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Starosotnikov AM, Bastrakov MA. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Incorporating Pyridine Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119314. [PMID: 37298265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes one of the most dangerous diseases-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An estimated about 40 million people are currently living with HIV worldwide, most of whom are already on antiretroviral therapy. This makes the development of effective drugs to combat this virus very relevant. Currently, one of the dynamically developing areas of organic and medicinal chemistry is the synthesis and identification of new compounds capable of inhibiting HIV-1 integrase-one of the HIV enzymes. A significant number of studies on this topic are published annually. Many compounds inhibiting integrase incorporate pyridine core. Therefore, this review is an analysis of the literature on the methods for the synthesis of pyridine-containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors since 2003 to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Starosotnikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Bastrakov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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3
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Borah B, Chowhan LR. Ultrasound-assisted transition-metal-free catalysis: a sustainable route towards the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14022-14051. [PMID: 35558846 PMCID: PMC9092113 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles of synthetic and natural origin are a well-established class of compounds representing a broad range of organic molecules that constitute over 60% of drugs and agrochemicals in the market or research pipeline. Considering the vast abundance of these structural motifs, the development of chemical processes providing easy access to novel complex target molecules by introducing environmentally benign conditions with the main focus on improving the cost-effectiveness of the chemical transformation is highly demanding and challenging. Accordingly, sonochemistry appears to be an excellent alternative and a highly feasible environmentally benign energy input that has recently received considerable and steadily increasing interest in organic synthesis. However, the involvement of transition-metal-catalyst(s) in a chemical process often triggers an unintended impact on the greenness or sustainability of the transformation. Consequently, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing metal-free routes for assembling various heterocycles of medicinal interest, particularly under ultrasound irradiation. The present review article aims to demonstrate a brief overview of the current progress accomplished in the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant diverse heterocycles using transition-metal-free catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Borah
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
| | - L Raju Chowhan
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Centre for Applied Chemistry, Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar-382030 India
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4
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Liu Y, Luo P, Fu Y, Hao T, Liu X, Ding Q, Peng Y. Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2462-2476. [PMID: 34630726 PMCID: PMC8474070 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in the tandem annulation of enynes in the past few years. This review only presents the corresponding reactions of 1,3-enyne structural motifs to provide the functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives. The functionalization reactions cover iodination, bromination, trifluoromethylation, azidation, carbonylation, arylation, alkylation, selenylation, sulfenylation, amidation, esterification, and hydroxylation. We also briefly introduce the applications of the products and the reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of corresponding N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Puying Luo
- Department of Gynaecology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, 92 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Tianxin Hao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
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5
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Nematpour M, Fasihi Dastjerdi H, Mahboubi Rabbani SMI, Tabatabai SA. Copper‐Catalyzed
N
‐Arylation of Polysubstituted Pyridines Synthesized by the Novel Reaction of
N
‐Sulfonyl Ketenimine and Malononitrile‐Trichloroacetonitrile Adduct. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Nematpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Fasihi Dastjerdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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6
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Chokkar N, Kalra S, Chauhan M, Kumar R. A Review on Quinoline Derived Scaffolds as Anti-HIV Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:510-526. [PMID: 30338737 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181018163448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
After restricting the proliferation of CD4+T cells, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infection persists at a very fast rate causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This demands the vigorous need of suitable anti-HIV agents, as existing medicines do not provide a complete cure and exhibit drawbacks like toxicities, drug resistance, side-effects, etc. Even the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) failed to combat HIV/AIDS completely. The major breakthrough in anti-HIV discovery was marked with the discovery of raltegravir in 2007, the first integrase (IN) inhibitor. Thereafter, the discovery of elvitegravir, a quinolone derivative emerged as the potent HIV-IN inhibitor. Though many more classes of different drugs that act as anti-HIV have been identified, some of which are under clinical trials, but the recent serious focus is still laid on quinoline and its analogues. In this review, we have covered all the quinoline-based derivatives that inhibit various targets and are potential anti-HIV agents in various phases of the drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Chokkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
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7
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Shah P, Abadi LF, Gaikwad S, Chaudhari D, Kushwah V, Jain S, Bhutani KK, Kulkarni S, Singh IP. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 8-Hydroxyquinoline-hydrazones for Anti-HIV-1 and Anticancer Potential. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Shah
- Department of Natural Products; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Leila F. Abadi
- Department of Virology; National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) 73 G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune; Maharashtra- 411026 India
| | - Shraddha Gaikwad
- Department of Virology; National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) 73 G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune; Maharashtra- 411026 India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Kamlesh K. Bhutani
- Department of Natural Products; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Department of Virology; National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) 73 G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune; Maharashtra- 411026 India
| | - Inder P. Singh
- Department of Natural Products; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar; Punjab- 160062 India
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8
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Kaur M, Kumar R. C‐N and N‐N bond formation via Reductive Cyclization: Progress in Cadogan /Cadogan‐Sundberg Reactionǂ. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and SynthesisDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural ProductsCentral University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda-151001 India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and SynthesisDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural ProductsCentral University of Punjab Mansa Road Bathinda-151001 India
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9
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Lévesque É, Laporte ST, Charette AB. Continuous Flow Synthesis and Purification of Aryldiazomethanes through Hydrazone Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éric Lévesque
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Simon T. Laporte
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
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10
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Lévesque É, Laporte ST, Charette AB. Continuous Flow Synthesis and Purification of Aryldiazomethanes through Hydrazone Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:837-841. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Éric Lévesque
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Simon T. Laporte
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Department of Chemistry Université de Montréal P.O. Box 6128 Stn Downtown Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
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11
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Ruddarraju RR, Murugulla AC, Kotla R, Tirumalasetty MCB, Wudayagiri R, Donthabakthuni S, Maroju R, Palle S. Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Studies of Pyrazine Containing 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adharvana Chari Murugulla
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd.; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru, Medak (Dist.) 502 307 Telangana India
| | - Ravindar Kotla
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd.; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru, Medak (Dist.) 502 307 Telangana India
| | - Muni Chandra Babu Tirumalasetty
- Bioinformatics Center, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Rajendra Wudayagiri
- Bioinformatics Center, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology; Sri Venkateswara University; Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Shobha Donthabakthuni
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd.; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru, Medak (Dist.) 502 307 Telangana India
| | - Ravichandar Maroju
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University; Hyderabad 500 075 Telangana India
| | - Sadhanadham Palle
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, IST; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University; Kukatpally Hyderabad 500 085 Telangana India
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12
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Fedoseev SV, Ershov OV, Belikov MY, Tafeenko VA. Synthesis of 3-amino-8-hydroxy-1,6-dioxo-4-cyano-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]non-3-en-2-ides ammonium salts. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801608008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Fedoseev SV, Belikov MY, Lipin KV, Ershov OV, Nasakin OE. Synthesis of 3-amino-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,6-dioxo-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene-4-carbonitriles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Patel RV, Park SW. Pyrroloaryls and pyrroloheteroaryls: Inhibitors of the HIV fusion/attachment, reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5247-63. [PMID: 26116177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds execute a very important role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the basic milestones of the research for pyrroloaryl and pyrroloheteroaryl based components targeting HIV viral replication cycle. Anti-HIV activity is elaborated for several classes of pyrrolo-compounds as pyrrolopyridines, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrrolopyridazines, pyrrolobenzodiazepinones, pyrrolobenzothiazepines, pyrrolobenzoxazepinones, pyrrolophenanthridines, pyrroloquinoxalines, pyrrolotriazines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrrolopyrazinones, pyrrolothiatriazines, arylthiopyrroles and pyrrolopyrazolones targeting two essential HIV enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase as well as attachment/fusion of HIV virons to the host CD-4 cell. Such attempts were resulted in a discovery of highly potent anti-HIV agents suitable for clinical trials, for example, BMS-378806, BMS-585248, BMS-626529, BMS-663068, BMS-488043 and BMS-663749, etc. as anti-HIV attachment agents, triciribine, QX432, BI-1 and BI-2 as HIV RT inhibitors which are in preclinical or clinical development. Mechanism of action of compounds presented in this article towards the suppression of HIV attachment/fusion as well as against the activities of HIV enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase has been discussed. Relationships of new compounds' molecular framework and HIV viral target has been overviewed in order to facilitate further construction of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Patel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Se Won Park
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, South Korea
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15
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Design and synthesis of N-methylpyrimidone derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:735-41. [PMID: 25618597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel β-diketo derivatives which combined the virtues of dihydroxypyrimidine carboxamide derived from the evolution of DKA and polyhydroxylated aromatics moieties, were designed and synthesized as potential HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors and evaluated their inhibition to the strand transfer process of HIV-1 integrase and anti-HIV-1 activity. The result indicates that 3,4,5-trihydroxylated aromatic derivatives exhibit good inhibition to HIV-1 integrase, but dihydroxylated aromatic derivatives appear little inhibition to HIV-1 integrase. In addition, the preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these new derivatives was rationalized by docking studies.
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16
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Mg–V/CO3 hydrotalcite: an efficient and reusable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of multisubstituted pyridines. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Li Y, Xuan S, Feng Y, Yan A. Targeting HIV-1 integrase with strand transfer inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:435-49. [PMID: 25486307 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a retroviral enzyme essential for integration of genetic material into the DNA of the host cell and hence for viral replication. The absence of an equivalent enzyme in humans makes IN an interesting target for anti-HIV drug design. This review briefly overviews the structural and functional properties of HIV-1 IN. We analyze the binding modes of the established drugs, clinical candidates and a comprehensive library of leads based on innovative chemical scaffolds of HIV-1 IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Computational clustering techniques are applied for identifying structural features relating to bioactivity. From bio- and chemo-informatics analyses, we provide novel insights into structure-activity relationships of INSTIs and elaborate new strategies for design of innovative inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shouyi Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, P.O. Box 53, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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18
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Mague JT, Mohamed SK, Akkurt M, El-Kashef HMS, Albayati MR. Crystal structure of 2-[12-methyl-14-phenyl-10,13,14,16-tetra-aza-tetra-cyclo[7.7.0.0(2,7).0(11,15)]hexa-deca-1(16),2,4,6,9,11(15),12-heptaen-8-yl-idene]propandi-nitrile. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1244-5. [PMID: 25553023 PMCID: PMC4257392 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814024167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title mol-ecule, C22H12N6, the fused tetracyclic core shows a small lengthwise twist as indicated by the dihedral of 2.7 (2)° between the outer rings. In the crystal, mol-ecules stack along the b-axis direction via offset π-stacking [centroid-centroid distances = 3.5282 (13) and 3.5597 (14) Å] with the stacks weakly associated through C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The phenyl ring is rotationally disordered over two orientations with an occupancy ratio of 0.516 (4):0.484 (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Shaaban K. Mohamed
- Chemistry and Environmental Division, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, England
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Mehmet Akkurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa R. Albayati
- Kirkuk University, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kirkuk, Iraq
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19
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Supramolecular interactions in biologically relevant compounds. 2-Pyrazineformamide thiosemicarbazones and some products of their cyclization. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion into the genome of the infected human cell of viral DNA produced by the retrotranscription process. The discovery of raltegravir validated the existence of the IN, which is a new target in the field of anti-HIV drug research. The mechanism of catalysis of IN is depicted, and the characteristics of the inhibitors of the catalytic site of this viral enzyme are reported. The role played by the resistance is elucidated, as well as the possibility of bypassing this problem. New approaches to block the integration process are depicted as future perspectives, such as development of allosteric IN inhibitors, dual inhibitors targeting both IN and other enzymes, inhibitors of enzymes that activate IN, activators of IN activity, as well as a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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21
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Domino synthesis of 3-amino-8-hydroxy-1,6-dioxo-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene-4-carbonitriles. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ilieva ED, Petkova NI, Nikolova RD. A new and efficient method for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. Molecules 2012; 17:4936-49. [PMID: 22547316 PMCID: PMC6268139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17054936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly found reaction for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-diones from 3-substituted coumarins and nitromethane has been elaborated. The reaction involved a simple and convenient experimental procedure. The applicability of the rearrangement reaction is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rositca D. Nikolova
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +359-2-8161-392; Fax: +359-2-9625-438
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23
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Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is indispensable for HIV-1 replication and has become a validated target for developing anti-AIDS agents. In two decades of development of IN inhibition-based anti-HIV therapeutics, a significant number of compounds were identified as IN inhibitors, but only some of them showed antiviral activity. This article reviews a number of patented HIV-1 IN inhibitors, especially those that possess high selectivity for the strand transfer reaction. These compounds generally have a polar coplanar moiety, which is assumed to chelate two magnesium ions in the binding site. Resistance to those compounds, when given to patients, can develop as a result of IN mutations. We refer to those compounds as authentic IN inhibitors. Continued drug development has so far delivered one authentic IN inhibitor to the market (raltegravir in 2007). Current and future attention will be focused on the development of novel authentic IN inhibitors with the goal of overcoming viral resistance.
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Kang JT, Li ZG, Xu JW, Wei Y. tert-Butyl 4-formyl-1H-imidazole-1-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2185. [PMID: 21588462 PMCID: PMC3007559 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810029247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(9)H(12)N(2)O(3), weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains. Further weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.672 (4) Å] between neighbouring chains lead to a double-chain structure propagating in [100].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Kang
- The State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wei Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Ramkumar K, Serrao E, Odde S, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2007-2008 update. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:890-954. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Loizidou EZ, Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD, Christofides T, Kostrikis LG. Analysis of binding parameters of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: correlates of drug inhibition and resistance. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4806-18. [PMID: 19450984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study undertook an exploratory data analysis of the binding parameters of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The study group involved inhibitors in preclinical development from the diketo acid, pyrroloquinoline and naphthyridine carboxamide families and the most advanced inhibitors Raltegravir and Elvitegravir. Distinct differences were observed in the energetics of binding between the studied classes of inhibitors that also correlated with drug resistant patterns. Quantitative-property-activity-relationships correlated experimental IC(50) values to the binding energy and the logarithm of the partition coefficient between n-octanol and water (clogP). The approach followed here serves as an improved basis for the development of 'second generation' integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriketi Z Loizidou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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27
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Tricyclic HIV integrase inhibitors V. SAR studies on the benzyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2263-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Metobo S, Mish M, Jin H, Jabri S, Lansdown R, Chen X, Tsiang M, Wright M, Kim CU. Tricyclic HIV integrase inhibitors: VI. SAR studies of ‘benzyl flipped’ C3-substituted pyrroloquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1187-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Preclinical evaluation of GS-9160, a novel inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:1194-203. [PMID: 19104010 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00984-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-9160 is a novel and potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) that specifically targets the process of strand transfer. It is an authentic inhibitor of HIV-1 integration, since treatment of infected cells results in an elevation of two-long terminal repeat circles and a decrease of integration junctions. GS-9160 has potent and selective antiviral activity in primary human T lymphocytes producing a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of approximately 2 nM, with a selectivity index (50% cytotoxic concentration/EC(50)) of approximately 2,000. The antiviral potency of GS-9160 decreased by 6- to 10-fold in the presence of human serum. The antiviral activity of GS-9160 is synergistic in combination with representatives from three different classes of antiviral drugs, namely HIV-1 protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viral resistance selections performed with GS-9160 yielded a novel pattern of mutations within the catalytic core domain of IN; E92V emerged initially, followed by L74M. While E92V as a single mutant conferred 12-fold resistance against GS-9160, L74M had no effect as a single mutant. Together, these mutations conferred 67-fold resistance to GS-9160, indicating that L74M may potentiate the resistance caused by E92V. The pharmacokinetic profile of GS-9160 in healthy human volunteers revealed that once-daily dosing was not likely to achieve antiviral efficacy; hence, the clinical development of this compound was discontinued.
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30
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Dayam R, Gundla R, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005-2006 update. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:118-54. [PMID: 17979144 DOI: 10.1002/med.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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31
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Tricyclic HIV integrase inhibitors: potent and orally bioavailable C5-aza analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1388-91. [PMID: 18207398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of C5-aza tricyclic HIV integrase inhibitors was prepared. A highly potent and orally bioavailable compound (compound 9) was identified and selected for development.
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32
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Souza TML, De Souza MCBV, Ferreira VF, Canuto CVBS, Marques IP, Fontes CFL, Frugulhetti ICPP. The chloroxoquinolinic derivative 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid inhibits HSV-1 adsorption by impairing its adsorption on HVEM. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1417-24. [PMID: 17458622 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe that the oxoquinolinic acid derivative (compound A) inhibited HSV-1 adsorption on Vero cells. This effect was achieved with an EC(50) value of 10 +/- 2.0 microM and with low cytotoxicity, since the CC(50) value for compound A was >1000 microM. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that adsorption inhibition was due to the blockage of the interactions between HSV-1 and the cellular receptor herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). These results show that compound A can prevent HSV-1 infection in Vero cells, encouraging further studies to determine at what level compound A inhibits HSV-1-HVEM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Wang J, Wang HX, Ng TB. A peptide with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the medicinal mushroom Russula paludosa. Peptides 2007; 28:560-5. [PMID: 17113195 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hot water extracts of 16 species of mushrooms, including both edible and medicinal mushrooms, were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activity. Extracts of Lactarius camphoratus, Trametes suaveolens, Sparassis crispa, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and Russula paludosa elicited over 50% inhibition when tested at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The extract of R. paludosa demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT (97.6%). Fraction SU2, purified from R. paludosa extract by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Superdex 75, exhibited potent inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT. At the concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, and 0.04 mg/ml, the inhibition ratios were 99.2%, 89.3%, and 41.8%, respectively, giving an IC50 of 11 microM. The molecular mass of SU2 was 4.5 kDa and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be KREHGQHCEF. The peptide was devoid of hemagglutinating, ribonuclease, antifungal, protease, protease inhibitory, and laccase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
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