinylthiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine Analogues as a Novel Class of Immunosuppressive Agents with in Vivo Biological Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 54:655-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101254z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Jang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuan Lin
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ling-Jie Gao
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanderhoydonck
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathy Froeyen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Herman
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Louat
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Belle
- Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Waer
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, Campus Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Liu S, Liu Y, Wang H, Ding Y, Wu H, Dong J, Wong A, Chen SH, Li G, Chan M, Sawyer N, Gervais FG, Henault M, Kargman S, Bedard LL, Han Y, Friesen R, Lobell RB, Stout DM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 3-amino-4-hydrazine-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-diones as potent and selective CXCR2 chemokine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5741-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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de Kruijf P, van Heteren J, Lim HD, Conti PGM, van der Lee MMC, Bosch L, Ho KK, Auld D, Ohlmeyer M, Smit MJ, Wijkmans JCHM, Zaman GJR, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Nonpeptidergic allosteric antagonists differentially bind to the CXCR2 chemokine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:783-90. [PMID: 19190236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR2 is involved in different inflammatory diseases, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis; therefore, it is considered an attractive drug target. Different classes of small CXCR2 antagonists have been developed. In this study, we selected seven CXCR2 antagonists from the diarylurea, imidazolylpyrimide, and thiazolopyrimidine class and studied their mechanisms of action at human CXCR2. All compounds are able to displace (125)I-CXCL8 and inhibit CXCL8-induced beta-arrestin2 recruitment. Detailed studies with representatives of each class showed that these compounds displace and antagonize CXCL8, most probably via a noncompetitive, allosteric mechanism. In addition, we radiolabeled the high-affinity CXCR2 antagonist SB265610 [1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(4-cyano-1H-benzo[d] [1,2,3]-triazol-7-yl)urea] and subjected [(3)H]SB265610 to a detailed analysis. The binding of this radioligand was saturable and reversible. Using [(3)H]SB265610, we found that compounds of the different chemical classes bind to distinct binding sites. Hence, the use of a radiolabeled low-molecular weight CXCR2 antagonist serves as a tool to investigate the different binding sites of CXCR2 antagonists in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra de Kruijf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Sanganee HJ, Baxter A, Barber S, Brown AJ, Grice D, Hunt F, King S, Laughton D, Pairaudeau G, Thong B, Weaver R, Unitt J. Discovery of small molecule human C5a receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Synthesis of substituted [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazines. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Nicholls DJ, Tomkinson NP, Wiley KE, Brammall A, Bowers L, Grahames C, Gaw A, Meghani P, Shelton P, Wright TJ, Mallinder PR. Identification of a putative intracellular allosteric antagonist binding-site in the CXC chemokine receptors 1 and 2. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1193-202. [PMID: 18676678 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.044610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) implicated in mediating cellular functions associated with the inflammatory response. Potent CXCR2 receptor antagonists have been discovered, some of which have recently entered clinical development. The aim of this study was to identify key amino acid residue differences between CXCR1 and CXCR2 that influence the relative antagonism by two compounds that have markedly different chemical structures. By investigating the effects of domain switching and point mutations, we found that the second extracellular loop, which contained significant amino acid sequence diversity, was not important for compound antagonism. We were surprised to find that switching the intracellular C-terminal 60 amino acid domains of CXCR1 and CXCR2 caused an apparent reversal of antagonism at these two receptors. Further investigation showed that a single amino acid residue, lysine 320 in CXCR2 and asparagine 311 in CXCR1, plays a predominant role in describing the relative antagonism of the two compounds. Homology modeling studies based on the structure of bovine rhodopsin indicated a potential intracellular antagonist binding pocket involving lysine 320. We conclude that residue 320 in CXCR2 forms part of a potential allosteric binding pocket on the intracellular side of the receptor, a site that is distal to the orthosteric site commonly assumed to be the location of antagonist binding to GPCRs. The existence of a common intracellular allosteric binding site at GPCRs related to CXCR2 may be of value in the design of novel antagonists for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nicholls
- Department of Discovery BioScience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, United Kingdom.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. El Rady
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , South Valley University , Aswan , Egypt
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34
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Yaremenko F, Beryozkina T, Khvat A, Svidlo I, Shishkin O, Shishkina S, Orlov V. 5,7-Substituted thiazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidines: Synthesis, stereochemistry and crystal structure. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Yao H, de Boer WI, Rahman I. Targeting lung inflammation: novel therapies for the treatment of COPD. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2008; 4:57-68. [PMID: 19672474 PMCID: PMC2723817 DOI: 10.2174/157339808783497873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. As understanding of pathology of COPD has increased it has been established that COPD is associated with the progressive pulmonary inflammation and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema) that relate to disease severity. Therefore, it is anticipated that drugs that reduce pulmonary inflammation will provide effective, disease modifying therapy for COPD. Several specific therapies are directed against the influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and lung parenchyma that occurs in COPD; these include agents directed against cytokines and chemokines. Broad-range anti-inflammatory drugs are now in phase III development for COPD; they include inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). Other drugs that inhibit cell signaling include inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). There is also a search for inhibitors of proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to prevent lung destruction and the development of emphysema. This review highlights studies on novel or potential anti-inflammatory agents that might be considered in the development of new future therapies for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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36
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Walters I, Austin C, Austin R, Bonnert R, Cage P, Christie M, Ebden M, Gardiner S, Grahames C, Hill S, Hunt F, Jewell R, Lewis S, Martin I, Nicholls D, Robinson D. Evaluation of a series of bicyclic CXCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:798-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Hunt F, Austin C, Austin R, Bonnert R, Cage P, Christie J, Christie M, Dixon C, Hill S, Jewell R, Martin I, Robinson D, Willis P. SAR studies on thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine based CXCR2 antagonists involving a novel tandem displacement reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2731-4. [PMID: 17382543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As part of a Lead Optimisation programme to identify small molecule antagonists of the human CXCR2 receptor, a series of substituted thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines was prepared via the application of a novel tandem displacement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Hunt
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, UK.
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38
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Goodnow RA, Gillespie P. 1Hit and Lead Identification: Efficient Practices for Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:1-61. [PMID: 17280901 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Goodnow
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110-1199, USA
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39
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Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ. Chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:546-53. [PMID: 16911834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasing global health problem for which there are no effective disease-modifying therapies. COPD involves chronic inflammation of small airways and lung parenchyma, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells. This inflammatory-cell trafficking is orchestrated by multiple chemokines, so the blockade of chemokine receptors with selective antagonists might be an effective anti-inflammatory strategy in this disease. Several studies support the implication of several chemokines and their receptors in COPD, including chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR3, with small-molecule receptor antagonists that are in development being potential anti-inflammatory therapies. Such a pharmacological strategy would provide a mechanism with which to inhibit leukocyte recruitment and, hence, reduce the inflammatory profile in COPD, which is currently unaffected by pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Donnelly
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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