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Latli B, Reeves JT, Tan Z, Hrapchak M, Song JJ, Busacca CB, Senanayake CH. Synthesis of two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists labeled with carbon-14 and stable isotopes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:445-52. [PMID: 26391408 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists were prepared labeled with carbon-14 and with stable isotopes to perform drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioanalytical studies. Carbon-14 labeled (1) was obtained from an enantiopure alkyne (5) via a Sonogashira coupling to a previously reported 5-amino-4-iodo-[2-(14)C]pyrimidine [(14)C]-(6), followed by a base-mediated cyclization (1) in 72% overall radiochemical yield. Carbon-14 labeled (2) was prepared in five steps employing a key benzoic acid intermediate [(14)C]-(13), which was synthesized in one pot from enolization of trifluoromethylketone (12), followed by bromine-magnesium exchange and then electrophile trapping reaction with [(14)C]-carbon dioxide. A chiral auxiliary (S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine was then coupled to this acid to give [(14)C]-(15). Propargylation and separation of diastereoisomers by crystallizations gave the desired diastereomer [(14)C]-(17) in 34% yield. Sonogashira coupling to iodopyridine (10) followed by cyclization to the azaindole [(14)C]-(18) and finally removal of the chiral auxiliary gave [(14)C]-(2) in 7% overall yield. For stable isotope syntheses, [(13)C6]-(1) was obtained in three steps using [(13)C4]-(6) and trimethylsilylacetylene-[(13)C2] in 26% yield, while [(2)H5]-(2) was obtained by first preparing the iodopyridine [(2)H5]-(10) in five steps. Then, Sonogashira coupling to chiral alkyne (24) and cyclization gave [(2)H5]-(2) in 42% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Latli
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan T Reeves
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zhulin Tan
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Matt Hrapchak
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jinhua J Song
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Carl B Busacca
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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2
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Cazzola M, Coppola A, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Novel glucocorticoid receptor agonists in the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1473-82. [PMID: 26293110 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1078310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids are the only drugs that effectively suppress the airway inflammation, but they can induce considerable systemic and adverse effects when they are administered chronically at high doses. Consequently, the pharmaceutical industry is still searching for newer entities with an improved therapeutic index. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the research in the glucocorticoid field to identify ligands of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). These ligands preferentially induce transrepression with little or no transactivating activity, in order to have a potent anti-inflammatory action and a low side-effects profile. EXPERT OPINION Several agents have been synthesized, but few have been tested in experimental models of asthma. Furthermore, only three (BI-54903, GW870086X and AZD5423) have entered clinical development, although the development of at least one of them (BI-54903) was discontinued. The reason for the limited success so far obtained is that the model of transactivation versus transrepression is a too simplistic representation of GR activity. It is difficult to uncouple the therapeutic and harmful effects mediated by GR, but some useful information that might change the current perspective is appearing in the literature. The generation of gene expression 'fingerprints' produced by different GR agonists in target and off-target human tissues could be useful in identifying drug candidates with an improved therapeutic ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,b 2 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Respiratory Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy .,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Coppola
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- d 4 Second University of Naples, Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine , Naples, Italy
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3
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Harcken C, Riether D, Kuzmich D, Liu P, Betageri R, Ralph M, Emmanuel M, Reeves JT, Berry A, Souza D, Nelson RM, Kukulka A, Fadra TN, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Dinallo R, Bentzien J, Nabozny GH, Thomson DS. Identification of Highly Efficacious Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists with a Potential for Reduced Clinical Bone Side Effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1583-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4019178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harcken
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Doris Riether
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Daniel Kuzmich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Pingrong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Mark Ralph
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Michel Emmanuel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Reeves
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Angela Berry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Donald Souza
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Richard M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Alison Kukulka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Tazmeen N. Fadra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Ljiljana Zuvela-Jelaska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Roger Dinallo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Jörg Bentzien
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Gerald H. Nabozny
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - David S. Thomson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Chemical
Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
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4
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Kuzmich D, Bentzien J, Betageri R, DiSalvo D, Fadra-Khan T, Harcken C, Kukulka A, Nabozny G, Nelson R, Pack E, Souza D, Thomson D. Function-regulating pharmacophores in a sulfonamide class of glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6640-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6645-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel indazolyl glucocorticoid receptor partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5448-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Sheppeck JE, Gilmore JL, Xiao HY, Dhar TM, Nirschl D, Doweyko AM, Sack JS, Corbett MJ, Malley MF, Gougoutas JZ, Mckay L, Cunningham MD, Habte SF, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Somerville JE, Barrish JC. Discovery of potent and selective nonsteroidal indazolyl amide glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5442-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Norman P. Crystalline forms of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[(1R,2S)-1-{[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]oxy}-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanyl]acetamide (AZD-5423). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1239-45. [PMID: 23865465 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.820706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A crystalline form (form B) of the novel glucocorticoid receptor agonist 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[(1R,2S)-1-{[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]oxy}-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanyl]acetamide (AZD-5423) and its use alone or in combination for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are claimed. This form of AZD-5423 is better absorbed than Form A drug after inhalation. Two effective large-scale syntheses of AZD-5423 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting, 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW, UK.
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9
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Straus DS. Design of small molecules targeting transcriptional activation by NF-κB: overview of recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:823-36. [PMID: 23496269 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903143739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in immune signaling and the inflammatory response. It also activates transcription of antiapoptotic factors in tumor cells, leading to enhanced cell survival. Because of the importance of NF-κB in inflammation and cancer, there is considerable interest in development of drugs that inhibit NF-κB activation or NF-κB-directed transcription. Recent elucidation of the intracellular pathways that activate NF-κB and mechanisms for transcriptional regulation by NF-κB has identified molecular targets for rational design of such drugs. OBJECTIVE This review provides an update on NF-κB signaling and an overview of three classes of NF-κB inhibitors: i) inhibitors of IκB kinase-β (also called IKK2), an essential link in the inflammatory response; ii) agents that react with NF-κB and prevent its binding to DNA; and iii) ligands for nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor, PPARs and liver X receptor, which interfere with NF-κB-mediated transcription through a mechanism termed ligand-dependent transrepression. Recent progress in development of glucocorticoid receptor, PPAR and liver X receptor ligands with dissociated activity, which retain transrepression but have reduced transactivation potency, is also described. CONCLUSIONS NF-κB inhibitors have yielded promising results in rodent models of inflammatory disease and cancer. Some of these are currently advancing into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Straus
- University of California, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521-0121, USA +1 951 827 5612 ; +1 951 827 5504 ;
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10
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RAZAVI HOSSEIN, HARCKEN CHRISTIAN. Non-steroidal Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, are amongst the most commonly used drugs due to their potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, their long-term and/or high-dose administration is limited by a number of deleterious side-effects, including glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Since the discovery of multiple differentiated down-stream functions of the glucocorticoid-bound receptor, such as gene transrepression and transactivation, researchers in academia and industry have been on a quest to discover novel glucocorticoids that achieve functional selectivity, hence dissociating the desired anti-inflammatory from the undesired side-effects. This review describes the current state of discovery and development of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Several small-molecule drug candidates have advanced into clinical trials, and have shown promising early biomarker data, as well as beneficial effects in topical applications. However, a clinically efficacious and systemically available glucocorticoid with significantly reduced side-effects as compared to current steroidal drugs, the “Holy Grail” in immunology, is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- HOSSEIN RAZAVI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
| | - CHRISTIAN HARCKEN
- Department of Research Networking & Strategic Planning Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
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11
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Betageri R, Gilmore T, Kuzmich D, Kirrane TM, Bentzien J, Wiedenmayer D, Bekkali Y, Regan J, Berry A, Latli B, Kukulka AJ, Fadra TN, Nelson RM, Goldrick S, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Souza D, Pelletier J, Dinallo R, Panzenbeck M, Torcellini C, Lee H, Pack E, Harcken C, Nabozny G, Thomson DS. Non-steroidal dissociated glucocorticoid agonists: indoles as A-ring mimetics and function-regulating pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6842-51. [PMID: 21963986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a SAR of non-steroidal glucocorticoid mimetics that utilize indoles as A-ring mimetics. Detailed SAR is discussed with a focus on improving PR and MR selectivity, GR agonism, and in vitro dissociation profile. SAR analysis led to compound (R)-33 which showed high PR and MR selectivity, potent agonist activity, and reduced transactivation activity in the MMTV and aromatase assays. The compound is equipotent to prednisolone in the LPS-TNF model of inflammation. In mouse CIA, at 30 mg/kg compound (R)-33 inhibited disease progression with an efficacy similar to the 3 mg/kg dose of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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12
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Norman P. Boehringer Ingleheim's selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist development candidate: evaluation of WO2010141331, WO2010141332 and WO2010141333. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1137-42. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.581229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl carbamate glucocorticoid receptor agonists with reduced PEPCK activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1658-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Tetrahydroquinoline glucocorticoid receptor agonists: Discovery of a 3-hydroxyl for improving receptor selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:168-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Yang BV, Weinstein DS, Doweyko LM, Gong H, Vaccaro W, Huynh T, Xiao HY, Doweyko AM, McKay L, Holloway DA, Somerville JE, Habte S, Cunningham M, McMahon M, Townsend R, Shuster D, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Barrish JC. Dimethyl-diphenyl-propanamide derivatives as nonsteroidal dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8241-51. [PMID: 21073190 DOI: 10.1021/jm100957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-propanamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration led to the identification of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanamide derivatives displaying good agonist activity in GR-mediated transrepression assays and reduced agonist activity in GR-mediated transactivation assays. Compounds 17 and 30 showed anti-inflammatory activity comparable to prednisolone in the rat carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with markedly decreased side effects with regard to increases in blood glucose and expression of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase. A hypothetical binding mode accounting for the induction of the functional activity by a 4-hydroxyl group is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei V Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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16
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Riether D, Harcken C, Razavi H, Kuzmich D, Gilmore T, Bentzien J, Pack EJ, Souza D, Nelson RM, Kukulka A, Fadra TN, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Pelletier J, Dinallo R, Panzenbeck M, Torcellini C, Nabozny GH, Thomson DS. Nonsteroidal dissociated glucocorticoid agonists containing azaindoles as steroid A-ring mimetics. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6681-98. [PMID: 20735001 DOI: 10.1021/jm100751q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists are described. These compounds contain azaindole moieties as A-ring mimetics and display various degrees of in vitro dissociation between gene transrepression and transactivation. Collagen induced arthritis studies in mouse have demonstrated that in vitro dissociated compounds (R)-16 and (R)-37 have steroid-like anti-inflammatory properties with improved metabolic side effect profiles, such as a reduced increase in body fat and serum insulin levels, compared to steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Riether
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, and Drug Discovery Support, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA.
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17
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Discovery of quinolines as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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De Bosscher K, Beck IM, Haegeman G. Classic glucocorticoids versus non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators: survival of the fittest regulator of the immune system? Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1035-42. [PMID: 20600811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulators with similar anti-inflammatory properties as conventional steroids, but with a reduction in the number or severity of the side effects has been a long-standing goal, and still remains a challenge today. The quest for these so-called 'dissociated GR ligands' is mainly based on the hypothesis that the occurrence of undesirable side effects is mostly associated with GR-mediated transactivation, whereas transrepression of many pro-inflammatory genes (e.g. cytokines and enzymes involved in inflammatory processes) is more involved in GR-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. As glucocorticoids (GCs) can also enhance the transcription of anti-inflammatory genes, the GR-mediated activation-repression dissociation hypothesis has to be nuanced. However, an enhanced selectivity of GR-affected genes, while upholding the desired anti-inflammatory potential, is still believed to contribute to a more beneficial therapeutic profile with fewer side effects. The initial pharmacological focus on steroidal scaffolds as a basis to dissociate the functionalities of GR has, due to a lack of success, recently been shifted to a focus on non-steroidal ligands. The current work reviews recent advances on the characterization of a generation of novel non-steroidal GR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression & Signal Transduction, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium.
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19
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Bai M, Carr G, DeOrazio RJ, Friedrich TD, Dobritsa S, Fitzpatrick K, Guzzo PR, Kitchen DB, Lynch MA, Peace D, Sajad M, Usyatinsky A, Wolf MA. 5-Functionalized indazoles as glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3017-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor modulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:96-104. [PMID: 20206690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ancient two-faced Roman god Janus is often used as a metaphor to describe the characteristics of the Glucocorticoid Receptor (NR3C1), which exhibits both a beneficial side, that serves to halt inflammation, and a detrimental side responsible for undesirable effects. However, recent developments suggest that the Glucocorticoid Receptor has many more faces with the potential to express a range of different functionalities, depending on factors that include the tissue type, ligand type, receptor variants, cofactor surroundings and target gene promoters. This behavior of the receptor has made the development of safer ligands, that trigger the expression program of only a desirable subset of genes, a real challenge. Thus more knowledge-based fundamental research is needed to ensure the design and development of selective Glucocorticoid Receptor modulators capable of reaching the clinic. Recent advances in the characterization of novel selective Glucocorticoid Receptor modulators, specifically in the context of anti-inflammatory strategies, will be described in this review.
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21
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Xiao HY, Wu DR, Malley MF, Gougoutas JZ, Habte SF, Cunningham MD, Somerville JE, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Nadler SG, Dhar TGM. Novel Synthesis of the Hexahydroimidazo[1,5b]isoquinoline Scaffold: Application to the Synthesis of Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1270-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901551w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Mary F. Malley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Jack Z. Gougoutas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Sium F. Habte
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Mark D. Cunningham
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John E. Somerville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John H. Dodd
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Steven G. Nadler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
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22
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Horn EJ, Domm S, Katz HI, Lebwohl M, Mrowietz U, Kragballe K. Topical corticosteroids in psoriasis: strategies for improving safety. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 24:119-24. [PMID: 20175860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are a mainstay of topical therapy for psoriasis. While efficacious and relatively safe when used carefully, the potential for side effects, notably skin atrophy and adrenal suppression, have been associated with excesses in potency, prolonged or widespread use. The International Psoriasis Council Working Group on Topical Therapy has reviewed the efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids and recommends strategies for safe, long-term use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Horn
- International Psoriasis Council, Dallas, Texas, USA
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23
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Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Minireview: live and let die: molecular effects of glucocorticoids on bone cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1525-31. [PMID: 19477950 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are efficient drugs that are used to treat various immune-mediated diseases, but their long-term administration is associated with multiple metabolic side effects, including osteoporosis. Molecular analyses of the mechanisms exerted by the GC receptor have resulted in the development of GC receptor agonists that selectively repress or activate GC target genes. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular effects of GCs on bone cells and highlights the critical signaling pathways that may evolve into future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Rational structure-based drug design and optimization in the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor-α. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:345-59. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in a range of endocrine functions including the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, stress response, fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as the maintenance of immunological, renal and skeletal homeostasis. There is a need to find agents that preserve the immune effects of GCs without side effects such as those affecting metabolism (diabetes), bone tissue (osteoporosis), muscles (myopathy), eyes and skin. Discussion: In this review, we focus on the use of recent computational approaches in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) drug-design efforts for the determination of novel GR ligands. We examine a number of structure-based (e.g., homology modeling and docking) studies that have been implemented and evaluate their success. Conclusion: By the end of 2008, there had been limited achievements utilizing docking studies and no published successes in the area of virtual high-throughput screening. However, the availability of novel crystal structures and the use of induced-fit docking protocols are improving docking success rates and promising to aid the future delivery of nonsteroidal ligands.
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25
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Robinson RP, Buckbinder L, Haugeto AI, McNiff PA, Millham ML, Reese MR, Schaefer JF, Abramov YA, Bordner J, Chantigny YA, Kleinman EF, Laird ER, Morgan BP, Murray JC, Salter ED, Wessel MD, Yocum SA. Octahydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol Analogues as Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists: Discovery and Lead Exploration. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1731-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801512v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P. Robinson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Amber I. Haugeto
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Patricia A. McNiff
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michele L. Millham
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew R. Reese
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jean F. Schaefer
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yuriy A. Abramov
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jon Bordner
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yves A. Chantigny
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Edward F. Kleinman
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ellen R. Laird
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John C. Murray
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Eben D. Salter
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew D. Wessel
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Sue A. Yocum
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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26
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Chen T. Nuclear receptor drug discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:418-26. [PMID: 18662801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the activation of a variety of important target genes. There are 48 genes that encode NRs in the human genome, and these receptors now represent one of the most important targets for therapeutic drug development. Successful identification of selective NR modulators has transformed the NR drug discovery strategy from the designing of synthetic compounds that mimic the full function of cognate ligands to developing compounds that selectively modulate the functional activity of an NR in a manner that is distinct from the cognate ligands. Current efforts regarding NR drug development continue to focus on improving the function and tissue selectivity of drug candidates to reduce undesirable side effects. This review focuses on modulators of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), androgen receptor (AR), and pregnane X receptor (PXR).
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists
- Androgens
- Animals
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Humans
- Pharmacology/trends
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/agonists
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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27
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Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Adams ME, Liu Y, Karanewsky DS, Marschke KB, Mais DE, Miner JN, Zhi L. Discovery of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor ligands based on 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3504-8. [PMID: 18513967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands based on a 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold are reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the pendent indole group identified compound 20 exhibiting good GR binding affinity (K(i)=1.5nM) and 100- to 1000-fold selectivity over MR, PR, and AR while showing activity in an E-selectin repression assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Roach
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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28
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Advances Toward Dissociated Non-Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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