1
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Romero A, Ashcraft L, Chandra A, DiMassa V, Cremin P, Collibee SE, Chuang C, Hartman J, Hwee DT, St Jean D, Malinowski J, DeBenedetto M, Moebius D, Payette J, Vargas R, Yeoman J, Motani A, Reagan J, Malik FI, Morgan BP. Discovery of Nelutroctiv (CK-136), a Selective Cardiac Troponin Activator for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Reduced Cardiac Contractility. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38729623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac myosin activation has been shown to be a viable approach for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Here, we report the discovery of nelutroctiv (CK-136), a selective cardiac troponin activator intended for patients with cardiovascular conditions where cardiac contractility is reduced. Discovery of nelutroctiv began with a high-throughput screen that identified compound 1R, a muscle selective cardiac sarcomere activator devoid of phosphodiesterase-3 activity. Optimization of druglike properties for 1R led to the replacement of the sulfonamide and aniline substituents which resulted in improved pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and a reduced potential for human drug-drug interactions. In vivo echocardiography assessment of the optimized leads showed concentration dependent increases in fractional shortening and an improved pharmacodynamic window compared to myosin activator CK-138. Overall, nelutroctiv was found to possess the desired selectivity, a favorable pharmacodynamic window relative to myosin activators, and a preclinical PK profile to support clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Romero
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke Ashcraft
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aroop Chandra
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vincent DiMassa
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peadar Cremin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott E Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David St Jean
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Justin Malinowski
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikkel DeBenedetto
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Moebius
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joshua Payette
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vargas
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Yeoman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alykhan Motani
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Reagan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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2
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Collibee SE, Romero A, Muci AR, Hwee DT, Chuang C, Hartman JJ, Motani AS, Ashcraft L, DeRosier A, Grillo M, Lu Q, Malik FI, Morgan BP. Cardiac Troponin Activator CK-963 Increases Cardiac Contractility in Rats. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38451215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Novel cardiac troponin activators were identified using a high throughput cardiac myofibril ATPase assay and confirmed using a series of biochemical and biophysical assays. HTS hit 2 increased rat cardiomyocyte fractional shortening without increasing intracellular calcium concentrations, and the biological target of 1 and 2 was determined to be the cardiac thin filament. Subsequent optimization to increase solubility and remove PDE-3 inhibition led to the discovery of CK-963 and enabled pharmacological evaluation of cardiac troponin activation without the competing effects of PDE-3 inhibition. Rat echocardiography studies using CK-963 demonstrated concentration-dependent increases in cardiac fractional shortening up to 95%. Isothermal calorimetry studies confirmed a direct interaction between CK-963 and a cardiac troponin chimera with a dissociation constant of 11.5 ± 3.2 μM. These results provide evidence that direct activation of cardiac troponin without the confounding effects of PDE-3 inhibition may provide benefit for patients with cardiovascular conditions where contractility is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antonio Romero
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander R Muci
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alykhan S Motani
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke Ashcraft
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andre DeRosier
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark Grillo
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qing Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 350 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Goff LM, Davies K, Zelek WM, Kodosaki E, Hakim O, Lockhart S, O’Rahilly S, Morgan BP. Ethnic differences in complement system biomarkers and their association with metabolic health in men of Black African and White European ethnicity. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:52-60. [PMID: 36722378 PMCID: PMC10081104 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a fundamental role in the development of several metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D); the complement system has been implicated in their development. People of Black African (BA) ethnicity are disproportionately affected by T2D and other metabolic diseases but the impact of ethnicity on the complement system has not been explored. We investigated ethnic differences in complement biomarkers and activation status between men of BA and White European (WE) ethnicity and explored their association with parameters of metabolic health. We measured a panel of 15 complement components, regulators, and activation products in fasting plasma from 89 BA and 96 WE men. Ethnic differences were statistically validated. Association of complement biomarkers with metabolic health indices (BMI, waist circumference, insulin resistance, and HbA1c) were assessed in the groups. Plasma levels of the key complement components C3 and C4, the regulators clusterin and properdin and the activation marker iC3b were significantly higher in BA compared to WE men after age adjustment, while FD levels were significantly lower. C3 and C4 levels positively correlated with some or all markers of metabolic dysfunction in both ethnic groups while FD was inversely associated with HbA1c in both groups, and clusterin and properdin were inversely associated with some markers of metabolic dysfunction only in the WE group. Our findings of increased levels of complement components and activation products in BA compared to WE men suggest differences in complement regulation that may impact susceptibility to poor metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Goff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Population & Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - K Davies
- Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - W M Zelek
- Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Kodosaki
- Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - O Hakim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Population & Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Life & Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - S Lockhart
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit & Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S O’Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit & Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B P Morgan
- Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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4
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Sharpe AN, Oldach MS, Kaplan JL, Rivas V, Kovacs SL, Hwee DT, Morgan BP, Malik FI, Harris SP, Stern JA. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of Aficamten (CK-274) on cardiac contractility in a A31P MYBPC3 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cat model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:52-61. [PMID: 36382714 PMCID: PMC10099566 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and lacks efficacious preclinical pharmacologic intervention, prompting investigation of novel therapies. Genetic mutations encoding sarcomeric proteins are implicated in the development of HCM and small molecule myosin inhibitors are an emerging class of therapeutics designed to target the interaction of actin and myosin to alleviate the detrimental effects of inappropriate contractile protein interactions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of a single oral dose of the novel cardiac myosin inhibitor aficamten (CK-274) on cardiac function in purpose bred cats with naturally occurring A31P MYBPC3 mutation and a clinical diagnosis of HCM with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Five purpose bred cats were treated with aficamten (2 mg/kg) or vehicle and echocardiographic evaluations were performed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h post-dosing. High dose aficamten (2 mg/kg) reduced left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS%) by increasing the LV systolic internal dimension (LVIDs) and reduced isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) compared with baseline without significant adverse effects. The marked reduction in systolic function and reduced IVRT coupled with an increased heart rate in treated cats, suggest a lower dose may be optimal. Further studies to determine optimal dosing of aficamten are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Sharpe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maureen S Oldach
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samantha L Kovacs
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fady I Malik
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Collibee SE, Bergnes G, Chuang C, Ashcraft L, Gardina J, Garard M, Jamison CR, Lu K, Lu PP, Muci A, Romero A, Valkevich E, Wang W, Warrington J, Yao B, Durham N, Hartman J, Marquez A, Hinken A, Schaletzky J, Xu D, Hwee DT, Morgans D, Malik FI, Morgan BP. Discovery of Reldesemtiv, a Fast Skeletal Muscle Troponin Activator for the Treatment of Impaired Muscle Function. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14930-14941. [PMID: 34636234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of reldesemtiv, a second-generation fast skeletal muscle troponin activator (FSTA) that increases force production at submaximal stimulation frequencies, is reported. Property-based optimization of high throughput screening hit 1 led to compounds with improved free exposure and in vivo muscle activation potency compared to the first-generation FSTA, tirasemtiv. Reldesemtiv demonstrated increased muscle force generation in a phase 1 clinical trial and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gustave Bergnes
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke Ashcraft
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Gardina
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marc Garard
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chris R Jamison
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pu-Ping Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander Muci
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antonio Romero
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ellen Valkevich
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Warrington
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bing Yao
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nickie Durham
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anna Marquez
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron Hinken
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Morgans
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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6
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Chuang C, Collibee S, Ashcraft L, Wang W, Vander Wal M, Wang X, Hwee DT, Wu Y, Wang J, Chin ER, Cremin P, Zamora J, Hartman J, Schaletzky J, Wehri E, Robertson LA, Malik FI, Morgan BP. Discovery of Aficamten (CK-274), a Next-Generation Cardiac Myosin Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14142-14152. [PMID: 34606259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypercontractility of the cardiac sarcomere may be essential for the underlying pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Aficamten (CK-274) is a novel cardiac myosin inhibitor that was discovered from the optimization of indoline compound 1. The important advancement of the optimization was discovery of an Indane analogue (12) with a less restrictive structure-activity relationship that allowed for the rapid improvement of drug-like properties. Aficamten was designed to provide a predicted human half-life (t1/2) appropriate for once a day (qd) dosing, to reach steady state within two weeks, to have no substantial cytochrome P450 induction or inhibition, and to have a wide therapeutic window in vivo with a clear pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. In a phase I clinical trial, aficamten demonstrated a human t1/2 similar to predictions and was able to reach steady state concentration within the desired two-week window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke Ashcraft
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark Vander Wal
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yangsong Wu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jingying Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eva R Chin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peadar Cremin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeanelle Zamora
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eddie Wehri
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laura A Robertson
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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McMahon O, Hallam TM, Patel S, Harris CL, Menny A, Zelek WM, Widjajahakim R, Java A, Cox TE, Tzoumas N, Steel DHW, Shuttleworth VG, Smith-Jackson K, Brocklebank V, Griffiths H, Cree AJ, Atkinson JP, Lotery AJ, Bubeck D, Morgan BP, Marchbank KJ, Seddon JM, Kavanagh D. The rare C9 P167S risk variant for age-related macular degeneration increases polymerization of the terminal component of the complement cascade. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1188-1199. [PMID: 33783477 PMCID: PMC8212764 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative eye disease with behavioral and genetic etiology and is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among elderly Caucasians. Functionally significant genetic variants in the alternative pathway of complement have been strongly linked to disease. More recently, a rare variant in the terminal pathway of complement has been associated with increased risk, Complement component 9 (C9) P167S. To assess the functional consequence of this variant, C9 levels were measured in two independent cohorts of AMD patients. In both cohorts, it was demonstrated that the P167S variant was associated with low C9 plasma levels. Further analysis showed that patients with advanced AMD had elevated sC5b-9 compared to those with non-advanced AMD, although this was not associated with the P167S polymorphism. Electron microscopy of membrane attack complexes (MACs) generated using recombinantly produced wild type or P167S C9 demonstrated identical MAC ring structures. In functional assays, the P167S variant displayed a higher propensity to polymerize and a small increase in its ability to induce hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes when added to C9-depleted serum. The demonstration that this C9 P167S AMD risk polymorphism displays increased polymerization and functional activity provides a rationale for the gene therapy trials of sCD59 to inhibit the terminal pathway of complement in AMD that are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- O McMahon
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - T M Hallam
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - S Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - C L Harris
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - A Menny
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - W M Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - R Widjajahakim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - A Java
- Divisions of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - T E Cox
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - N Tzoumas
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D H W Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - V G Shuttleworth
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - K Smith-Jackson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - V Brocklebank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - H Griffiths
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A J Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J P Atkinson
- Divisions of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - A J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - D Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - B P Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - K J Marchbank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - J M Seddon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - D Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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8
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Hwee DT, Hartman JJ, Wang J, Wu Y, Schaletzky J, Paliwal P, Lee K, Taheri KD, Wehri E, Chuang C, Morgan BP, Malik FI, Chin ER. Abstract 332: Pharmacologic Characterization of the Cardiac Myosin Inhibitor, CK-3773274: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypercontractility of the cardiac sarcomere appears to underlie pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in select genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Here, we characterize the small molecule, CK-3773274, as a novel cardiac myosin inhibitor that decreases contractility
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In bovine cardiac myofibrils, CK-3773274 decreased myosin ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent fashion (IC
50
:1.26 μM). CK-3773274 specifically inhibited myosin activity, as it reduced myosin ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in the absence of other sarcomere proteins, including actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. CK-3773274 (10 μM) reduced fractional shortening by 84% in electrically paced, isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes relative to control without any effect on the calcium transient. The effect of CK-3773274 on cardiac contractility
in vivo
was assessed in healthy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using single oral doses ranging from 0.5 to 4 mg/kg. Fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular dimensions were determined by echocardiography at select time points over a 24-hour period. One hour after dose administration, CK-3773274 significantly reduced fractional shortening in a dose-related fashion by 20-70% relative to vehicle treatment (FS %: vehicle: 47.9± 1%; 0.5 mg/kg: 39 ± 2%; 4 mg/kg: 15 ± 4%; mean ±SEM, p<0.05 vehicle vs. all doses) without any changes to heart rate. Lastly, the effect of CK-3773274 was evaluated by echocardiography in healthy beagle dogs. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated following single oral doses ranging from 0.75-3 mg/kg over a 48 hour period. 2 hours after dosing, CK-3773274 decreased LVEF in a dose-related fashion by approximately 15-50% relative to vehicle treatment (LVEF vehicle: 74.6 ± 3 %; 0.75 mg/kg: 62.5 ± 3%; 2 mg/kg: 44.9± 3%; 3 mg/kg: 36.8 ± 2%; mean ±SEM, p<0.05 vehicle vs. all doses). In conclusion, CK-3773274 is a novel, small molecule, cardiac myosin inhibitor that reduces cardiac contractility
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Cardiac myosin inhibition may be a viable approach to treat the underlying hypercontractility of the cardiac sarcomere in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Lee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva R Chin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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9
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Hwee DT, Wu Y, Cremin P, Morgan BP, Malik FI, Chin ER. Abstract 615: The Cardiac Myosin Inhibitor, CK-3773274, Reduces Contractility in the R403q Mouse Model of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac sarcomere hypercontractility appears to underlie pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in select genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. The small molecule, CK-3773274, is a novel cardiac myosin inhibitor that decreases contractility
in vitro
and in healthy animals
in vivo
. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CK-3773274 in the genetic R403Q mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. At approximately 40 weeks of age, left ventricular wall dimensions were determined by echocardiography in male wild type (WT) and heterozygous R403Q mice. As an indicator of cardiac hypertrophy, R403Q mice had significantly greater septal and posterior wall thickness than WT mice (septal wall WT: 0.93 ± 0.03 mm vs. R403Q: 1.22 ± 0.08 mm; posterior wall WT: 0.84 ± 0.04 mm vs. R403Q: 1.09 ± 0.04 mm; mean ± SEM, p< 0.05). R403Q mice were treated with single oral doses of CK-3773274 ranging from 0.25 to 1.5 mg/kg and fractional shortening (FS) and heart rate were assessed at select time points over a 24-hour period. One hour after dose administration, CK-3773274 significantly reduced FS in a dose-related fashion relative to pre-dose baseline values (FS % R403Q baseline: 55.5 ± 2%; 0.25 mg/kg: 43.9 ± 2%; 1 mg/kg: : 27.3 ± 2%; 1.5 mg/kg: 13.7 ± 1%; mean ±SEM, p<0.05 vs. baseline at all doses) without any changes to heart rate. At all dose levels, fractional shortening returned to baseline values by 24 hours. The plasma concentration at 10% and 50% reduction of FS relative to baseline (IC
10
and IC
50
) was 0.11 and 0.78 μM, respectively. In summary, single oral dose administration of CK-3773274 reduced fractional shortening in a dose and concentration-dependent manner in the genetic R403Q mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac myosin inhibition may be a viable approach to reduce underlying hypercontractility of the cardiac sarcomere in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva R Chin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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10
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Caille S, Allgeier AM, Bernard C, Correll TL, Cosbie A, Crockett RD, Cui S, Faul MM, Hansen KB, Huggins S, Langille N, Mennen SM, Morgan BP, Morrison H, Muci A, Nagapudi K, Quasdorf K, Ranganathan K, Roosen P, Shi X, Thiel OR, Wang F, Tvetan JT, Woo JCS, Wu S, Walker SD. Development of a Factory Process for Omecamtiv Mecarbil, a Novel Cardiac Myosin Activator. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seb Caille
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alan M. Allgeier
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Charles Bernard
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Correll
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew Cosbie
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Richard D. Crockett
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Sheng Cui
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Margaret M. Faul
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Karl B. Hansen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Seth Huggins
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Neil Langille
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven M. Mennen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Research & Nonclinical Development, Cytokinetics, 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Henry Morrison
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alexander Muci
- Research & Nonclinical Development, Cytokinetics, 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Kyle Quasdorf
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Krishnakumar Ranganathan
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Philipp Roosen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xianqing Shi
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Oliver R. Thiel
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Justin T. Tvetan
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jacqueline C. S. Woo
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Steven Wu
- Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Shawn D. Walker
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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11
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Collibee SE, Bergnes G, Muci A, Browne WF, Garard M, Hinken AC, Russell AJ, Suehiro I, Hartman J, Kawas R, Lu PP, Lee KH, Marquez D, Tomlinson M, Xu D, Kennedy A, Hwee D, Schaletzky J, Leung K, Malik FI, Morgans DJ, Morgan BP. Discovery of Tirasemtiv, the First Direct Fast Skeletal Muscle Troponin Activator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:354-358. [PMID: 29670700 PMCID: PMC5900333 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The
identification and optimization of the first activators of
fast skeletal muscle are reported. Compound 1 was identified
from high-throughput screening (HTS) and subsequently found to improve
muscle function via interaction with the troponin complex. Optimization
of 1 for potency, metabolic stability, and physical properties
led to the discovery of tirasemtiv (25), which has been
extensively characterized in clinical trials for the treatment of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gustave Bergnes
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander Muci
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William F. Browne
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marc Garard
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron C. Hinken
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ion Suehiro
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Raja Kawas
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pu-Ping Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Lee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Marquez
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Tomlinson
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam Kennedy
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Darren Hwee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kwan Leung
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fady I. Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David J. Morgans
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Metcalf B, Chuang C, Dufu K, Patel MP, Silva-Garcia A, Johnson C, Lu Q, Partridge JR, Patskovska L, Patskovsky Y, Almo SC, Jacobson MP, Hua L, Xu Q, Gwaltney SL, Yee C, Harris J, Morgan BP, James J, Xu D, Hutchaleelaha A, Paulvannan K, Oksenberg D, Li Z. Discovery of GBT440, an Orally Bioavailable R-State Stabilizer of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:321-326. [PMID: 28337324 PMCID: PMC5346980 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
We
report the discovery of a new potent allosteric effector of
sickle cell hemoglobin, GBT440 (36), that increases the
affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and consequently inhibits its polymerization
when subjected to hypoxic conditions. Unlike earlier allosteric activators
that bind covalently to hemoglobin in a 2:1 stoichiometry, 36 binds with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Compound 36 is orally
bioavailable and partitions highly and favorably into the red blood
cell with a RBC/plasma ratio of ∼150. This partitioning onto
the target protein is anticipated to allow therapeutic concentrations
to be achieved in the red blood cell at low plasma concentrations.
GBT440 (36) is in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment
of sickle cell disease (NCT03036813).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Metcalf
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kobina Dufu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mira P. Patel
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Abel Silva-Garcia
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Johnson
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qing Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Partridge
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Larysa Patskovska
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Lan Hua
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Qing Xu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephen L. Gwaltney
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Calvin Yee
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason Harris
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce James
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Athiwat Hutchaleelaha
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kumar Paulvannan
- Tandem Sciences, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Donna Oksenberg
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Heurich M, Preston RJS, O'Donnell VB, Morgan BP, Collins PW. Thrombomodulin enhances complement regulation through strong affinity interactions with factor H and C3b-Factor H complex. Thromb Res 2016; 145:84-92. [PMID: 27513882 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coagulation and complement systems are simultaneously activated at sites of tissue injury, leading to thrombin generation and opsonisation with C3b. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cell-bound regulator of thrombin activation, but can also enhance the regulatory activity of complement factor H (FH), thus accelerating the degradation of C3b into inactive iC3b. OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the biophysical interaction affinities of two recombinant TM analogs with thrombin, FH and C3b in order to analyze their ability to regulate serum complement activity. METHODS Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was used to determine binding affinities of TM analogs with FH and C3b, and compared to thrombin as positive control. The capacity of the two recombinant TM analogs to regulate complement in serum was tested in standard complement hemolytic activity assays. RESULTS SPR analysis showed that both TM analogs bind FH and C3b-Factor H with nanomolar and C3b with micromolar affinity; binding affinity for its natural ligand thrombin was several fold higher than for FH. At a physiological relevant concentration, TM inhibits complement hemolytic activity in serum via FH dependent and independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS TM exhibits significant binding affinity for complement protein FH and C3b-FH complex and its soluble form is capable at physiologically relevant concentrations of inhibiting complement activation in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heurich
- Division of Infection & Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
| | - R J S Preston
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - V B O'Donnell
- Division of Infection & Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - B P Morgan
- Division of Infection & Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - P W Collins
- Division of Infection & Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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14
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Mook-Kanamori BB, Valls Serón M, Geldhoff M, Havik SR, van der Ende A, Baas F, van der Poll T, Meijers JCM, P Morgan B, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor influences disease severity in humans and mice with pneumococcal meningitis. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2076-86. [PMID: 26340319 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality and morbidity in patients with bacterial meningitis result from the proinflammatory response and dysregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is activated by free thrombin or thrombin in complex with thrombomodulin, and plays an antifibrinolytic role during fibrin clot degradation, but also has an anti-inflammatory role by inactivating proinflammatory mediators, such as complement activation products. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of TAFI in pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS We performed a prospective nationwide genetic association study in patients with bacterial meningitis, determined TAFI and complement levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and assessed the function of TAFI in a pneumococcal meningitis mouse model by using Cpb2 (TAFI) knockout mice. RESULTS Polymorphisms (reference sequences: rs1926447 and rs3742264) in the CPB2 gene, coding for TAFI, were related to the development of systemic complications in patients with pneumococcal meningitis. Higher protein levels of TAFI in CSF were significantly associated with CSF complement levels (C3a, iC3b, and C5b-9) and with more systemic complications in patients with bacterial meningitis. The risk allele of rs1926447 (TT) was associated with higher levels of TAFI in CSF. In the murine model, consistent with the human data, Cpb2-deficient mice had decreased disease severity, as reflected by lower mortality, and attenuated cytokine levels and bacterial outgrowth in the systemic compartment during disease, without differences in the brain compartment, as compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TAFI plays an important role during pneumococcal meningitis, which is likely to be mediated through inhibition of the complement system, and influences the occurrence of systemic complications and inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Brain Damage, Chronic/etiology
- Carboxypeptidase B2/cerebrospinal fluid
- Carboxypeptidase B2/deficiency
- Carboxypeptidase B2/genetics
- Carboxypeptidase B2/physiology
- Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology
- Community-Acquired Infections/blood
- Community-Acquired Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Community-Acquired Infections/complications
- Community-Acquired Infections/genetics
- Complement C3a/cerebrospinal fluid
- Complement C3b/cerebrospinal fluid
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cytokines/blood
- Female
- Fibrinolysis
- Humans
- Male
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/blood
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/complications
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/genetics
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/blood
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/complications
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology
- Shock, Septic/etiology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Mook-Kanamori
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Valls Serón
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Geldhoff
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S R Havik
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A van der Ende
- Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Baas
- Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B P Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - M C Brouwer
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D van de Beek
- Departments of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Ramaglia V, Jackson SJ, Hughes TR, Neal JW, Baker D, Morgan BP. Complement activation and expression during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:432-41. [PMID: 25619542 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (crEAE) in mice recapitulates many of the clinical and histopathological features of human multiple sclerosis (MS), making it a preferred model for the disease. In both, adaptive immunity and anti-myelin T cells responses are thought to be important, while in MS a role for innate immunity and complement has emerged. Here we sought to test whether complement is activated in crEAE and important for disease. Disease was induced in Biozzi ABH mice that were terminated at different stages of the disease to assess complement activation and local complement expression in the central nervous system. Complement activation products were abundant in all spinal cord areas examined in acute disease during relapse and in the progressive phase, but were absent in early disease remission, despite significant residual clinical disease. Local expression of C1q and C3 was increased at all stages of disease, while C9 expression was increased only in acute disease; expression of the complement regulators CD55, complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) and CD59a was reduced at all stages of the disease compared to naive controls. These data show that complement is activated in the central nervous system in the model and suggest that it is a suitable candidate for exploring whether anti-complement agents might be of benefit in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramaglia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S J Jackson
- Neuroinflammation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - T R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J W Neal
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Baker
- Neuroinflammation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B P Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Killick R, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Lovestone S. Deletion of Crry, the murine ortholog of the sporadic Alzheimer's disease risk gene CR1, impacts tau phosphorylation and brain CFH. Neurosci Lett 2012; 533:96-9. [PMID: 23153828 PMCID: PMC3556777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide SNP association studies have identified an association between variants of CR1, the gene encoding complement component receptor 1, and the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. The role of CR1 and the complement system in Alzheimer's disease remains far from clear. In rodents the closest ortholog of CR1 is the Crry gene (Cr1-related protein Y). To begin to explore its role in Alzheimer's disease we examined hippocampal lysates from Crry−/− mice and age matched controls by immunoblotting. We measured complement factor H, a component of the complement system and biomarker for Alzheimer's disease progression, and tau phosphorylation at the serine 235 site, hyperphosphorylated forms of tau being a defining neuropathological hallmark of the disease. We found that levels of CFH and of tau phosphorylation at serine 235 were strongly and significantly reduced in Crry−/− samples. These observations provide a starting point for further attempts to determine the role of CR1 in the neuropathological process driving Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Killick
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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17
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Ingram G, Hakobyan S, Hirst CL, Harris CL, Loveless S, Mitchell JP, Pickersgill TP, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Systemic complement profiling in multiple sclerosis as a biomarker of disease state. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1401-11. [PMID: 22354735 PMCID: PMC3697901 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512438238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence of significant and dynamic systemic activation and upregulation of complement in multiple sclerosis (MS), which may contribute to disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the pathological role of complement in MS and the potential role for complement profiling as a biomarker of MS disease state. METHODS Key components of the classical, alternative and terminal pathways of complement were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS in different clinical phases of disease and in matched controls. RESULTS Increased plasma levels of C3 (p<0.003), C4 (p<0.001), C4a (p<0.001), C1 inhibitor (p<0.001), and factor H (p<0.001), and reduced levels of C9 (p<0.001) were observed in MS patients compared with controls. Combined profiling of these analytes produced a statistical model with a predictive value of 97% for MS and 73% for clinical relapse when combined with selected demographic data. CSF-plasma correlations suggested that source of synthesis of these components was both systemic and central. CONCLUSION These data provide further evidence of alterations in both local and systemic expression and activation of complement in MS and suggest that complement profiling may be informative as a biomarker of MS disease, although further work is needed to determine its use in distinguishing MS from its differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ingram
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Russell AJ, Hartman JJ, Hinken AC, Muci AR, Kawas R, Driscoll L, Godinez G, Lee KH, Marquez D, Browne WF, Chen MM, Clarke D, Collibee SE, Garard M, Hansen R, Jia Z, Lu PP, Rodriguez H, Saikali KG, Schaletzky J, Vijayakumar V, Albertus DL, Claflin DR, Morgans DJ, Morgan BP, Malik FI. Activation of fast skeletal muscle troponin as a potential therapeutic approach for treating neuromuscular diseases. Nat Med 2012; 18:452-5. [PMID: 22344294 PMCID: PMC3296825 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Limited neural input results in muscle weakness in neuromuscular disease because of a reduction in the density of muscle innervation, the rate of neuromuscular junction activation or the efficiency of synaptic transmission. We developed a small-molecule fast-skeletal-troponin activator, CK-2017357, as a means to increase muscle strength by amplifying the response of muscle when neural input is otherwise diminished secondary to neuromuscular disease. Binding selectively to the fast-skeletal-troponin complex, CK-2017357 slows the rate of calcium release from troponin C and sensitizes muscle to calcium. As a consequence, the force-calcium relationship of muscle fibers shifts leftwards, as does the force-frequency relationship of a nerve-muscle pair, so that CK-2017357 increases the production of muscle force in situ at sub-maximal nerve stimulation rates. Notably, we show that sensitization of the fast-skeletal-troponin complex to calcium improves muscle force and grip strength immediately after administration of single doses of CK-2017357 in a model of the neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis. Troponin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach to improve physical activity in diseases where neuromuscular function is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Russell
- Preclinical Research and Development, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Gibson J, Hakobyan S, Cree AJ, Collins A, Harris CL, Ennis S, Morgan BP, Lotery AJ. Variation in complement component C1 inhibitor in age-related macular degeneration. Immunobiology 2011; 217:251-5. [PMID: 21852020 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed variation in plasma levels of the complement regulatorC1 inhibitor (C1inh) in patients with age related macular degeneration (AMD) and controls. Plasma from391 AMD cases and 370 controls was assayed by rate nephelometry to determine C1inh protein levels. Protein levels were analysed for relationships with age, gender, smoking, AMD disease status and genetic variation in the SERPING1 gene, which encodes C1inh, using a multivariate analysis. t-Tests show a significant difference in C1inh levels in AMD cases compared with controls (p=2.340E-6), smokers compared to non-smokers (p=1.022E-4) and females compared to males (p=1.661E-7). Multivariate analysis shows that after accounting for gender and smoking AMD status remained significant. Age was included in the model but was not significant. Including genetic variation in the model shows that one significant SNP (rs2649663) 5' of the SERPING1 gene is associated with C1inh levels though this SNP is not associated with AMD. This suggests that genetic variation in the promoter region of the SERPING1 gene may influence expression of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gibson
- Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics Group, Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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20
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Lueck K, Wasmuth S, Williams J, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Lommatzsch A, Greenwood J, Moss SE, Pauleikhoff D. Sub-lytic C5b-9 induces functional changes in retinal pigment epithelial cells consistent with age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25:1074-82. [PMID: 21597483 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence for complement dysfunction in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Complement activation leads to formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), known to assemble on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Therefore, the effect of sub-lytic MAC on RPE cells was examined with regard to pro-inflammatory or pro-angiogenic mediators relevant in AMD. METHODS For sub-lytic MAC induction, RPE cells were incubated with an antiserum to complement regulatory protein CD59, followed by normal human serum (NHS) to induce 5% cell death, measured by a viability assay. MAC formation was evaluated by immunofluorescence and FACS analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6, -8, monocytic chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intracellular MCP-1 was analysed by immunofluorescence, vitronectin by western blotting, and gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by zymography. RESULTS Incubation of RPE cells with the CD59 antiserum followed by 5% NHS induced sub-lytic amounts of MAC, verified by FACS and immunofluorescence. This treatment stimulated the cells to release IL-6, -8, MCP-1, and VEGF. MCP-1 staining, production of vitronectin, and gelatinolytic MMPs were also elevated in response to sub-lytic MAC. CONCLUSIONS MAC assembly on RPE cells increases the IL-6, -8, and MCP-1 production. Therefore, sub-lytic MAC might have a significant role in generating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, contributing to the development of AMD. Enhanced vitronectin might be a protective mechanism against MAC deposition. In addition, the increased expression of gelatinolytic MMPs and pro-angiogenic VEGF may be associated with neovascular processes and late AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lueck
- Ophtha-Lab at Department of Ophthalmology, St Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Decreased cardiac contractility is a central feature of systolic heart failure and yet we have no effective drugs to improve cardiac contractility. Existing drugs that increase cardiac contractility do so indirectly through signaling cascades and their use is limited by their mechanism-related adverse effects. Direct activation of the cardiac sarcomere to increase cardiac contractility may provide a means to avoid these limitations. Using a reconstituted version of the cardiac sarcomere, we screened a small molecule library and identified several chemical classes that directly activate cardiac myosin. One compound class has been optimized extensively using an iterative process; omecamtiv mecarbil, a small-molecule, selective, cardiac myosin activator is the most advanced exemplar of this novel mechanistic class. It accelerates the transition of myosin into the force-generating state without affecting cardiac myocyte calcium homeostasis. In animal models, omecamtiv mecarbil increases cardiac function by increasing the duration of ejection without changing the rates of contraction. Initial clinical studies have demonstrated the translation of this mechanism into humans, and further clinical studies of its use in acute and chronic heart failure are planned. Cardiac myosin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure."
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady I Malik
- Preclinical Research & Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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22
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Pannirselvam M, Jia Z, Durham N, Zavodovskaya M, Lenzi D, Clancy S, Hartman JJ, Morgans DJ, Morgan BP, Qian X, Malik FI. Characterization of a Long Acting Smooth Muscle Myosin Inhibitor, CK‐2125927, as a Novel Therapeutic Mechanism for Bronchodilation. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1020.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiheng Jia
- CytokineticsSouth San FranciscoCA
- Gilead BiosciencesPalo AltoCA
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23
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Malik FI, Hartman JJ, Elias KA, Morgan BP, Rodriguez H, Brejc K, Anderson RL, Sueoka SH, Lee KH, Finer JT, Sakowicz R, Baliga R, Cox DR, Garard M, Godinez G, Kawas R, Kraynack E, Lenzi D, Lu PP, Muci A, Niu C, Qian X, Pierce DW, Pokrovskii M, Suehiro I, Sylvester S, Tochimoto T, Valdez C, Wang W, Katori T, Kass DA, Shen YT, Vatner SF, Morgans DJ. Cardiac myosin activation: a potential therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure. Science 2011; 331:1439-43. [PMID: 21415352 DOI: 10.1126/science.1200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Decreased cardiac contractility is a central feature of systolic heart failure. Existing drugs increase cardiac contractility indirectly through signaling cascades but are limited by their mechanism-related adverse effects. To avoid these limitations, we previously developed omecamtiv mecarbil, a small-molecule, direct activator of cardiac myosin. Here, we show that it binds to the myosin catalytic domain and operates by an allosteric mechanism to increase the transition rate of myosin into the strongly actin-bound force-generating state. Paradoxically, it inhibits adenosine 5'-triphosphate turnover in the absence of actin, which suggests that it stabilizes an actin-bound conformation of myosin. In animal models, omecamtiv mecarbil increases cardiac function by increasing the duration of ejection without changing the rates of contraction. Cardiac myosin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady I Malik
- Preclinical Research and Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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24
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Hinken A, Driscoll L, Godinez G, Lee K, Pannirselvam M, Hartman JJ, Muci AR, Morgans DJ, Morgan BP, Russell AJ, Malik FI. A Novel Fast Skeletal Muscle Activator, CK‐2017357, Improves Muscle Function in a Rodent Model of Myasthenia Gravis. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Morgan BP, Muci A, Lu PP, Qian X, Tochimoto T, Smith WW, Garard M, Kraynack E, Collibee S, Suehiro I, Tomasi A, Valdez SC, Wang W, Jiang H, Hartman J, Rodriguez HM, Kawas R, Sylvester S, Elias KA, Godinez G, Lee K, Anderson R, Sueoka S, Xu D, Wang Z, Djordjevic N, Malik FI, Morgans DJ. Discovery of omecamtiv mecarbil the first, selective, small molecule activator of cardiac Myosin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:472-7. [PMID: 24900233 DOI: 10.1021/ml100138q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and optimization of the first, selective activators of cardiac myosin. Starting with a poorly soluble, nitro-aromatic hit compound (1), potent, selective, and soluble myosin activators were designed culminating in the discovery of omecamtiv mecarbil (24). Compound 24 is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of systolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Alexander Muci
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Pu-Ping Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xiangping Qian
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Todd Tochimoto
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Whitney W. Smith
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Marc Garard
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Erica Kraynack
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Scott Collibee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ion Suehiro
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Adam Tomasi
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - S. Corey Valdez
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hong Jiang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - James Hartman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hector M. Rodriguez
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Raja Kawas
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sheila Sylvester
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kathleen A. Elias
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Guillermo Godinez
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Robert Anderson
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sandra Sueoka
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nebojsa Djordjevic
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Fady I. Malik
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - David J. Morgans
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
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26
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Qian X, McDonald A, Zhou HJ, Adams ND, Parrish CA, Duffy KJ, Fitch DM, Tedesco R, Ashcraft LW, Yao B, Jiang H, Huang JK, Marin MV, Aroyan CE, Wang J, Ahmed S, Burgess JL, Chaudhari AM, Donatelli CA, Darcy MG, Ridgers LH, Newlander KA, Schmidt SJ, Chai D, Colón M, Zimmerman MN, Lad L, Sakowicz R, Schauer S, Belmont L, Baliga R, Pierce DW, Finer JT, Wang Z, Morgan BP, Morgans DJ, Auger KR, Sung CM, Carson JD, Luo L, Hugger ED, Copeland RA, Sutton D, Elliott JD, Jackson JR, Wood KW, Dhanak D, Bergnes G, Knight SD. Discovery of the First Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Centromere-Associated Protein E: GSK923295. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:30-4. [PMID: 24900171 DOI: 10.1021/ml900018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mitotic kinesins represents a novel approach for the discovery of a new generation of anti-mitotic cancer chemotherapeutics. We report here the discovery of the first potent and selective inhibitor of centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E) 3-chloro-N-{(1S)-2-[(N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino]-1-[(4-{8-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl}phenyl)methyl]ethyl}-4-[(1-methylethyl)oxy]benzamide (GSK923295; 1), starting from a high-throughput screening hit, 3-chloro-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid 2. Compound 1 has demonstrated broad antitumor activity in vivo and is currently in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Qian
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Andrew McDonald
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Han-Jie Zhou
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Nicholas D. Adams
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Cynthia A. Parrish
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Kevin J. Duffy
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Duke M. Fitch
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Rosanna Tedesco
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Luke W. Ashcraft
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Bing Yao
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Hong Jiang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jennifer K. Huang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Melchor V. Marin
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Carrie E. Aroyan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Seyed Ahmed
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Joelle L. Burgess
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Amita M. Chaudhari
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Carla A. Donatelli
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Michael G. Darcy
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Lance H. Ridgers
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Ken A. Newlander
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Stanley J. Schmidt
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Deping Chai
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Mariela Colón
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Michael N. Zimmerman
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Latesh Lad
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Roman Sakowicz
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Stephen Schauer
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Lisa Belmont
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Ramesh Baliga
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Daniel W. Pierce
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jeffrey T. Finer
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - David J. Morgans
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Kurt R. Auger
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Chiu-Mei Sung
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jeff D. Carson
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Lusong Luo
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Erin D. Hugger
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Robert A. Copeland
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - David Sutton
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - John D. Elliott
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Jeffrey R. Jackson
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Kenneth W. Wood
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Dashyant Dhanak
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Gustave Bergnes
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Steven D. Knight
- Cytokinetics, Inc., 280 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
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Copland DA, Hussain K, Baalasubramanian S, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Xu H, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Systemic and local anti-C5 therapy reduces the disease severity in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:303-14. [PMID: 20002447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of complement occurs during autoimmune retinal and intraocular inflammatory disease as well as neuroretinal degenerative disorders. The cleavage of C5 into fragments C5a and C5b is a critical event during the complement cascade. C5a is a potent proinflammatory anaphylatoxin capable of inducing cell migration, adhesion and cytokine release, while membrane attack complex C5b-9 causes cell lysis. Therapeutic approaches to prevent complement-induced inflammation include the use of blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to prevent C5 cleavage. In these current experiments, the rat anti-mouse C5 mAb (BB5.1) was utilized to investigate the effects of inhibition of C5 cleavage on disease progression and severity in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a model of organ-specific autoimmunity in the eye characterized by structural retinal damage mediated by infiltrating macrophages. Systemic treatment with BB5.1 results in significantly reduced disease scores compared with control groups, while local administration results in an earlier resolution of disease. In vitro, contemporaneous C5a and interferon-gamma signalling enhanced nitric oxide production, accompanied by down-regulation of the inhibitory myeloid CD200 receptor, contributing to cell activation. These experiments demonstrate that C5 cleavage contributes to the full expression of EAU, and that selective C5 blockade via systemic and local routes of administration can suppress disease. This presents great therapeutic potential to protect against tissue damage during autoimmune responses in the retina or inflammation-induced degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences South Bristol, Bristol, UK
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28
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Kolev MV, Tediose T, Sivasankar B, Harris CL, Thome J, Morgan BP, Donev RM. Upregulating CD59: a new strategy for protection of neurons from complement-mediated degeneration. Pharmacogenomics J 2009; 10:12-9. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Robinson RP, Buckbinder L, Haugeto AI, McNiff PA, Millham ML, Reese MR, Schaefer JF, Abramov YA, Bordner J, Chantigny YA, Kleinman EF, Laird ER, Morgan BP, Murray JC, Salter ED, Wessel MD, Yocum SA. Octahydrophenanthrene-2,7-diol Analogues as Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists: Discovery and Lead Exploration. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1731-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801512v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph P. Robinson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Amber I. Haugeto
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Patricia A. McNiff
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michele L. Millham
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew R. Reese
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jean F. Schaefer
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yuriy A. Abramov
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jon Bordner
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yves A. Chantigny
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Edward F. Kleinman
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ellen R. Laird
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John C. Murray
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Eben D. Salter
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Matthew D. Wessel
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Sue A. Yocum
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a poorly defined and complex immunopathogenesis. Although initiated by reactive T cells, persistent inflammation is evident throughout the disease course. A contribution from complement has long been suspected, based on the results of pathological and functional studies which have demonstrated complement activation products in MS brain and biological fluids. However, the extent and nature of complement activation and its contribution to disease phenotype and long-term outcome remain unclear. Furthermore, functional polymorphisms in components and regulators of the complement system which cause dysregulation, and are known to contribute to other autoimmune inflammatory disorders, have not been investigated to date in MS in any detail. In this paper we review evidence from pathological, animal model and human functional and genetic studies, implicating activation of complement in MS. We also evaluate the potential of complement components and regulators and their polymorphic variants as biomarkers of disease, and suggest appropriate directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ingram
- Department of Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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31
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Chamberlain-Banoub J, Neal JW, Mizuno M, Harris CL, Morgan BP. Complement membrane attack is required for endplate damage and clinical disease in passive experimental myasthenia gravis in Lewis rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:278-86. [PMID: 17034580 PMCID: PMC1942064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a debilitating and potentially fatal neuromuscular disease characterized by the generation of autoantibodies reactive with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that cause loss of AChR from the neuromuscular endplate with resultant failure of neuromuscular transmission. A role for complement (C) in the pathology of human MG has been suggested based upon identification of C activation products in plasma and deposited at the endplate in MG. In the rat model, experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), C depletion or inhibition restricts clinical disease, further implicating C in pathology. The mechanisms by which C activation drives pathology in MG and EAMG are unclear. Here we provide further evidence implicating C and specifically the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the Lewis rat passive EAMG model of MG. Rats deficient in C6, an essential component of the MAC, were resistant to disease induction and endplate destruction was reduced markedly compared to C6-sufficient controls. After reconstitution with C6, disease severity and endplate destruction in the C6-deficient rats was equivalent to that in controls. The data confirm the essential role of the MAC in the destruction of the endplate in EAMG and raise the prospect of specific MAC inhibition as an alternative therapy in MG patients resistant to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chamberlain-Banoub
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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32
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Morgan BP, Chamberlain-Banoub J, Neal JW, Song W, Mizuno M, Harris CL. The membrane attack pathway of complement drives pathology in passively induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:294-302. [PMID: 17034582 PMCID: PMC1942050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by the generation of autoantibodies reactive with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) that cause loss of AChR from the neuromuscular end-plate with resultant failure of neuromuscular transmission. A role for complement (C) in AChR loss has been suggested based upon morphological identification of C at the end-plate in MG and from the effects of C inhibition in murine models. Here we provide further evidence implicating C, and specifically the membrane attack complex (MAC), in a mouse model of MG. Mice deficient in the C regulators Daf1 and/or Cd59a were tested in the model. Wild-type mice were resistant to disease while mice deficient in Daf1 had mild disease symptoms with evidence of C activation and AChR loss at end-plates. Cd59a-deficient mice had very mild disease with some muscle inflammation and essentially undamaged end-plates. In contrast, mice deficient in both C regulators developed a severe paralytic disease with marked muscle inflammation and loss of end-plates. Inhibition of MAC assembly abrogated clinical disease in these double-deficient mice, demonstrating conclusively that MAC formation was driving pathology in the model. These findings provoke us to suggest that current anti-C therapeutics targeting MAC assembly will be beneficial in MG patients resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Morgan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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33
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Anderson RL, Kawas RF, Pokrovskii MV, Godinez G, Lee KH, Mak J, Morgan BP, Morgans DJ, Malik F, Sakowicz R, Elias KA. Cardiac Myosin Activator CK-1316719 Increases MyoFibril ATPase Activity and Myocyte Contractility in a Rat Model of Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.06.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Anderson RL, Sueoka SH, Lee KH, Rodriguez HM, Kawas RF, Godinez G, Morgan BP, Sakowicz R, Morgans DJ, Malik F, Elias KA. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of CK-1827452, a Selective Cardiac Myosin Activator. J Card Fail 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.06.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Morgan BP, Griffiths M, Khanom H, Taylor SM, Neal JW. Blockade of the C5a receptor fails to protect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 138:430-8. [PMID: 15544619 PMCID: PMC1809229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation contributes to inflammation and tissue damage in human demyelinating diseases and in rodent models of demyelination. Inhibitors of complement activation ameliorate disease in the rat model antibody-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and rats unable to generate the membrane attack complex of complement develop inflammation without demyelination. The role of the highly active chemotactic and anaphylactic complement-derived peptide C5a in driving inflammation and pathology in rodent models of demyelination has been little explored. Here we have used a small molecule C5a receptor antagonist, AcF-[OPdChaWR], to examine the effects of C5a receptor blockade in rat models of brain inflammation and demyelination. C5a receptor antagonist therapy completely blocked neutrophil response to C5a in vivo but had no effect on clinical disease or resultant pathology in either inflammatory or demyelinating rat models. We conclude that C5a is not required for disease induction or perpetuation in these strongly complement-dependent disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology and Department of Pathology, UWCM, Cardiff, UK.
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36
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Williams AS, Mizuno M, Richards PJ, Holt DS, Morgan BP. Deletion of the gene encoding CD59a in mice increases disease severity in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3035-44. [PMID: 15457473 DOI: 10.1002/art.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of CD59a in the protection of joint tissue in the context of murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS AIA was triggered in CD59a-deficient (CD59a(-/-)) mice and in CD59a-sufficient (CD59a(+/+)) controls; the course and severity of disease were compared between groups. The effects on arthritis of restoring CD59 to the joint in CD59a(-/-) mice by use of a membrane-targeted recombinant CD59 were also explored. RESULTS Disease, as assessed clinically by measurement of joint swelling on day 1 (P < 0.0001), day 2 (P < 0.01), and day 7 (P < 0.02) and histologically from indicators of joint damage on day 21 (P < 0.02), was significantly enhanced in CD59a(-/-) mice compared with CD59a(+/+) wild-type controls. Membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition in the arthritic joints of CD59a(-/-) mice was also increased compared with that in the joints of CD59a(+/+) controls. Restitution of CD59 activity in joints of CD59a(-/-) mice was attempted with soluble recombinant rat CD59 (sCD59) or with a novel membrane-targeted rat CD59 derivative (sCD59-APT542). Strong immunohistochemical staining of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue was apparent in sCD59-APT542-injected joints, but not in joints injected with untargeted sCD59. Intraarticular administration of sCD59-APT542 markedly ameliorated disease severity in CD59a(-/-) mice, knee swelling was significantly reduced over the time course of the disease, and joint damage, assessed histologically, was significantly milder on day 21 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data firmly implicate the MAC of complement as a major effector of joint damage in the murine AIA model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and they provide a rationale for the inhibition of MAC assembly as a therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Williams
- University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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37
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Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity, acting to protect the host from micro-organisms such as bacteria and other "foreign" threats, including tumor cells. However, excessive activation of complement can injure the host and can even be life threatening. These toxic effects are caused primarily by the excessive production of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a during complement activation and excessive formation of membrane attack complex on the host cell membrane. Many inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and glomerulonephritis, are thought to involve excessive activation of complement, both for their development and perpetuation. Uncontrolled complement activation is also implicated in post-ischemic inflammation and tissue damage and in sepsis. Therefore, it is important to regulate the complement system to treat disease. There are still no broadly applicable agents for the therapeutic regulation of excessive complement activation. However, there are now some agents in the development that might provide useful anti-complement therapies in the near future. Current strategies include the use of neutralizing antibodies, small synthetic antagonists, soluble recombinant forms of the natural complement regulators, and gene therapies to control excessive complement activation. Here we describe these new agents, their strengths and weaknesses and progress in testing the agents in relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizuno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Tenovus building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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38
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Lukacik P, Roversi P, White J, Esser D, Smith GP, Billington J, Williams PA, Rudd PM, Wormald MR, Harvey DJ, Crispin MDM, Radcliffe CM, Dwek RA, Evans DJ, Morgan BP, Smith RAG, Lea SM. Complement regulation at the molecular level: the structure of decay-accelerating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1279-84. [PMID: 14734808 PMCID: PMC337044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement regulator CD55 is a key molecule protecting self-cells from complement-mediated lysis. X-ray diffraction and analytical ultracentrifugation data reveal a rod-like arrangement of four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains in both the crystal and solution. The stalk linking the four SCR domains to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is extended by the addition of 11 highly charged O-glycans and positions the domains an estimated 177 A above the membrane. Mutation mapping and hydrophobic potential analysis suggest that the interaction with the convertase, and thus complement regulation, depends on the burial of a hydrophobic patch centered on the linker between SCR domains 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lukacik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England
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39
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Elliott RL, Oliver RM, Hammond M, Patterson TA, She L, Hargrove DM, Martin KA, Maurer TS, Kalvass JC, Morgan BP, DaSilva-Jardine PA, Stevenson RW, Mack CM, Cassella JV. In vitro and in vivo characterization of 3-[2-[6-(2-tert-butoxyethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzonitrile hydrochloride salt, a potent and selective NPY5 receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2003; 46:670-3. [PMID: 12593645 DOI: 10.1021/jm025584p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the anorectic potential of NPY5 receptor antagonists, we have profiled the in vitro and in vivo properties of 3-[2-[6-(2-tert-butoxyethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl]benzonitrile hydrochloride salt (1). This compound was found to have excellent NPY5 receptor affinity and selectivity, potent functional antagonism, and good peripheral and central nervous system exposure in rats. This compound attenuated bovine pancreatic polypeptide induced food intake in rats but failed to demonstrate anorectic activity in rodent natural feeding models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Elliott
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, PGRD, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Neurogen Corporation, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA.
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40
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Morgan BP, Trilles RV, Woodworth GF. New, Scalable Route for the Synthesis of a trans-Fused Hexahydro-1H-phenanthren-2-one from a Conjugated Tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120016349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Complement is a core component of the immune system, which performs vital roles in immune surveillance. However, the active products that enable complement to perform its physiological roles can inappropriately target self tissues and cause pathology. Complement-mediated inflammation and tissue destruction is an important drive to pathology in diseases as diverse as rheumatoid arthritis and dementia. Two decades ago there were no agents that could be used therapeutically to inhibit the activation of complement, but increased understanding of the natural control of complement in vivo has markedly changed this situation. The realization that drugs mimicking the action of the complement regulatory proteins present on self cells, and in plasma, could effectively control pathological activation of complement has opened the door to the use of anticomplement therapy in disease. Here we will review the development of anticomplement therapeutics from the first generation agents, which are unmodified recombinant forms of natural regulators, to recent strategies for making better drugs. We will describe strategies for targeting the anticomplement activity to the site of disease, and for extending the plasma half-life of the agent. Finally, we will illustrate a novel approach to the delivery of anticomplement agents, making prodrugs that are activated only at disease sites thus minimizing the deleterious effects of systemic complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Harris
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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42
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Harris CL, Williams AS, Linton SM, Morgan BP. Coupling complement regulators to immunoglobulin domains generates effective anti-complement reagents with extended half-life in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:198-207. [PMID: 12165074 PMCID: PMC1906445 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation and subsequent generation of inflammatory molecules and membrane attack complex contributes to the pathology of a number of inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including arthritis, glomerulonephritis and demyelination. Agents that specifically inhibit complement activation might prove beneficial in the treatment of these diseases. Soluble recombinant forms of the naturally occurring membrane complement regulatory proteins (CRP) have been exploited for this purpose. We have undertaken to design better therapeutics based on CRP. Here we describe the generation of soluble, recombinant CRP comprising rat decay accelerating factor (DAF) or rat CD59 expressed as Fc fusion proteins, antibody-like molecules comprising two CRP moieties in place of the antibody Fab arms (CRP-Ig). Reagents bearing DAF on each arm (DAF-Ig), CD59 on each arm (CD59-Ig) and a hybrid reagent containing both DAF and CD59 were generated. All three reagents inhibited C activation in vitro. Compared with soluble CRP lacking Fc domains, activity was reduced, but was fully restored by enzymatic release of the regulator from the Ig moiety, implicating steric constraints in reducing functional activity. In vivo studies showed that DAF-Ig, when compared to soluble DAF, had a much extended half-life in the circulation in rats and concomitantly caused a sustained reduction in plasma complement activity. When given intra-articularly to rats in a model of arthritis, DAF-Ig significantly reduced severity of disease. The data demonstrate the potential of CRP-Ig as reagents for sustained therapy of inflammatory disorders, including arthritis, but emphasize the need for careful design of fusion proteins to retain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Harris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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43
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Morgan BP, Swick AG, Hargrove DM, LaFlamme JA, Moynihan MS, Carroll RS, Martin KA, Lee E, Decosta D, Bordner J. Discovery of potent, nonsteroidal, and highly selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2417-24. [PMID: 12036351 DOI: 10.1021/jm0105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An approach to the computer-assisted, pharmacophore design of nonsteroidal templates for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that contained an element of pseudo-C2 symmetry was developed. The enatiomer of the initial design, 1Ra, and not the designed molecule, 1S, showed the desired ligand binding to the GR. The pseudo-C2 symmetry of the template allowed for rapid improvements in GR activity resulting in potent, selective, nonsteroidal GR antagonists, CP-394531 and CP-409069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06371, USA.
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46
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Saeva FD, Morgan BP, Luss HR. Photochemical conversion of sulfonium salts to sulfides via a 1,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. Photogeneration of Broensted acids. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00222a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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48
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49
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Saeva FD, Doney JJ, Morgan BP. Redox properties of some novel cumulene electron donors. Electrodimerization and stability of heterocumulene cation radicals. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00185a043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) develops in 50% of pregnant women who have raised levels of circulating thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) at booking. Although these antibodies are able to activate the complement cascade in vitro, it is not known whether complement activation plays any role in the pathogenesis of this disease. AIM To investigate potential and actual activation of the complement system in women with postpartum thyroiditis. DESIGN Complement activation was monitored on a weekly basis in 24 postpartum women who had raised TPOAb at 16 weeks gestation, attending an antenatal clinic in Mid-Glamorgan, Wales. METHODS ELISA procedures were used to measure both in-vitro complement C3 activation by TPOAb and circulating terminal complement complexes (TCC) in serum. RESULTS Higher levels of bioactive TPOAb activity were seen in women who developed PPTD when compared to those who did not. However, TCC remained undetectable in serum throughout the period of study. CONCLUSIONS In PPTD, despite the presence of circulating bioactive TPOAbs, the extent of complement activation is inadequate to cause detectable increases in peripheral blood TCC, suggesting that the complement system may not play a major role in PPTD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Okosieme
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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