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Mishra S, Sahu A, Kaur A, Kaur M, Kumar J, Wal P. Recent Development in the Search for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors based on the Indole Pharmacophore. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:581-613. [PMID: 37909440 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266264206231020111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The signal transduction and cell proliferation are regulated by the epidermal growth factor receptor. The proliferation of tumor cells, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis is inhibited by the epidermal growth factor receptor. Thus, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, glioma, and bladder cancer can be treated by targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Although third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are potent drugs, patients exhibit drug resistance after treatment. Thus, the search for new drugs is being continued. Among the different potent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, we have reviewed the indole-based inhibitors. We have discussed the structure-activity relationship of the compounds with the active sites of the epidermal growth factor receptor receptors, their synthesis, and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | - Adarsh Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 473003, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, NH11C Kant Kanwar Jaipur, 300202, India
| | - Avneet Kaur
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | | | - Jayendra Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, 201204, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Pharmacy, Kanpur, UP, India
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2
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Tajik M, Shiri M, Hussain FHS, Lotfi Nosood Y, Baeiszadeh B, Amini Z, Bikas R, Pyra A. Highly regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of novel pyrazinoindolones via a base-mediated Ugi- N-alkylation sequence. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16963-16969. [PMID: 37288378 PMCID: PMC10243185 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient base-mediated/metal-free approach has been developed for the synthesis of 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole-3-carboxamide derivatives via intramolecular indole N-H alkylation of novel bis-amide Ugi-adducts. In this protocol the Ugi reaction of (E)-cinnamaldehyde derivatives, 2-chloroaniline, indole-2-carboxylic acid and different isocyanides was designed for the preparation of bis-amides. The main highlight of this study is the practical and highly regioselective preparation of new polycyclic functionalized pyrazino derivatives. This system is facilitated by Na2CO3 mediation in DMSO and 100 °C conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tajik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Morteza Shiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Faiq H S Hussain
- Medical Analysis Department, Applied Science Faculty, Tishk International University Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Yazdanbakhsh Lotfi Nosood
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Behnaz Baeiszadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Zahra Amini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran 1993893973 Iran
| | - Rahman Bikas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin 34148-96818 Iran
| | - Anna Pyra
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław 14 Joliot-Curie 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
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3
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Rizvi SF, Hasan A, Parveen S, Mir SS. Untangling the complexity of heat shock protein 27 in cancer and metastasis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109537. [PMID: 36738981 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 is a type of molecular chaperone whose expression gets up-regulated due to reaction towards different stressful triggers including anticancer treatments. It is known to be a major player of resistance development in cancer cells, whereby cells are sheltered against the therapeutics that normally activate apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is one of the highly expressed proteins during various cellular insults and is a strong tumor survival factor. HSP27 influences various cellular pathways associated with cancer cell survival and growth such as apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, etc. HSP27 is molecular machinery which prevents the clumping of numerous substrates or client proteins which get mutated in cancer. It has been reported in several studies that targeting HSP27 is difficult because of its dynamic structure and absence of an ATP-binding site. Here, in this review, we have summarized different modulators of HSP27 and their mechanism of action as well. Effect of deregulated HSP27 in various cancer models, limitations of targeting HSP27, resistance against the conventional drugs generated due to the overexpression of HSP27, and measures to counteract this effect have also been discussed here in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
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4
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Zhang K, Tran C, Alami M, Hamze A, Provot O. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Pyrazino[1,2- a]indole and Pyrazino[1,2- a]indol-1-one Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080779. [PMID: 34451876 PMCID: PMC8399128 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review concerns the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles and pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1-ones reported since 1997 and the discovery of biological activity of pyrazinoindole derivatives. In the first part, we first presented the synthetic routes that have been reported from a methodological point of view to access the pyrazinoindole unit according to cyclization reactions using or not using metal catalysts. Then, syntheses and neuropsychiatric, auto-immune, anti-infectious and anti-cancer properties of pyrazinoindoles were detailed. In the second part, we first reported the main accesses to pyrazinoindol-1-one substrates according to Michael reactions, metal-catalyzed and metal-free cyclization reactions. The syntheses and anti-cancer, anti-infectious, anti-allergenic and neuropsychiatric properties of pyrazinoindolones were next described and discussed.
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5
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Guarnieri-Ibáñez A, de Aguirre A, Besnard C, Poblador-Bahamonde AI, Lacour J. Regiodivergent synthesis of pyrazino-indolines vs. triazocines via α-imino carbenes addition to imidazolidines. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1479-1485. [PMID: 34163911 PMCID: PMC8179195 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05725h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexahydropyrazinoindoles were prepared in a single step from N-sulfonyl triazoles and imidazolidines. Under dirhodium catalysis, α-imino carbenes were generated and formed nitrogen ylide intermediates that, after subsequent aminal opening, afforded the pyrazinoindoles predominantly via formal [1,2]-Stevens and tandem Friedel–Crafts cyclizations. Of mechanistic importance, a regiodivergent reactivity was engineered through the use of a specific unsymmetrically substituted imidazolidine that promoted the exclusive formation of 8-membered ring 1,3,6-triazocines. Based on DFT calculations, an original Curtin–Hammett-like situation was demonstrated for the mechanism. Further derivatizations led to functionalized tetrahydropyrazinoindoles in high yields. Hexahydropyrazinoindoles are prepared in a single step from N-sulfonyl triazoles and imidazolidines. Of mechanistic importance, a regiodivergent reactivity can be engineered towards the exclusive formation of 8-membered ring 1,3,6-triazocines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Guarnieri-Ibáñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Adiran de Aguirre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | | | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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6
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Wang L, Fang K, Cheng J, Li Y, Huang Y, Chen S, Dong G, Wu S, Sheng C. Scaffold Hopping of Natural Product Evodiamine: Discovery of a Novel Antitumor Scaffold with Excellent Potency against Colon Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 63:696-713. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Kun Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junfei Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahui Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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7
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Guttula PK, Agrawal K, Natarajan P, Gupta MK. Pharmacophore modeling coupled with scaffold hopping to identify novel and potent ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) protein antagonists as anti-cancer agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4947-4955. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1689172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Guttula
- Gene Manipulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Kirti Agrawal
- Gene Manipulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Gene Manipulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- Gene Manipulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
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8
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Bi HY, Du M, Pan CX, Xiao Y, Su GF, Mo DL. Nickel(II)-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2-Carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with Hydroxylamine To Synthesize Pyrazino[1,2- a]indole-2-oxides in Water. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9859-9868. [PMID: 31347845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical and practical method for the efficient synthesis of various pyrazino[1,2-a]indole-2-oxides was developed through a nickel(II)-catalyzed [5 + 1] annulation of 2-carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with hydroxylamine in water without using an organic solvent. The reaction involved an initial condensation of 2-carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with hydroxylamine to afford oxime intermediates, which then underwent a nickel(II)-catalyzed 6-exo-dig cyclization. Preliminary studies showed that (n-Bu)4NI served as a phase transfer catalyst and promoted the formation of active nickel(II) species. More importantly, the nickel(II) salt and phase transfer catalyst-in-water could be recycled seven times, and a gram scalable product was easily obtained in good yields through a filtration and washing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Cheng-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Yuhong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201 , P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
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9
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Pathak A, Rohilla A, Gupta T, Akhtar MJ, Haider MR, Sharma K, Haider K, Yar MS. DYRK1A kinase inhibition with emphasis on neurodegeneration: A comprehensive evolution story-cum-perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:559-592. [PMID: 30243157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer, the fourth leading cause of death embodies a key responsible event including formation of β-amyloid protein clustering to amyloid plaque on blood vessels. The origin of above events is Amyloid precursor protein (APP) which is an integral membrane protein known for its function in synapses formation. Modern research had proposed that the over expression of DYRK1A (Dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase1A, a family of protein kinases, positioned within the Down's syndrome critical region (DSCR) on human chromosome 21causes phosphorylation of APP protein resulting in its cleavage to Aβ 40, 42 and tau proteins (regulated by beta and gamma secretase) which plays critical role in early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) detected in Down's syndrome (DS), leading to permanent functional and structural deformities which results ultimately into neuro-degeneration and neuronal death. Therefore, DYRK1A emerges as a potential target for prevention of neuro-degeneration and hence Alzheimer. Presently, the treatment methods for Down's syndrome, as well as Alzheimer's disease are extremely biased and represent a major deficiency for therapeutic necessities. We hereby, focus our review on the current status of the research and contributions in the development of DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ankit Rohilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Tanya Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Md Rafi Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kashif Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - M Shahar Yar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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10
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Festa AA, Zalte RR, Golantsov NE, Varlamov AV, Van der Eycken EV, Voskressensky LG. DBU-Catalyzed Alkyne–Imidate Cyclization toward 1-Alkoxypyrazino[1,2-a]indole Synthesis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9305-9311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Festa
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Rajesh R. Zalte
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita E. Golantsov
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V. Varlamov
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
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11
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Youssif BG, Abdelrahman MH, Abdelazeem AH, abdelgawad MA, Ibrahim HM, Salem OI, Mohamed MF, Treambleau L, Bukhari SNA. Design, synthesis, mechanistic and histopathological studies of small-molecules of novel indole-2-carboxamides and pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-ones as potential anticancer agents effecting the reactive oxygen species production. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:260-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Kim YJ, Pyo JS, Jung YS, Kwak JH. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole-3-carboxamide analogs in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:607-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Fiore M, Forli S, Manetti F. Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, MK2): Medicinal Chemistry Efforts To Lead Small Molecule Inhibitors to Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3609-34. [PMID: 26502061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The p38/MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is involved in a series of pathological conditions (inflammation diseases and metastasis) and in the resistance mechanism to antitumor agents. None of the p38 inhibitors entered advanced clinical trials because of their unwanted systemic side effects. For this reason, MK2 was identified as an alternative target to block the pathway but avoiding the side effects of p38 inhibition. However, ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors suffered from low solubility, poor cell permeability, and scarce kinase selectivity. Fortunately, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of MK2 have been already discovered that allowed circumventing the selectivity issue. These compounds showed the additional advantage to be effective at lower concentrations in comparison to the ATP-competitive inhibitors. Therefore, although the significant difficulties encountered during the development of these inhibitors, MK2 is still considered as an attractive target to treat inflammation and related diseases to prevent tumor metastasis and to increase tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fiore
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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15
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aminopyrazine derivatives as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Bagley MC, Baashen M, Chuckowree I, Dwyer JE, Kipling D, Davis T. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of a MK2 Inhibitor by Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling for Study in Werner Syndrome Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:257-76. [PMID: 26046488 PMCID: PMC4491660 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions have been employed towards the synthesis of three different MAPKAPK2 (MK2) inhibitors to study accelerated aging in Werner syndrome (WS) cells, including the cross-coupling of a 2-chloroquinoline with a 3-pyridinylboronic acid, the coupling of an aryl bromide with an indolylboronic acid and the reaction of a 3-amino-4-bromopyrazole with 4-carbamoylphenylboronic acid. In all of these processes, the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was fast and relatively efficient using a palladium catalyst under microwave irradiation. The process was incorporated into a rapid 3-step microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of a MK2 inhibitor involving 3-aminopyrazole formation, pyrazole C-4 bromination using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the pyrazolyl bromide with 4-carbamoylphenylboronic acid to give the target 4-arylpyrazole in 35% overall yield, suitable for study in WS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Mohammed Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Irina Chuckowree
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Jessica E Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - David Kipling
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Terence Davis
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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17
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Ju Y, Miao D, Yu R, Koo S. Tandem catalytic oxidative deacetylation of acetoacetic esters and heteroaromatic cyclizations. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2588-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of ethyl acetoacetate with MVK and with 2-nitrobenzyl bromides, Mn(iii)/Co(ii)-catalyzed deacetylation, and heterocyclizations provide pyrroles and indoles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeming Ju
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Energy and Biotechnology
| | - Di Miao
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Energy and Biotechnology
| | - Ruiyang Yu
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Energy and Biotechnology
| | - Sangho Koo
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Department of Energy and Biotechnology
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18
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Cumming JG, Debreczeni JÉ, Edfeldt F, Evertsson E, Harrison M, Holdgate GA, James MJ, Lamont SG, Oldham K, Sullivan JE, Wells SL. Discovery and characterization of MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 prevention of activation inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 58:278-93. [PMID: 25255283 DOI: 10.1021/jm501038s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally distinct series of novel, MAPK-activated kinase-2 prevention of activation inhibitors have been discovered by high throughput screening. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed substructural features that influence the selective inhibition of the activation by p38α of the downstream kinase MK2 in preference to an alternative substrate, MSK1. Enzyme kinetics, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 2D protein NMR, and X-ray crystallography were used to determine the binding mode and the molecular mechanism of action. The compounds bind competitively to the ATP binding site of p38α but unexpectedly with higher affinity in the p38α-MK2 complex compared with p38α alone. This observation is hypothesized to be the origin of the substrate selectivity. The two lead series identified are suitable for further investigation for their potential to treat chronic inflammatory diseases with improved tolerability over previously studied p38α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Cumming
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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19
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Carreira EM, Fessard TC. Four-Membered Ring-Containing Spirocycles: Synthetic Strategies and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8257-322. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, and ‡SpiroChem AG, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Fessard
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, and ‡SpiroChem AG, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Pourbasheer E, Bazl R, Amanlou M. Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies on the MAPKAP-K2 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Wang TJ, Zhou L, Fei J, Li ZC, He LF. Applications of 3D-QSAR and structure-based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, ADMET, and molecular docking of putative MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Mavropoulos A, Orfanidou T, Liaskos C, Smyk DS, Billinis C, Blank M, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated autoimmunity: lessons to learn from ANCA vasculitis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmun Rev 2012. [PMID: 23207287 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is beginning to accumulate that p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. The exact mechanisms and the degree by which the p38 MAPK pathway participates in the immune-mediated induction of diseases have started to emerge. This review discusses the recent advances in the molecular dissection of the p38 MAPK pathway and the findings generated by reports investigating its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune hepatitis. Application of newly-developed protocols based on sensitive flow cytometric detection has proven to be a useful tool in the investigation of the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within different peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations and may help us to better understand the enigmatic role of this signaling cascade in the induction of autoimmunity as well as its role in immunosuppressive-induced remission. Special attention is paid to reported data proposing a specific role for autoantibody-induced activation of p38 MAPK-mediated immunopathology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases and anti-neutrophilic antibody-mediated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
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23
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Kosugi T, Mitchell DR, Fujino A, Imai M, Kambe M, Kobayashi S, Makino H, Matsueda Y, Oue Y, Komatsu K, Imaizumi K, Sakai Y, Sugiura S, Takenouchi O, Unoki G, Yamakoshi Y, Cunliffe V, Frearson J, Gordon R, Harris CJ, Kalloo-Hosein H, Le J, Patel G, Simpson DJ, Sherborne B, Thomas PS, Suzuki N, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kataoka KI. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2) as an antiinflammatory target: discovery and in vivo activity of selective pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine inhibitors using a focused library and structure-based optimization approach. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6700-15. [PMID: 22746295 DOI: 10.1021/jm300411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2) inhibitors was discovered through screening a kinase-focused library. A homology model of MAPKAP-K2 was generated and used to guide the initial SAR studies and to rationalize the observed selectivity over CDK2. An X-ray crystal structure of a compound from the active series bound to crystalline MAPKAP-K2 confirmed the predicted binding mode. This has enabled the discovery of a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives showing good in vitro cellular potency as anti-TNF-α agents and in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kosugi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd. , Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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24
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EDMUNDS JEREMYJ, TALANIAN ROBERTV. MAPKAP Kinase 2 (MK2) as a Target for Anti-inflammatory Drug Discovery. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-TNFα biologicals, there remains a significant unmet need for novel oral anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Vigorous exploration of many potential targets for inhibition of, for example, pro-inflammatory cytokine production has led to efforts to find inhibitor leads targeting many enzymes including the p38α substrate kinase MK2. MK2 has a key role in the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, and studies with knockout animals and inhibitor leads support the promise of MK2 as an anti-inflammatory target. However, MK2 has additional biological roles such as in cell cycle checkpoint control, suggesting caution in the use of MK2 inhibitors for chronic non-life-threatening clinical indications such as inflammation. MK2 inhibitor lead identification and optimization efforts in several labs have resulted in a variety of potent and specific lead molecules, some of which display in-vivo activity. However, potency loss from enzyme to cell, and cell to in vivo, is commonly significant. Further, poor enzyme to cell potency correlations are also common for MK2 lead chemical series, suggesting uncontrolled confounding factors in lead inhibitor properties, or that the biological roles of MK2 and related enzymes may still be poorly understood. While further efforts in identification of MK2 inhibitors may yet yield viable drug leads, efforts to date suggest caution with this target.
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25
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A computational study on thiourea analogs as potent MK-2 inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7057-7079. [PMID: 22837679 PMCID: PMC3397511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13067057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2) has been identified as a drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Currently, a series of thiourea analogs as potent MK-2 inhibitors were studied using comprehensive computational methods by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations for a further improvement in activities. The optimal 3D models exhibit high statistical significance of the results, especially for the CoMFA results with r(2) (ncv), q(2) values of 0.974, 0.536 for the internal validation, and r(2) (pred), r(2) (m) values of 0.910, 0.723 for the external validation and Roy's index, respectively. In addition, more rigorous validation criteria suggested by Tropsha were also employed to check the built models. Graphic representation of the results, as contoured 3D coefficient plots, also provides a clue to the reasonable modification of molecules: (i) The substituent with a bulky size and electron-rich group at the C5 position of the pyrazine ring is required to enhance the potency; (ii) The H-bond acceptor group in the C3 position of the pyrazine ring is likely to be helpful to increase MK-2 inhibition; (iii) The small and electropositive substituent as a hydrogen bond donor of the C2 position in the oxazolone ring is favored; In addition, several important amino acid residues were also identified as playing an important role in MK-2 inhibition. The agreement between 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations also proves the rationality of the developed models. These results, we hope, may be helpful in designing novel and potential MK-2 inhibitors.
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26
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Ghandi M, Zarezadeh N, Taheri A. A three-component, intramolecular Ugi reaction toward unique indoloketopiperazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Qin J, Dhondi P, Huang X, Aslanian R, Fossetta J, Tian F, Lundell D, Palani A. Discovery of a Potent Dihydrooxadiazole Series of Non-ATP-Competitive MK2 (MAPKAPK2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:100-5. [PMID: 24900435 DOI: 10.1021/ml200238g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of MK2 has been shown to offer advantages over that of p38 MAPK in the development of cures for inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. P38 MAPK knockout in mice was lethal, whereas MK2-null mice demonstrated strong inhibition of disease progression in collagen-induced arthritis and appeared normal and viable. However, it is challenging to develop ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors due to high ATP binding affinity to the kinase. Non-ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors interact and bind to the kinase in a mode independent of ATP concentration, which could provide better selectivity and cellular potency. Therefore, it is desirable to identify non-ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors. Through structure optimization of lead compound 1, a novel series of dihydrooxadiazoles was discovered. Additional structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of this series led to the identification of compound 38 as a non-ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitor with potent enzymatic activity and good cellular potency. The SAR, synthesis, and biological data of dihydrooxadiazole series are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pawan Dhondi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Fossetta
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Fang Tian
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel Lundell
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Inflammatory Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
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28
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Wu F, Zhu H, Sun L, Rajendran C, Wang M, Ren X, Panjikar S, Cherkasov A, Zou H, Stöckigt J. Scaffold Tailoring by a Newly Detected Pictet–Spenglerase Activity of Strictosidine Synthase: From the Common Tryptoline Skeleton to the Rare Piperazino-indole Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1498-500. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chitra Rajendran
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Xin Ren
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hongbin Zou
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Joachim Stöckigt
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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29
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Oubrie A, Kaptein A, de Zwart E, Hoogenboom N, Goorden R, van de Kar B, van Hoek M, de Kimpe V, van der Heijden R, Borsboom J, Kazemier B, de Roos J, Scheffers M, Lommerse J, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Barf T. Novel ATP competitive MK2 inhibitors with potent biochemical and cell-based activity throughout the series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Computation of pharmacophore models for the prediction of mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase-2 inhibitory activity of pyrrolopyridines. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Rao AU, Xiao D, Huang X, Zhou W, Fossetta J, Lundell D, Tian F, Trivedi P, Aslanian R, Palani A. Facile synthesis of tetracyclic azepine and oxazocine derivatives and their potential as MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1068-72. [PMID: 22182499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Facile synthesis of two new series of tetracyclic azepine and oxazocine analogs is described. These analogs were evaluated for their potential as MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors and several were found to be potent at inhibiting MK2 with a non-ATP competitive binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin U Rao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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32
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Boyer SJ, Burke J, Guo X, Kirrane TM, Snow RJ, Zhang Y, Sarko C, Soleymanzadeh L, Swinamer A, Westbrook J, Dicapua F, Padyana A, Cogan D, Gao A, Xiong Z, Madwed JB, Kashem M, Kugler S, O'Neill MM. Indole RSK inhibitors. Part 1: discovery and initial SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:733-7. [PMID: 22100312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of inhibitors for the 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) based on an 1-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indole-8-carboxamide scaffold were identified through high throughput screening. An RSK crystal structure and exploratory SAR were used to define the series pharmacophore. Compounds with good cell potency, such as compounds 43, 44, and 55 were identified, and form the basis for subsequent kinase selectivity optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Boyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States.
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33
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Nayak M, Pandey G, Batra S. Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita–Baylis–Hillman derivatives. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Abstract
The p38 pathway has been at the center of interest for anti-inflammatory drug discovery for many years as it is crucial for the biosynthesis of TNF-α, IL-1β and other mediators. Most of the anti-inflammatory effects of p38 inhibition are mediated through MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2), a direct downstream target of p38, which makes MK2 a very interesting drug target. Within the last 5 years, several classes of low-molecular-weight MK2 inhibitors were disclosed in the patent and primary literature. Advanced compounds could be optimized to nanomolar potencies and inhibit TNF-α release, as well as the phosphorylation of the MK2 substrate heat-shock protein 27 in cellular assays. This article will review the recent progress in this field and will highlight and discuss the most promising compound series disclosed so far.
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35
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In vivo and in vitro SAR of tetracyclic MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Part II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4719-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Use of p38 MAPK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Werner Syndrome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1842-1872. [PMID: 27713332 PMCID: PMC4033955 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome provides a convincing model for aspects of the normal ageing phenotype and may provide a suitable model for therapeutic interventions designed to combat the ageing process. Cultured primary fibroblast cells from Werner syndrome patients provide a powerful model system to study the link between replicative senescence in vitro and in vivo pathophysiology. Genome instability, together with an increased pro-oxidant state, and frequent replication fork stalling, all provide plausible triggers for intracellular stress in Werner syndrome cells, and implicates p38 MAPK signaling in their shortened replicative lifespan. A number of different p38 MAPK inhibitor chemotypes have been prepared rapidly and efficiently using microwave heating techniques for biological study in Werner syndrome cells, including SB203580, VX-745, RO3201195, UR-13756 and BIRB 796, and their selectivity and potency evaluated in this cellular context. Werner syndrome fibroblasts treated with a p38 MAPK inhibitor reveal an unexpected reversal of the accelerated ageing phenotype. Thus the study of p38 inhibition and its effect upon Werner pathophysiology is likely to provide new revelations into the biological mechanisms operating in cellular senescence and human ageing in the future.
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37
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Waning DL, Lehman JA, Batuello CN, Mayo LD. Controlling the Mdm2-Mdmx-p53 Circuit. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1576-1593. [PMID: 20651945 PMCID: PMC2907906 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a key protein in maintaining the integrity of the genome by inducing either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis following cellular stress signals. Two human family members, Mdm2 and Mdmx, are primarily responsible for inactivating p53 transcription and targeting p53 protein for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In response to genotoxic stress, post-translational modifications to p53, Mdm2 and Mdmx stabilize and activate p53. The role that phosphorylation of these molecules plays in the cellular response to genotoxic agents has been extensively studied with respect to cancer biology. In this review, we discuss the main phosphorylation events of p53, Mdm2 and Mdmx in response to DNA damage that are important for p53 stability and activity. In tumors that harbor wild-type p53, reactivation of p53 by modulating both Mdm2 and Mdmx signaling is well suited as a therapeutic strategy. However, the rationale for development of kinase inhibitors that target the Mdm2-Mdmx-p53 axis must be carefully considered since modulation of certain kinase signaling pathways has the potential to destabilize and inactivate p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Waning
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 980 West Walnut, Walther Hall R3-C548, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jason A. Lehman
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 980 West Walnut, Walther Hall R3-C548, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christopher N. Batuello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 4053, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey D. Mayo
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, 980 West Walnut, Walther Hall R3-C548, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 4053, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-317-278-3173; Fax: +1-317-274-8046
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38
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Revesz L, Schlapbach A, Aichholz R, Feifel R, Hawtin S, Heng R, Hiestand P, Jahnke W, Koch G, Kroemer M, Möbitz H, Scheufler C, Velcicky J, Huppertz C. In vivo and in vitro SAR of tetracyclic MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Part I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4715-8. [PMID: 20594847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,3-f]isoquinoline based amino acids, tetracyclic lactams and cyclic ketone analogues are described as novel MK2 inhibitors with IC(50) as low as 5nM and good selectivity profiles against a number of related kinases including ERK, p38alpha and JNKs. TNFalpha release was suppressed from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs), and a representative compound inhibited LPS induced TNFalpha release in mice illustrating the potential of this series to provide orally active MK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Revesz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Mourey RJ, Burnette BL, Brustkern SJ, Daniels JS, Hirsch JL, Hood WF, Meyers MJ, Mnich SJ, Pierce BS, Saabye MJ, Schindler JF, South SA, Webb EG, Zhang J, Anderson DR. A benzothiophene inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production and has oral anti-inflammatory efficacy in acute and chronic models of inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:797-807. [PMID: 20237073 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the p38 kinase pathway in immune cells leads to the transcriptional and translational regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), a direct downstream substrate of p38 kinase, regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production through modulating the stability and translation of these mRNAs. Developing small-molecule inhibitors of MK2 may yield anti-inflammatory efficacy with a different safety profile relative to p38 kinase inhibitors. This article describes the pharmacologic properties of a benzothiophene MK2 inhibitor, PF-3644022 [(10R)-10-methyl-3-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-8H-[1,4]diazepino[5',6':4,5]thieno[3,2-f]quinolin-8-one]. PF-3644022 is a potent freely reversible ATP-competitive compound that inhibits MK2 activity (K(i) = 3 nM) with good selectivity when profiled against 200 human kinases. In the human U937 monocytic cell line or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PF-3644022 potently inhibits TNFalpha production with similar activity (IC(50) = 160 nM). PF-3644022 blocks TNFalpha and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated human whole blood with IC(50) values of 1.6 and 10.3 microM, respectively. Inhibition of TNFalpha in U937 cells and blood correlates closely with inhibition of phospho-heat shock protein 27, a target biomarker of MK2 activity. PF-3644022 displays good pharmacokinetic parameters in rats and is orally efficacious in both the rat acute LPS-induced TNFalpha model and the chronic streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis model. Dose-dependent inhibition of TNFalpha production in the acute model and inhibition of paw swelling in the chronic model is observed with ED(50) values of 6.9 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. PF-3644022 efficacy in the chronic inflammation model is strongly correlated with maintaining a C(min) higher than the EC(50) measured in the rat LPS-induced TNFalpha model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mourey
- Department of Discovery Biology, Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
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Laliberté S, Dornan PK, Chen A. Palladium-catalyzed double allylic alkylation of indole-2-hydroxamates: easy access to pyrazino[1,2-a]indole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Fujino A, Fukushima K, Namiki N, Kosugi T, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Structural analysis of an MK2-inhibitor complex: insight into the regulation of the secondary structure of the Gly-rich loop by TEI-I01800. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2009; 66:80-7. [PMID: 20057052 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909046411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2 or MK2) is a Ser/Thr kinase from the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway and plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. The crystal structure of the complex of human MK2 (residues 41-364) with the potent MK2 inhibitor TEI-I01800 (pK(i) = 6.9) was determined at 2.9 A resolution. The MK2 structure in the MK2-TEI-I01800 complex is composed of two domains, as observed for other Ser/Thr kinases; however, the Gly-rich loop in the N-terminal domain forms an alpha-helix structure and not a beta-sheet. TEI-I01800 binds to the ATP-binding site as well as near the substrate-binding site of MK2. Both TEI-I01800 molecules have a nonplanar conformation that differs from those of other MK2 inhibitors deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The MK2-TEI-I01800 complex structure is the first active MK2 with an alpha-helical Gly-rich loop and TEI-I01800 regulates the secondary structure of the Gly-rich loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Fujino
- Teijin Institute for Biomedical Research, Japan
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Velcicky J, Feifel R, Hawtin S, Heng R, Huppertz C, Koch G, Kroemer M, Moebitz H, Revesz L, Scheufler C, Schlapbach A. Novel 3-aminopyrazole inhibitors of MK-2 discovered by scaffold hopping strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:1293-7. [PMID: 20060294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New, selective 3-aminopyrazole based MK2-inhibitors were discovered by scaffold hopping strategy. The new derivatives proved to inhibit intracellular phosphorylation of hsp27 as well as LPS-induced TNFalpha release in cells. In addition, selected derivative 14e also inhibited LPS-induced TNFalpha release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Velcicky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Anderson DR, Meyers MJ, Kurumbail RG, Caspers N, Poda GI, Long SA, Pierce BS, Mahoney MW, Mourey RJ. Benzothiophene inhibitors of MK2. Part 1: Structure–activity relationships, assessments of selectivity and cellular potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4878-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Lovering F, Kirincich S, Wang W, Combs K, Resnick L, Sabalski JE, Butera J, Liu J, Parris K, Telliez J. Identification and SAR of squarate inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3342-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Lin S, Lombardo M, Malkani S, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Chapman K, Thompson JE, Zhang WX, Wang R, Cubbon RM, O'Neill EA, Luell S, Carballo-Jane E, Yang L. Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas as potent inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3238-42. [PMID: 19423344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas are described as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). These compounds demonstrate potent in vitro activity against the enzyme with IC(50) values as low as 15 nM, and suppress expression of TNFalpha in THP-1 cells and in vivo in an acute inflammation model in mice. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological evaluation of these compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Manlove A, Groziak MP. Chapter 6.2: Six-Membered Ring Systems: Diazines and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Schlapbach A, Feifel R, Hawtin S, Heng R, Koch G, Moebitz H, Revesz L, Scheufler C, Velcicky J, Waelchli R, Huppertz C. Pyrrolo-pyrimidones: a novel class of MK2 inhibitors with potent cellular activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6142-6. [PMID: 18945615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo-pyrimidones of the general structure 1 were synthesized and evaluated for their potential as MK2 inhibitors. Potent derivatives were discovered which inhibit MK2 in the nanomolar range and show potent inhibition of cytokine release from LPS-stimulated monocytes. These derivatives were shown to inhibit phosphorylation of hsp27, a downstream target of MK2 and are modestly selective in a panel of 28 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schlapbach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, global Discovery Chemistry, WSJ-88.508, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Synthesis and SAR studies of indole-based MK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1994-9. [PMID: 18291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemistry has been developed to specifically functionalize two structurally similar classes of indole-based MK2 inhibitors at positions prompted by a combination of X-ray crystallographic and computer assisted drug design. A gain in molecular potency was obtained by introducing aminomethyl groups to the lactam rings of 6-arylcarbamoyl-tetrahydro-beta-carbolinone and 6-arylcarbamoyl-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indolone MK2 inhibitors. In addition, improvements in molecular potency were achieved by expansion of the lactam from a 6- to 7-membered ring leading to 7-arylcarbamoyl-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indolones.
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