1
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Rubinić I, Kurtov M, Likić R. Novel Pharmaceuticals in Appetite Regulation: Exploring emerging gut peptides and their pharmacological prospects. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1243. [PMID: 39016695 PMCID: PMC11253306 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, necessitates innovative approaches for effective management. Targeting gut peptides in the development of anti-obesity pharmaceuticals has already demonstrated significant efficacy. Ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and amylin are crucial in appetite regulation offering promising targets for pharmacological interventions in obesity treatment using both peptide-based and small molecule-based pharmaceuticals. Ghrelin, a sole orexigenic gut peptide, has a potential for anti-obesity therapies through various approaches, including endogenous ghrelin neutralization, ghrelin receptor antagonists, ghrelin O-acyltransferase, and functional inhibitors. Anorexigenic gut peptides, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and amylin, have exhibited appetite-reducing effects in animal models and humans. Overcoming substantial obstacles is imperative for translating these findings into clinically effective pharmaceuticals. Peptide YY and cholecystokinin analogues, characterized by prolonged half-life and resistance to proteolytic enzymes, present viable options. Positive allosteric modulators emerge as a novel approach for modulating the cholecystokinin pathway. Amylin is currently the most promising, with both amylin analogues and dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) progressing to advanced stages of clinical trials. Despite persistent challenges, innovative pharmaceutical strategies provide a glimpse into the future of anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rubinić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of RijekaRijekaCroatia
- Clinical Pharmacology unitClinical Hospital Center RijekaRijekaCroatia
| | - Marija Kurtov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital “Sveti Duh”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Robert Likić
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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2
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Dengler DG, Harikumar KG, Yen A, Sergienko EA, Miller LJ. Mechanism of Action and Structure-Activity Relationships of Tetracyclic Small Molecules Acting as Universal Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Cholecystokinin Receptor. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:150. [PMID: 36837653 PMCID: PMC9964746 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing effort to develop a drug targeting the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) to help prevent and/or treat obesity, we recently performed a high throughput screening effort of small molecules seeking candidates that enhanced the action of the natural agonist, CCK, thus acting as positive allosteric modulators without exhibiting intrinsic agonist action. Such probes would be expected to act in a temporally finite way to enhance CCK action to induce satiety during and after a meal and potentially even modulate activity at the CCK1R in a high cholesterol environment present in some obese patients. The current work focuses on the best scaffold, representing tetracyclic molecules identified through high throughput screening we previously reported. Extensive characterization of the two top "hits" from the previous effort demonstrated them to fulfill the desired pharmacologic profile. We undertook analog-by-catalog expansion of this scaffold using 65 commercially available analogs. In this effort, we were able to eliminate an off-target effect observed for this scaffold while retaining its activity as a positive allosteric modulator of CCK1R in both normal and high cholesterol membrane environments. These insights should be useful in the rational medicinal chemical enhancement of this scaffold and in the future development of candidates to advance to pre-clinical proof-of-concept and to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G. Dengler
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Alice Yen
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduard A. Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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3
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Dengler DG, Sun Q, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ, Sergienko EA. Screening for positive allosteric modulators of cholecystokinin type 1 receptor potentially useful for management of obesity. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:384-394. [PMID: 35850480 PMCID: PMC9580343 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a prevailing health burden globally and particularly in the US. It is associated with many health problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and poorer mental health. Hence, there is a high demand to find safe and effective therapeutics for sustainable weight loss. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as one of the first gastrointestinal hormones to reduce overeating and suppress appetite by activating the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R). Several drug development campaigns have focused on finding CCK1R-specific agonists, which showed promising efficacy for reducing meal size and weight, but fell short on FDA approval, likely due to side effects associated with potent, long-lasting activation of CCK1Rs. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) without inherent agonist activity have been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of traditional, orthosteric agonists and restore CCK1R signaling in failing physiologic systems. However, drug discovery campaigns searching for such novel acting CCK1R agents remain limited. Here we report a high-throughput screening effort and the establishment of a testing funnel, which led to the identification of novel CCK1R modulators. We utilized IP-One accumulation to develop robust functional equilibrium assays tailored to either detect PAMs, agonists or non-specific activators. In addition, we established the CCK1R multiplex PAM assay as a novel method to evaluate functional selectivity capable of recording CCK1R-induced cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin recruitment in the same well. This selection and arrangement of methods enabled the discovery of three scaffolds, which we characterized and validated in an array of functional and binding assays. We found two hits incorporating a tetracyclic scaffold that significantly enhanced CCK signaling at CCK1Rs without intrinsically activating CCK1Rs in an overexpressing system. Our results demonstrate that a well-thought-out testing funnel can identify small molecules with a distinct pharmacological profile and provides an important milestone for the development of novel potential treatments of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Dengler
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Qing Sun
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
| | - Eduard A Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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4
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Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Miller LJ, Harikumar KG, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Roles of Cholecystokinin in the Nutritional Continuum. Physiology and Potential Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:684656. [PMID: 34149622 PMCID: PMC8206557 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone with important roles in metabolic physiology and the maintenance of normal nutritional status, as well as potential roles in the prevention and management of obesity, currently one of the dominant causes of direct or indirect morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the roles of this hormone and its receptors in maintaining nutritional homeostasis, with a particular focus on appetite control. Targeting this action led to the development of full agonists of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor that have so far failed in clinical trials for obesity. The possible reasons for clinical failure are discussed, along with alternative pharmacologic strategies to target this receptor for prevention and management of obesity, including development of biased agonists and allosteric modulators. Cellular cholesterol is a natural modulator of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor, with elevated levels disrupting normal stimulus-activity coupling. The molecular basis for this is discussed, along with strategies to overcome this challenge with a corrective positive allosteric modulator. There remains substantial scope for development of drugs to target the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor with these new pharmacologic strategies and such drugs may provide new approaches for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Laurence J. Miller,
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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6
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An interim internal Threshold of Toxicologic Concern (iTTC) for chemicals in consumer products, with support from an automated assessment of ToxCast™ dose response data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Rani N, Kumar P, Singh R. Molecular Modeling Studies of Halogenated Imidazoles against 14α- Demethylase from Candida Albicans for Treating Fungal Infections. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2018; 20:208-222. [PMID: 30499421 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666181130101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imidazole is one of the most explored and marketed azole utilized for the treatment of fungal infections. Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Cytochrome P450DM) is the active target site for azole antifungals. AIM AND OBJECTIVE This study emphasized on evaluation of a series of halogenated imidazole analogues using molecular docking studies for anti-Candidal activity. Furthermore, the model was refined by molecular dynamic simulation. METHODS Halogenated imidazole analogues (PS1-PS30) were obtained from literature for the study. The imidazole analogues were prepared using Chem sketch and molecular docking was performed using Molergo Virtual Docker program and ADMET study was carried out by using Accelry's Accord for Excel programme. RESULTS The docking study indicated that all the imidazole analogues (PS1-PS30) and standard drugs i.e., Ketoconazole, Miconazole and Clotrimazole possessed interaction with protein residue, heme cofactor and water molecule positioned above Heme cofactor of 14α-demethylase. Further, the ADMET study indicated that most of the halogenated imidazoles possessed good absorption, human intestinal absorption, aqueous solubility and blood brain penetration. CONCLUSION Halogenated imidazole analogues may be used as potential lead molecules as 14α- demethylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rani
- Maharishi Markandeshwar School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Sadopur, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Hill Top Industrial Area, Vill. Bhatolikalan, Distt. Solan, Himachal Pardesh, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana-133203, Haryana, India
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Halperin Kuhns VL, Pluznick JL. Novel differences in renal gene expression in a diet-induced obesity model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F517-F530. [PMID: 29141937 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00345.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. To better understand disease development, we sought to identify novel genes differentially expressed early in disease progression. We first confirmed that mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet exhibit early signs of renal injury including hyperfiltration. We then performed RNA-Seq using renal cortex RNA from C57BL6/J male mice fed either HF or control (Ctrl) diet. We identified 1,134 genes differentially expressed in the cortex on HF vs. Ctrl, of which 31 genes were selected for follow-up analysis. This included the 9 most upregulated, the 11 most downregulated, and 11 genes of interest (primarily sensory receptors and G proteins). Quantitative (q)RT-PCR for these 31 genes was performed on additional male renal cortex and medulla samples, and 11 genes (including all 9 upregulated genes) were selected for further study based on qRT-PCR. We then examined expression of these 11 genes in Ctrl and HF male heart and liver samples, which demonstrated that these changes are relatively specific to the renal cortex. These 11 genes were also examined in female renal cortex, where we found that the expression changes seen in males on a HF diet are not replicated in females, even when the females are started on the diet sooner to match weight gain of the males. In sum, these data demonstrate that in a HF-diet model of early disease, novel transcriptional changes occur that are both sex specific and specific to the renal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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9
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Desai AJ, Dong M, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. Cholecystokinin-induced satiety, a key gut servomechanism that is affected by the membrane microenvironment of this receptor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2016; 6:S22-S27. [PMID: 28685026 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a central role in nutritional homeostasis, as location for food ingestion, digestion and absorption, with the gut endocrine system responding to and regulating these events, as well as influencing appetite. One key GI hormone with the full spectrum of these activities is cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide released from neuroendocrine I cells scattered through the proximal intestine in response to fat and protein, with effects to stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion, to regulate gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and to induce satiety. There has been interest in targeting the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R) for drug development to provide non-caloric satiation as an aid to dieting and weight loss; however, there have been concerns about CCK1R agonists related to side effects and potential trophic impact on the pancreas. A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of CCK action at this receptor without intrinsic agonist activity could provide a safer and more effective approach to long-term administration. In addition, CCK1R stimulus-activity coupling has been shown to be negatively affected by excess membrane cholesterol, a condition described in the metabolic syndrome, thereby potentially interfering with an important servomechanism regulating appetite. A PAM targeting this receptor could also potentially correct the negative impact of cholesterol on CCK1R function. We will review the molecular basis for binding natural peptide agonist, binding and action of small molecules within the allosteric pocket, and the impact of cholesterol. Novel strategies for taking advantage of this receptor for the prevention and management of obesity will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - M Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - K G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - L J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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10
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Desai AJ, Henke BR, Miller LJ. Elimination of a cholecystokinin receptor agonist 'trigger' in an effort to develop positive allosteric modulators without intrinsic agonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1849-55. [PMID: 25862198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts at the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) to elicit satiety and is a well-established drug target for obesity. To date, small molecule agonists have been developed, but have failed to demonstrate adequate efficacy in clinical trials, and concerns about side effects and potential toxicity have limited further development of full agonists. The use of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) without intrinsic agonist activity that are active only for a brief period of time after a meal might represent a safer alternative. Here, we propose a possible novel strategy to develop such compounds by modifying the agonist 'trigger' of an existing small molecule agonist. We have studied analogues of the 1,5-benzodiazepine agonist, GI181771X, in which the N1-isopropyl agonist 'trigger' was modified. While agonist activity was greatly reduced in these compounds, they acted as negative, rather than positive modulators. The parent drug was also found to exhibit no positive modulation of CCK action. Receptor structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that the mode of docking these derivatives was distinct from that of the parent compound, perhaps explaining their action as negative allosteric modulators. We conclude that this outcome is likely characteristic of the parental agonist, and that this strategy may be more successfully utilized with a parental ago-PAM, possessing intrinsic positive modulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States
| | - Brad R Henke
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States.
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11
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Desai AJ, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. A type 1 cholecystokinin receptor mutant that mimics the dysfunction observed for wild type receptor in a high cholesterol environment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18314-26. [PMID: 24825903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R) to elicit satiety after a meal. Agonists with this activity, although potentially useful for treatment of obesity, can also have side effects and toxicities of concern, making the development of an intrinsically inactive positive allosteric modulator quite attractive. Positive allosteric modulators also have the potential to correct the defective receptor-G protein coupling observed in the high membrane cholesterol environment described in metabolic syndrome. Current model systems to study CCK1R in such an environment are unstable and expensive to maintain. We now report that the Y140A mutation within a cholesterol-binding motif and the conserved, class A G protein-coupled receptor-specific (E/D)RY signature sequence results in ligand binding and activity characteristics similar to wild type CCK1R in a high cholesterol environment. This is true for natural CCK, as well as ligands with distinct chemistries and activity profiles. Additionally, the Y140A construct also behaved like CCK1R in high cholesterol in regard to its internalization, sensitivity to a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, and anisotropy of a bound fluorescent CCK analog. Chimeric CCK1R/CCK2R constructs that systematically changed the residues in the allosteric ligand-binding pocket were studied in the presence of Y140A. This established increased importance of unique residues within TM3 and reduced the importance of TM2 for binding in the presence of this mutation, with the agonist trigger likely pulled away from its Leu(356) target on TM7. The distinct conformation of this intramembranous pocket within Y140A CCK1R provides an opportunity to normalize this by using a small molecule allosteric ligand, thereby providing safe and effective correction of the coupling defect in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Laurence J Miller
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
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12
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Hershberger PM, Hedrick MP, Peddibhotla S, Mangravita-Novo A, Gosalia P, Li Y, Gray W, Vicchiarelli M, Smith LH, Chung TDY, Thomas JB, Caron MG, Pinkerton AB, Barak LS, Roth GP. Imidazole-derived agonists for the neurotensin 1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:262-7. [PMID: 24332089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A scaffold-hop program seeking full agonists of the neurotensin-1 (NTR1) receptor identified the probe molecule ML301 (1) and associated analogs, including its naphthyl analog (14) which exhibited similar properties. Compound 1 showed full agonist behavior (79-93%) with an EC50 of 2.0-4.1μM against NTR1. Compound 1 also showed good activity in a Ca mobilization FLIPR assay (93% efficacy at 298nM), consistent with it functioning via the Gq coupled pathway, and good selectivity relative to NTR2 and GPR35. In further profiling, 1 showed low potential for promiscuity and good overall pharmacological data. This report describes the discovery, synthesis, and SAR of 1 and associated analogs. Initial in vitro pharmacologic characterization is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Hershberger
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
| | - Michael P Hedrick
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Arianna Mangravita-Novo
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Palak Gosalia
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yujie Li
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wilson Gray
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Vicchiarelli
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Layton H Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Thomas D Y Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James B Thomas
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony B Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Gregory P Roth
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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13
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Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck K, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB. Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:878-95. [PMID: 23611293 PMCID: PMC3685188 DOI: 10.1021/tx400021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding potential health risks is a significant challenge due to the large numbers of diverse chemicals with poorly characterized exposures and mechanisms of toxicities. The present study analyzes 976 chemicals (including failed pharmaceuticals, alternative plasticizers, food additives, and pesticides) in Phases I and II of the U.S. EPA's ToxCast project across 331 cell-free enzymatic and ligand-binding high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Half-maximal activity concentrations (AC50) were identified for 729 chemicals in 256 assays (7,135 chemical-assay pairs). Some of the most commonly affected assays were CYPs (CYP2C9 and CYP2C19), transporters (mitochondrial TSPO, norepinephrine, and dopaminergic), and GPCRs (aminergic). Heavy metals, surfactants, and dithiocarbamate fungicides showed promiscuous but distinctly different patterns of activity, whereas many of the pharmaceutical compounds showed promiscuous activity across GPCRs. Literature analysis confirmed >50% of the activities for the most potent chemical-assay pairs (54) but also revealed 10 missed interactions. Twenty-two chemicals with known estrogenic activity were correctly identified for the majority (77%), missing only the weaker interactions. In many cases, novel findings for previously unreported chemical-target combinations clustered with known chemical-target interactions. Results from this large inventory of chemical-biological interactions can inform read-across methods as well as link potential targets to molecular initiating events in adverse outcome pathways for diverse toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S. Sipes
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Matthew T. Martin
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Parth Kothiya
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - David M. Reif
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Richard S. Judson
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Ann M. Richard
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Keith
A. Houck
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - David J. Dix
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Robert J. Kavlock
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Office
of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
United States
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14
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Grigorova OK, Averin AD, Abel AS, Maloshitskaya OA, Kovalev VV, Savelev EN, Orlinson BS, Novakov IA, Beletskaya IP. Arylation of adamantanamines: IV. Palladium-catalyzed arylation of amines of adamantane series with isomeric chloroquinolines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428012110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Discovery of new piperidine amide triazolobenzodiazepinones as intestinal-selective CCK1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Hubert JA, Lee SJ, Pan J, Qian S, Reitman ML, Strack AM, Weingarth DT, MacNeil DJ, Weber AE, Edmondson SD. Discovery of pyrimidine carboxamides as potent and selective CCK1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2911-5. [PMID: 21493064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of six-membered heterocycle carboxamides were synthesized and evaluated as cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R) agonists. A pyrimidine core proved to be the best heterocycle, and SAR studies resulted in the discovery of analog 5, a potent and structurally diverse CCK1R agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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17
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Elliott RL, Cameron KO, Chin JE, Bartlett JA, Beretta EE, Chen Y, Jardine PDS, Dubins JS, Gillaspy ML, Hargrove DM, Kalgutkar AS, LaFlamme JA, Lame ME, Martin KA, Maurer TS, Nardone NA, Oliver RM, Scott DO, Sun D, Swick AG, Trebino CE, Zhang Y. Discovery of N-benzyl-2-[(4S)-4-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,5]benzodiazepin-6-yl]-N-isopropylacetamide, an orally active, gut-selective CCK1 receptor agonist for the potential treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6797-801. [PMID: 20851601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of triazolobenzodiazepinone CCK1 receptor agonists. Analogs in this series demonstrate potent agonist activity as measured by in vitro and in vivo assays for CCK1 agonism. Our efforts resulted in the identification of compound 4a which significantly reduced food intake with minimal systemic exposure in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Elliott
- Department of Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States
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18
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Berger R, Zhu C, Hansen AR, Harper B, Chen Z, Holt TG, Hubert J, Lee SJ, Pan J, Qian S, Reitman ML, Strack AM, Weingarth DT, Wolff M, Macneil DJ, Weber AE, Edmondson SD. 2-Substituted piperazine-derived imidazole carboxamides as potent and selective CCK1R agonists for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4833-7. [PMID: 18684621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and structure-activity relationship of 1,2-diarylimidazole piperazine carboxamides bearing polar side chains as potent and selective cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R) agonists are described. Optimization of this series resulted in the discovery of isopropyl carboxamide 40, a CCK1R agonist with sub-nanomolar functional and binding activity as well as excellent potency in a mouse overnight food intake reduction assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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