1
|
Kassick AJ, Jiang J, Bunda J, Wilson D, Bao J, Lu H, Lin P, Ball RG, Doss GA, Tong X, Tsao KLC, Wang H, Chicchi G, Karanam B, Tschirret-Guth R, Samuel K, Hora DF, Kumar S, Madeira M, Eng W, Hargreaves R, Purcell M, Gantert L, Cook J, DeVita RJ, Mills SG. 2-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1S)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxyethoxy}-4-(2-methylphenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one: a potent human NK1 receptor antagonist with multiple clearance pathways. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5940-8. [PMID: 23808489 DOI: 10.1021/jm400751p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroisoindoline 2 has been previously identified as a potent, brain-penetrant NK1 receptor antagonist with a long duration of action and improved profile of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction compared to aprepitant. However, compound 2 is predicted, based on data in preclinical species, to have a human half-life longer than 40 h and likely to have drug-drug-interactions (DDI), as 2 is a victim of CYP3A4 inhibition caused by its exclusive clearance pathway via CYP3A4 oxidation in humans. We now report 2-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1S)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxyethoxy}-4-(2-methylphenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one (3) as a next generation NK1 antagonist that possesses an additional clearance pathway through glucuronidation in addition to that via CYP3A4 oxidation. Compound 3 has a much lower propensity for drug-drug interactions and a reduced estimated human half-life consistent with once daily dosing. In preclinical species, compound 3 has demonstrated potency, brain penetration, and a safety profile similar to 2, as well as excellent pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kassick
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡In Vitro Pharmacology, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang H, Walsh SP, Yan Y, de Jesus RK, Shahripour A, Teumelsan N, Zhu Y, Ha S, Owens KA, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Felix JP, Liu J, Kohler M, Priest BT, Bailey T, Brochu R, Alonso-Galicia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Roy S, Yang L, Mills SG, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Discovery of Selective Small Molecule ROMK Inhibitors as Potential New Mechanism Diuretics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:367-72. [PMID: 24900480 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK or Kir1.1) is a putative drug target for a novel class of diuretics that could be used for the treatment of hypertension and edematous states such as heart failure. An internal high-throughput screening campaign identified 1,4-bis(4-nitrophenethyl)piperazine (5) as a potent ROMK inhibitor. It is worth noting that this compound was identified as a minor impurity in a screening hit that was responsible for all of the initially observed ROMK activity. Structure-activity studies resulted in analogues with improved rat pharmacokinetic properties and selectivity over the hERG channel, providing tool compounds that can be used for in vivo pharmacological assessment. The featured ROMK inhibitors were also selective against other members of the inward rectifier family of potassium channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Tang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Shawn P. Walsh
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Yan Yan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Reynalda K. de Jesus
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Nardos Teumelsan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Sookhee Ha
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Karen A. Owens
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Brande S. Thomas-Fowlkes
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - John P. Felix
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Jessica Liu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Martin Kohler
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Birgit T. Priest
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Timothy Bailey
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Richard Brochu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Magdalena Alonso-Galicia
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Gregory J. Kaczorowski
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Sophie Roy
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Sander G. Mills
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Maria L. Garcia
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Hypertension, §Ion Channels, ⊥Preclinical DMPK, and ¶Chemistry Modeling, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway
New Jersey 07065,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pasternak A, Feng Z, de Jesus R, Ye Z, He S, Dobbelaar P, Bradley S, Chicchi GG, Tsao KL, Trusca D, Eiermann GJ, Li C, Feng Y, Wu M, Shao Q, Zhang BB, Nargund R, Mills SG, Howard AD, Yang L, Zhou YP. Stimulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion by a Potent, Selective sst3 Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:289-93. [PMID: 24900466 PMCID: PMC4025754 DOI: 10.1021/ml200272z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This letter provides the first pharmacological proof of principle that the sst3 receptor mediates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. To enable these studies, we identified the selective sst3 antagonist (1R,3R)-3-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline (5a), with improved ion channel selectivity and mouse pharmacokinetic properties as compared to previously described tetrahydro-β-carboline imidazole sst3 antagonists. We demonstrated that compound 5a enhances GSIS in pancreatic β-cells and blocks glucose excursion induced by dextrose challenge in ipGTT and OGTT models in mice. Finally, we provided strong evidence that these effects are mechanism-based in an ipGTT study, showing reduction of glucose excursion in wild-type but not sst3 knockout mice. Thus, we have shown that antagonism of sst3 represents a new mechanism with potential in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Reynalda de Jesus
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhixiong Ye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shuwen He
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter Dobbelaar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott
A. Bradley
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary G. Chicchi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kwei-Lan Tsao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dorina Trusca
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Cai Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yue Feng
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Shao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bei B. Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sander G. Mills
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walsh SP, Severino A, Zhou C, He J, Liang GB, Tan CP, Cao J, Eiermann GJ, Xu L, Salituro G, Howard AD, Mills SG, Yang L. 3-Substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)-propanoic acids as GPR40 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3390-4. [PMID: 21514824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) for a series of β-substituted 3-(4-aryloxyaryl)propanoic acid GPR40 agonists is described. Systematic replacement of the pendant aryloxy group led to identification of potent GPR40 agonists. In order to identify candidates suitable for in vivo validation of the target, serum shifted potency and pharmacokinetic properties were determined for several compounds. Finally, further profiling of compound 7 is presented, including demonstration of enhanced glucose tolerance in an in vivo mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Walsh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tang H, Yan Y, Feng Z, de Jesus RK, Yang L, Levorse DA, Owens KA, Akiyama TE, Bergeron R, Castriota GA, Doebber TW, Ellsworth KP, Lassman ME, Li C, Wu MS, Zhang BB, Chapman KT, Mills SG, Berger JP, Pasternak A. Design and synthesis of a new class of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase inhibitors with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6088-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Bao J, Lu H, Morriello GJ, Carlson EJ, Wheeldon A, Chicchi GG, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Zheng S, Tong X, Mills SG, DeVita RJ. Tetrahydroindolizinone NK1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2354-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Morriello GJ, Mills SG, Johnson T, Reibarkh M, Chicchi G, DeMartino J, Kurtz M, Davies P, Tsao K, Zheng S, Tong X, Carlson E, Townson K, Tattersall F, Wheeldon A, Boyce S, Collinson N, Rupniak N, Moore S, DeVita RJ. Substituted fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as potent, orally bioavailable hNK1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2007-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Pasternak A, Goble SD, Struthers M, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, Di Salvo J, Kilburn R, Wisniewski T, DeMartino JA, Mills SG, Yang L. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable CCR2 and CCR5 Dual Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ml900009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Kilburn
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | | | | | - Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pasternak A, Goble SD, deJesus RK, Hreniuk DL, Chung CC, Tota MR, Mazur P, Feighner SD, Howard AD, Mills SG, Yang L. Discovery and optimization of novel 4-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-N-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide ghrelin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6237-40. [PMID: 19767208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes optimization of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists starting from a screening hit.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hunt JA, Beresis RT, Goulet JL, Holmes MA, Hong XJ, Kovacs E, Mills SG, Ruzek RD, Wong F, Hermes JD, Park YW, Salowe SP, Sonatore LM, Wu L, Woods A, Zaller DM, Sinclair PJ. Disubstituted pyrimidines as Lck inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5440-3. [PMID: 19674899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a family of 4-benzimidazolyl-N-piperazinethyl-pyrimidin-2-amines that are subnanomolar inhibitors of Lck. A subset of these Lck inhibitors, with heterocyclic substituents at the benzimidazole C5, are also low-nanomolar inhibitors of cellular IL2 release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne A Hunt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kothandaraman S, Guiadeen D, Butora G, Doss G, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Yang L. Concise preparation of 8-trifluoromethyltetrahydro-6H-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrazine-6-one. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Jiang J, Bunda JL, Doss GA, Chicchi GG, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Tong X, Zheng S, Upthagrove A, Samuel K, Tschirret-Guth R, Kumar S, Wheeldon A, Carlson EJ, Hargreaves R, Burns D, Hamill T, Ryan C, Krause SM, Eng W, DeVita RJ, Mills SG. Potent, brain-penetrant, hydroisoindoline-based human neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3039-46. [PMID: 19354254 DOI: 10.1021/jm8016514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-[(3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-5-{(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}-4-(4-fluorophenyl)octahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]cyclopent-2-en-1-one (17) is a high affinity, brain-penetrant, hydroisoindoline-based neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist with a long central duration of action in preclinical species and a minimal drug-drug interaction profile. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rhesus showed that this compound provides 90% NK(1) receptor blockade in rhesus brain at a plasma level of 67 nM, which is about 10-fold more potent than aprepitant, an NK(1) antagonist marketed for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting (CINV and PONV). The synthesis of this enantiomerically pure compound containing five stereocenters includes a Diels-Alder condensation, one chiral separation of the cyclohexanol intermediate, an ether formation using a trichloroacetimidate intermediate, and bis-alkylation to form the cyclic amine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin S, Lombardo M, Malkani S, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Chapman K, Thompson JE, Zhang WX, Wang R, Cubbon RM, O'Neill EA, Luell S, Carballo-Jane E, Yang L. Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas as potent inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3238-42. [PMID: 19423344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1-(2-aminopyrazin-3-yl)methyl-2-thioureas are described as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). These compounds demonstrate potent in vitro activity against the enzyme with IC(50) values as low as 15 nM, and suppress expression of TNFalpha in THP-1 cells and in vivo in an acute inflammation model in mice. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological evaluation of these compounds are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kothandaraman S, Donnely KL, Butora G, Jiao R, Pasternak A, Morriello GJ, Goble SD, Zhou C, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, DeMartino JA, Struthers M, Cascieri MA, Yang L. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship of novel CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1830-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
15
|
Guiadeen D, Kothandaraman S, Yang L, Mills SG, MacCoss M. An expeditious synthesis of 3-(difluoromethoxy)- and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Tan CP, Feng Y, Zhou YP, Eiermann GJ, Petrov A, Zhou C, Lin S, Salituro G, Meinke P, Mosley R, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Kumar S, Berger JP, Mills SG, Thornberry NA, Yang L, Howard AD. Selective small-molecule agonists of G protein-coupled receptor 40 promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose in mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:2211-9. [PMID: 18477808 PMCID: PMC2494688 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute activation of G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) by free fatty acids (FFAs) or synthetic GPR40 agonists enhances insulin secretion. However, it is still a matter of debate whether activation of GPR40 would be beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, since chronic exposure to FFAs impairs islet function. We sought to evaluate the specific role of GPR40 in islets and its potential as a therapeutic target using compounds that specifically activate GPR40. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed a series of GPR40-selective small-molecule agonists and studied their acute and chronic effects on glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GDIS) in isolated islets, as well as effects on blood glucose levels during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests in wild-type and GPR40 knockout mice (GPR40(-/-)). RESULTS Small-molecule GPR40 agonists significantly enhanced GDIS in isolated islets and improved glucose tolerance in wild-type mice but not in GPR40(-/-) mice. While a 72-h exposure to FFAs in tissue culture significantly impaired GDIS in islets from both wild-type and GPR40(-/-) mice, similar exposure to the GPR40 agonist did not impair GDIS in islets from wild-type mice. Furthermore, the GPR40 agonist enhanced insulin secretion in perfused pancreata from neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and improved glucose levels in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity acutely and chronically. CONCLUSIONS GPR40 does not mediate the chronic toxic effects of FFAs on islet function. Pharmacological activation of GPR40 may potentiate GDIS in humans and be beneficial for overall glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina P Tan
- Department of Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morriello GJ, DeVita RJ, Mills SG, Young JR, Lin P, Doss G, Chicchi GG, DeMartino J, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Carlson E, Townson K, Wheeldon A, Boyce S, Collinson N, Rupniak N, Moore S. Fused bicyclic pyrrolizinones as new scaffolds for human NK1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:2156-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Pasternak A, Goble SD, Vicario PP, Di Salvo J, Ayala JM, Struthers M, DeMartino JA, Mills SG, Yang L. Potent heteroarylpiperidine and carboxyphenylpiperidine 1-alkyl-cyclopentane carboxamide CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:994-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Shearman LP, Stribling DS, Camacho RE, Rosko KM, Wang J, Tong S, Feng Y, Marsh DJ, Yu H, Guan X, Spann SK, Macneil DJ, Fong TM, Metzger JM, Goulet MT, Hagmann WK, Plummer CW, Finke PE, Mills SG, Shah SK, Truong Q, Van der Ploeg LHT, Macintyre DE, Strack AM. Characterization of a novel and selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist, Imidazole 24b, in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 579:215-24. [PMID: 18021763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We document in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel, selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonist, Imidazole 24b (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxamide). The in vitro binding affinity of Imidazole 24b for recombinant human and rat CB(1) receptor is 4 and 10 nM, respectively. Imidazole 24b binds to human cannabinoid CB(2) receptor with an affinity of 297 nM; in vitro, it is a receptor inverse agonist at both cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors as it causes a further increase of forskolin-induced cAMP increase. Oral administration of Imidazole 24b blocked CP-55940-induced hypothermia, demonstrating cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist efficacy in vivo. Using ex vivo autoradiography, Imidazole 24b resulted in dose-dependent increases in brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptor occupancy (RO) at 2h post-dosing in rats, indicating that approximately 50% receptor occupancy is sufficient for attenuation of receptor agonist-induced hypothermia. Imidazole 24b administered to C57Bl/6 mice and to dietary-induced obese (DIO) Sprague-Dawley rats attenuated overnight food intake with a minimal effective dose of 10 mg/kg, p.o. Administration had no effect in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-deficient mice. DIO rats were dosed orally with vehicle, Imidazole 24b (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg), or dexfenfluramine (3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. At 3 mg/kg, Imidazole 24b reduced cumulative food intake, leading to a non-significant decrease in weight gain. Imidazole 24b at 10 mg/kg and dexfenfluramine treatment inhibited food intake and attenuated weight gain. These findings suggest that selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonists such as Imidazole 24b have potential for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Autoradiography
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Dexfenfluramine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Eating/drug effects
- Humans
- Imidazoles/administration & dosage
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Shearman
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin P, Chang L, Devita RJ, Young JR, Eid R, Tong X, Zheng S, Ball RG, Tsou NN, Chicchi GG, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Wheeldon A, Carlson EJ, Eng W, Burns HD, Hargreaves RJ, Mills SG. The discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable hNK1 antagonists derived from pyrrolidine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5191-8. [PMID: 17637506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies on amides, ureas, and vinylogous amides derived from pyrrolidine led to the discovery of several potent hNK(1) antagonists. One particular vinylogous amide (45b) had excellent potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetic profile, and functional activity in vivo. An in vivo rhesus macaque brain receptor occupancy PET study for compound 45b revealed an estimated Occ(90) approximately 300 ng/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Young JR, Eid R, Turner C, DeVita RJ, Kurtz MM, Tsao KLC, Chicchi GG, Wheeldon A, Carlson E, Mills SG. Pyrrolidine-carboxamides and oxadiazoles as potent hNK1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5310-5. [PMID: 17723300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and structure-activity-relationships of novel pyrrolidine-carboxamides and oxadiazoles are described. Compounds in this series were found to be potent hNK(1) antagonists in vitro and efficacious in vivo with minimal interactions with P(450) liver enzymes. Oxadiazole analog 22 was determined to have excellent hNK(1) binding affinity, functional activity, and a good PD response in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schröder C, Pierson RN, Nguyen BNH, Kawka DW, Peterson LB, Wu G, Zhang T, Springer MS, Siciliano SJ, Iliff S, Ayala JM, Lu M, Mudgett JS, Lyons K, Mills SG, Miller GG, Singer II, Azimzadeh AM, DeMartino JA. CCR5 Blockade Modulates Inflammation and Alloimmunity in Primates. J Immunol 2007; 179:2289-99. [PMID: 17675490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic antagonism of CCR5, a chemokine receptor expressed on macrophages and activated T cells, is an effective antiviral therapy in patients with macrophage-tropic HIV infection, but its efficacy in modulating inflammation and immunity is only just beginning to be investigated. In this regard, the recruitment of CCR5-bearing cells into clinical allografts is a hallmark of acute rejection and may anticipate chronic rejection, whereas conventionally immunosuppressed renal transplant patients homozygous for a nonfunctional Delta32 CCR5 receptor rarely exhibit late graft loss. Therefore, we explored the effects of a potent, highly selective CCR5 antagonist, Merck's compound 167 (CMPD 167), in an established cynomolgus monkey cardiac allograft model. Although perioperative stress responses (fever, diminished activity) and the recruitment of CCR5-bearing leukocytes into the graft were markedly attenuated, anti-CCR5 monotherapy only marginally prolonged allograft survival. In contrast, relative to cyclosporine A monotherapy, CMPD 167 with cyclosporine A delayed alloantibody production, suppressed cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and tended to further prolong graft survival. CCR5 therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target for attenuating postsurgical stress responses and favorably modulating pathogenic alloimmunity in primates, including man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland and Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang L, Butora G, Jiao RX, Pasternak A, Zhou C, Parsons WH, Mills SG, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, Cascieri MA, MacCoss M. Discovery of 3-Piperidinyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxamide as a Novel Scaffold for Highly Potent CC Chemokine Receptor 2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2609-11. [PMID: 17461566 DOI: 10.1021/jm070166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of ring restrictions to a linear aminobutyramide CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist lead (2) led to the discovery of a 1,3-disubstituted cyclopentane scaffold with enhanced hCCR2 receptor binding and antagonist activity. (1S,3R)-N-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-1-methyl-3-[(1R,3'R)-methyl-1'H-spiro[indene-1,4'-piperidin]-1'-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide (16) had IC50 of 1.3 nM (binding) and 0.45 nM (functional chemotaxis) against hCCR2. It also showed activity against the mouse CCR2 receptor with an IC50 of 130 nM. Compound 16 is selective against other chemokine receptors, including CCR5 ( approximately 500-fold).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou C, Guo L, Parsons WH, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Zweerink H, Cascieri MA, Springer MS, Yang L. α-Aminothiazole-γ-aminobutanoic amides as potent, small molecule CCR2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:309-14. [PMID: 17092717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic and homochiral alpha-aminothiazole-gamma-aminobutyroamides that display high affinities for human and murine CCR2 and functional antagonism by inhibition of monocyte recruitment are described. A representative example is (2S)-2-[2-(acetylamino)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-N-[3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butanamide, which shows 5 nM affinity for human monocytes and CHO cells expressing the human CCR2b receptor. It also inhibited MCP-1 initiated chemotaxis of human monocytes with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deng Q, Clemas JA, Chrebet G, Fischer P, Hale JJ, Li Z, Mills SG, Bergstrom J, Mandala S, Mosley R, Parent SA. Identification of Leu276 of the S1P1 receptor and Phe263 of the S1P3 receptor in interaction with receptor specific agonists by molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and affinity studies. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:724-35. [PMID: 17170199 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists are novel immunosuppressive agents. The selectivity of S1P1 against S1P3 is strongly correlated with lymphocyte sequestration and minimum acute toxicity and bradycardia. This study describes molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and affinity studies exploring the molecular basis for selectivity between S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. Computational models of human S1P1 and S1P3 receptors bound with two nonselective agonists or two S1P1-selective agonists were developed based on the X-ray crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin. The models predict that S1P1 Leu276 and S1P3 Phe263 contribute to the S1P1/S1P3 selectivity of the two S1P1-selective agonists. These residues were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. The wild-type and mutant S1P receptors were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and examined for their abilities to bind to and be activated by agonists in vitro. The results indicate that the mutations have minimal effects on the activities of the two nonselective agonists, although they have dramatic effects on the S1P1-selective agonists. These studies provide a fundamental understanding of how these two receptor-selective agonists bind to the S1P1 and S1P3 receptors, which should aid development of more selective S1P1 receptor agonists with immunosuppressive properties and improved safety profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY80Y-225, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan L, Huo P, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Mandala SM. SAR studies of 3-arylpropionic acids as potent and selective agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:828-31. [PMID: 17092714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 3-arylpropionic acids-a class of novel S1P(1) selective agonists-by introducing substitution to the propionic acid chain and replacing the adjacent phenyl ring with pyridine led to a series of modified 3-arylpropionic acids with enhanced half-life in rat. These analogs (e.g., cyclopropanecarboxylic acids) exhibited longer half-life in rat than did unmodified 3-arylpropionic acids. This result suggests that metabolic oxidation at the propionic acid chain, particularly at the C3 benzylic position of 3-arylpropionic acids, is probably responsible for their short half-life in rodent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Finke PE, Meurer LC, Levorse DA, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Sadowski S, Cascieri MA, Tsao KL, Chicchi GG, Metzger JM, Macintyre DE. Cyclopentane-based human NK1 antagonists. Part 1: Discovery and initial SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4497-503. [PMID: 16824752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An initial investigation of the novel cyclopentane scaffold 6 afforded low nanomolar human NK1 antagonists having enhanced water solubility properties compared to morpholine 1. A synthesis of this cyclopentane scaffold, having three contiguous chiral centers, and the unexpected determination that the 1,2-trans-2,3-trans-ring stereochemistry, as opposed to the cis-ether/phenyl configuration of the known structures 1-5, is optimal for this class of antagonist are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Finke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pasternak A, Marino D, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, Cascierri MA, Parsons W, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Yang L. Novel, Orally Bioavailable γ-Aminoamide CC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4801-4. [PMID: 16884289 DOI: 10.1021/jm060439n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Through modification of a screening hit we have discovered a structurally distinct new lead, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butanamide (11), which has subsequently served as the departure point for an ongoing program targeting CCR2 antagonists. Optimization of 11 leading to antagonists 26 and 37 is described. Antagonist 26 was shown to have good oral bioavailability in rats. Antagonist 37 had a CCR2 IC50 of 59 nM and excellent potency in a functional assay measuring inhibition of MCP-1 induced monocyte chemotaxis (IC50 of 41 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pasternak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Immunology/Rheumatology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meurer LC, Finke PE, Owens KA, Tsou NN, Ball RG, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Sadowski S, Cascieri MA, Tsao KL, Chicchi GG, Egger LA, Luell S, Metzger JM, Macintyre DE, Rupniak NMJ, Williams AR, Hargreaves RJ. Cyclopentane-based human NK1 antagonists. Part 2: development of potent, orally active, water-soluble derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4504-11. [PMID: 16831551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optimization of a cyclopentane-based hNK1 antagonist scaffold 3, having four chiral centers, will be discussed in the context of its enhanced water solubility properties relative to the marketed anti-emetic hNK1 antagonist EMEND (Aprepitant). Sub-nanomolar hNK1 binding was achieved and oral activity comparable to Aprepitant in two in vivo models will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Meurer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang L, Zhou C, Guo L, Morriello G, Butora G, Pasternak A, Parsons WH, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Zweerink H, Ayala JM, Goyal S, Hanlon WA, Cascieri MA, Springer MS. Discovery of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl l-arylglycinamide based potent CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3735-9. [PMID: 16698264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic modification of a screening lead yielded a class of potent glycinamide based CCR2 antagonists. The best compound (55, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-{[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(3-thienyl)acetamide) displayed good binding affinity (IC50=30 and 39 nM) toward human monocytes and CHO cell expressing human CCR2b, respectively. Functionally, it blocked MCP-1 (CCL2)-induced calcium mobilization (IC50=50 nM) and chemotaxis mediated through the CCR2 receptor (9.6 nM). It is selective against other chemokine receptors tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vachal P, Toth LM, Hale JJ, Yan L, Mills SG, Chrebet GL, Koehane CA, Hajdu R, Milligan JA, Rosenbach MJ, Mandala S. Highly selective and potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 (S1P1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3684-7. [PMID: 16682185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel series of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists were developed through a systematic SAR aimed to achieve high selectivity for a single member of the S1P family of receptors, S1P1. The optimized structure represents a highly S1P1-selective and efficacious agonist: S1P1/S1P2, S1P1/S1P3, S1P1/S1P4>10,000-fold, S1P1/S1P5>600-fold, while EC50 (S1P1) <0.2 nM. In vivo experiments are consistent with S1P1 receptor agonism alone being sufficient for achieving desired lymphocyte-lowering effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vachal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yan L, Budhu R, Huo P, Lynch CL, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Mandala SM. 2-Aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids are potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3564-8. [PMID: 16621543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated as agonists of S1P receptors. These analogs were able to induce lowering of lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of mice and were found to have good overall pharmacokinetic properties in rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Colandrea VJ, Legiec IE, Huo P, Yan L, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Bergstrom J, Card D, Chebret G, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Milligan JA, Rosenbach MJ, Shei GJ, Mandala SM. 2,5-Disubstituted pyrrolidine carboxylates as potent, orally active sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2905-8. [PMID: 16580205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,5-cis-disubstituted pyrrolidines were synthesized and evaluated as S1P receptor agonists. Compounds 15-21 were identified with good selectivity over S1P3 which lowered circulating lymphocytes after oral administration in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Colandrea
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan L, Huo P, Doherty G, Toth L, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Quackenbush E, Wickham A, Mandala SM. Discovery of 3-arylpropionic acids as potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) with high selectivity against all other known S1P receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3679-83. [PMID: 16697189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-arylpropionic acids were synthesized as S1P1 receptor agonists. Structure-activity relationship studies on the pendant phenyl ring revealed several structural features offering selectivity of S1P1 binding against S1P2-5. These highly selective S1P1 agonists induced peripheral blood lymphocyte lowering in mice and one of them was found to be efficacious in a rat skin transplantation model, supporting that S1P1 agonism is primarily responsible for the immunosuppressive efficacy observed in preclinical animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vachal P, Hale JJ, Lu Z, Streckfuss EC, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Yin DH, Algayer K, Manser K, Kesisoglou F, Ghosh S, Alani LL. Synthesis and Study of Alendronate Derivatives as Potential Prodrugs of Alendronate Sodium for the Treatment of Low Bone Density and Osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3060-3. [PMID: 16722624 DOI: 10.1021/jm060398v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alendronate derivatives were evaluated as potential prodrugs for the osteoporosis drug alendronate sodium in an attempt to enhance the systemic exposure after oral administration. An investigation of the chemical behavior of alendronate derivatives led to development of practical synthetic strategies and prediction of each structural class's prodrug potential. Pharmacokinetic studies of N-myristoylalendronic acid revealed that 25% have been converted in vivo after i.v. administration in rat, providing an important proof-of-concept for this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vachal
- Department of Basic Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Z, Chen W, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Parent SA, Bergstrom J, Card D, Forrest M, Quackenbush EJ, Wickham LA, Vargas H, Evans RM, Rosen H, Mandala S. Discovery of Potent 3,5-Diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) Receptor Agonists with Exceptional Selectivity against S1P2 and S1P3. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6169-73. [PMID: 16190743 DOI: 10.1021/jm0503244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A class of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole based compounds have been identified as potent sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) receptor agonists with minimal affinity for the S1P2 and S1P3 receptor subtypes. Analogue 26 (S1P1 IC50 = 0.6 nM) has an excellent pharmacokinetics profile in the rat and dog and is efficacious in a rat skin transplant model, indicating that S1P3 receptor agonism is not a component of immunosuppressive efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shah SK, Chen N, Guthikonda RN, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, Demartino JA, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller M, Emini EA, MacCoss M. Synthesis and evaluation of CCR5 antagonists containing modified 4-piperidinyl-2-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonylamino)-butane. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:977-82. [PMID: 15686896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of analogs containing more rigid bicyclic piperidine replacements for the 4-benzyloxycarbonyl-(ethyl)amino-piperidine moiety of the CCR5 antagonist structure, 1, is described. Although similar binding affinity to the lead was achieved with some analogs they were overall less potent anti-HIV agents suggesting that other features besides CCR5 binding are required for good anti-viral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrenik K Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim D, Wang L, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Budhu RJ, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Hrin RC, Carver G, Carella A, Henry K, Lineberger J, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Potent 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists: effects of fused heterocycles on antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
39
|
Yan L, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Budhu R, Gentry A, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Rosen H, Mandala SM. Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids as potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4861-6. [PMID: 15341940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids were systematically synthesized and their activities as S1P receptor agonists were evaluated. Several pyrrolidine and cyclohexane analogs had S1P receptor profiles comparable to the acyclic lead compound, 3-(N-tetradecylamino)propylphosphonic acid (3), lowered circulating lymphocytes in mice after iv administration and were thus identified as being suitable for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Plummer CW, Finke PE, Mills SG, Wang J, Tong X, Doss GA, Fong TM, Lao JZ, Schaeffer MT, Chen J, Shen CP, Stribling DS, Shearman LP, Strack AM, Van der Ploeg LHT. Synthesis and activity of 4,5-diarylimidazoles as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1441-6. [PMID: 15713403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward the optimization of 4,5-diarylimidazole-2-carboxamide analogs as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists resulted in the discovery of the two amide derivatives 24a and b (hCB1 IC50 = 6.1 and 4.0 nM) which also demonstrated efficacy in overnight feeding studies in the rat for reduction in both food intake and overall body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Plummer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Neway W, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Parent SA, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Ferrer M, Hodder P, Strulovici B, Rosen H, Mandala S. A rational utilization of high-throughput screening affords selective, orally bioavailable 1-benzyl-3-carboxyazetidine sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6662-5. [PMID: 15615513 DOI: 10.1021/jm0492507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Moderately potent, selective S1P(1) receptor agonists identified from high-throughput screening have been adapted into lipophilic tails for a class of orally bioavailable amino acid-based S1P(1) agonists represented by 7. Many of the new compounds are potent S1P(1) agonists that select against the S1P(2), S1P(3), and S1P(4) (although not S1P(5)) receptor subtypes. Analogues 18 and 24 are highly orally bioavailable and possess excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in the rat, dog, and rhesus monkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hale JJ, Doherty G, Toth L, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Forrest M, Sun SY, West S, Xie H, Nomura N, Rosen H, Mandala S. Selecting against S1P3 enhances the acute cardiovascular tolerability of 3-(N-benzyl)aminopropylphosphonic acid S1P receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3501-5. [PMID: 15177461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Structurally modified 3-(N-benzylamino)propylphosphonic acid S1P receptor agonists that maintain affinity for S1P1, and have decreased affinity for S1P3 are efficacious, but exhibit decreased acute cardiovascular toxicity in rodents than do nonselective agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Meurer LC, Finke PE, Mills SG, Walsh TF, Toupence RB, Debenham JS, Goulet MT, Wang J, Tong X, Fong TM, Lao J, Schaeffer MT, Chen J, Shen CP, Sloan Stribling D, Shearman LP, Strack AM, Van der Ploeg LHT. Synthesis and SAR of 5,6-diarylpyridines as human CB1 inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:645-51. [PMID: 15664830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies for two series of 2-benzyloxy-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyridines having either a 3-cyano or 3-carboxamide moiety resulted in the preparation of the 2-(3,4-difluorobenzyloxy)-3-nitrile analog 10d and the 2-(3,4-difluorobenzyloxy)-3-(N-propylcarboxamide) analog 16c, (hCB1 IC(50)=1.3 and 1.7 nM, respectively) as potent and selective hCB1 inverse agonists. Their synthesis and biological activities are described herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Meurer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hale JJ, Neway W, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Ann Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Koo GC, Koprak SL, Jackson JJ, Rosen H, Mandala S. Potent S1P receptor agonists replicate the pharmacologic actions of the novel immune modulator FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3351-5. [PMID: 15149705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in lymphocyte trafficking and prevention of graft rejection in rodents observed on exposure to FTY720 (1) or its corresponding phosphate ester 2 can be induced by the systemic administration of potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists exemplified by 19. The similar S1P receptor profiles of 2 and 19 coupled with their comparable potency in vivo supports a connection between S1P receptor agonism and immunosuppressive efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Historically, therapeutic benefit in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV-1) infection has been best achieved by targeting viral proteins like HIV protease involved in viral replication rather than host cell proteins, like CD4, which facilitate the process of viral infection. Two discoveries in 1996 presented a novel opportunity to redress this issue: 1) the understanding that heptahelical G-protein coupled chemokine receptors on the surface of T cells and macrophages functioned together with CD4 to mediate viral entry, and 2) the observation that CD4 positive T cells from individuals homozygous for the CCR5 delta 32 null allele were resistant to infection by macrophage-tropic strains of the virus in vitro and in vivo. Since that time, data demonstrating that selective blockade of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, by small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists or receptor-directed biologics could robustly inhibit the infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by macrophage-tropic and T-cell line tropic strains respectively in vitro has validated this potential approach to therapy. Early clinical trial data now also confirms that these types of agents will have anti-viral activity in some HIV-1 infected individuals; however to date, dose limiting off-target activities have prohibited a full test of their potential clinical value. It also remains to be seen how these types of agents will fare in synergy with existing HIV-1 targeted antivirals, or those currently in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander G Mills
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hale JJ, Doherty G, Toth L, Li Z, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Ann Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Rosen H, Mandala S. The discovery of 3-(N-alkyl)aminopropylphosphonic acids as potent S1P receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3495-9. [PMID: 15177460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3-(N-Alkyl)aminopropylphosphonic acids are potent agonists of four of the five known sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Guthikonda RN, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Carella A, Carver G, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and SAR studies of 4-(heteroarylpiperdin-1-yl-methyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl-acetic acid antagonists of the human CCR5 chemokine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3419-24. [PMID: 15177445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts toward the exploration of the title compounds as CCR5 antagonists are disclosed. The basis for such work stems from the fact that cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both CCR5 and CD4 receptors. The synthesis and SAR of pyrrolidineacetic acid derivatives as CCR5 antagonists displaying potent binding and antiviral properties in a HeLa cell-based HIV-1 infectivity assay are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shankaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Caldwell CG, Chen P, Finke PE, Oates B, MacCoss M, Mills SG, DeMartino JA, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Kwei G, Carella A, Carver G, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and biological evaluation of 5-(piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenyl-pentylsulfones as CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3589-93. [PMID: 15177481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both the CCR5 and CD4 receptors. Our medicinal chemistry efforts in this area have resulted in the identification of N-alkyl piperidine sulfones as CCR5 antagonists. These compounds display potent binding and show antiviral properties in HIV-1 spread cell-based assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shankaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shen DM, Shu M, Willoughby CA, Shah S, Lynch CL, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Chapman KT, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Lyons K, Pivnichny JV, Kwei GY, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA. Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 2: Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:941-5. [PMID: 15012998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the alkyl acetic acid portion and the phenyl on pyrrolidine in our lead pyrazole compound 1 afforded the isopropyl compound 9. This compound is a potent CCR5 antagonist showing good in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1, an excellent selectivity profile, and good oral bioavailability in three animal species. During this investigation, a new method for the preparation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid from a pyrrolidine and alpha-bromo-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid using silver triflate was discovered. This allowed us to prepare compounds such as 24 and 25 for the first time. A novel Pd-mediated N-dealkylation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid was also uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shen DM, Shu M, Mills SG, Chapman KT, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Kwei GY, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA. Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 1: Discovery and SAR study of 4-pyrazolylpiperidine side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:935-9. [PMID: 15012997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the flexible connecting chains between the piperidine moiety and an aromatic group in previous CCR5 antagonists with heterocycles, such as pyrazole and isoxazole, provided potent CCR5 antagonists with excellent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. SAR studies revealed optimal placement of an unsubstituted nitrogen atom in the heterocycle to be meta to the bond connected to the 4-position of piperidine. Truncation of a benzyl group to a phenyl group afforded compounds with dramatically improved oral bioavailability, albeit with reduced activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|