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Medicinal applications of perfluoroalkylated chain-containing compounds. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1201-29. [PMID: 25078138 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with polyfluorinated molecular fragments possess unique properties associated with the presence of a large number of fluorine atoms that affect lipophilicity and conformational rigidity of the parent molecule along with other effects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of synthesized compounds possessing perfluoroalkylated or polyfluorinated chains that have been tested for bioactivity or as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. As far as the length of the perfluoroalkylated chain is concerned the focus is centered on the compound bearing perfluoroethyl or tetrafluoroethyl as well as longer chains. The perfluoroalkylated compounds discussed are classified according to their biological activity.
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Sangster JL, Zhang Y, Hernandez R, Garcia YA, Sivils JC, Cox MB, Snow DD, Kolok AS, Bartelt-Hunt SL. Bioavailability and fate of sediment-associated trenbolone and estradiol in aquatic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:576-584. [PMID: 25108798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic organisms have been observed in systems influenced by steroid hormones. Associating endocrine disruption with aqueous concentrations of steroids alone may overlook the influence of source-sink dynamics in sediments on steroid hormone bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine the fate of 17β-estradiol and 17β-trenbolone in two field sediments and to evaluate the corresponding bioavailability of the compounds to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Steroid fate was evaluated using analytical chemistry and verified by assessing the biological activity using yeast based in vitro assays. Effective bioavailability of the steroids was inferred from changes in hepatic vitellogenin expression (increased expression in males exposed to 17β-estradiol, and reduced expression in females exposed to 17β-trenbolone). In experiments conducted with 17β-estradiol, no induction of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA expression was observed in male fish exposed to sediment-associated 17β-estradiol. In contrast, female minnows exposed to sediment-associated 17β-trenbolone experienced significant reductions in hepatic vitellogenin compared to negative controls. In both systems, the parent compounds were shown to degrade rapidly to the more persistent metabolites, estrone and trendione, both of which were found predominantly associated with the sediments. Results from the yeast estrogen screen indicate a reduction in biological activity as biotransformation of 17β-estradiol occurs; results from the yeast anti-estrogen screen were inconclusive and unable to substantiate 17β-trenbolone fate in aquatic systems. Collectively, these data support the contention that steroid hormones associated with the sediment can become bioavailable to fish, and that sediment characteristics influence the observed bioavailability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Sangster
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA
| | - Reina Hernandez
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Yenni A Garcia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Marc B Cox
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, USA.
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Kolodziej EP, Qu S, Forsgren KL, Long SA, Gloer JB, Jones GD, Schlenk D, Baltrusaitis J, Cwiertny DM. Identification and environmental implications of photo-transformation products of trenbolone acetate metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5031-5041. [PMID: 23597146 DOI: 10.1021/es3052069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the anabolic androgen trenbolone acetate (TBA) in animal agriculture, evidence demonstrating the occurrence of TBA metabolites such as 17β-trenbolone (17β-TBOH), 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH), and trendione (TBO) is relatively scarce, potentially due to rapid transformation processes such as direct photolysis. Therefore, we investigated the phototransformation of TBA metabolites and associated ecological implications by characterizing the photoproducts arising from the direct photolysis of 17β-TBOH, 17α-TBOH, and TBO and their associated ecotoxicity. LC-HRMS/MS analysis identified a range of hydroxylated products that were no longer photoactive, with primary photoproducts consisting of monohydroxy species and presumptive diastereomers. Also observed were higher-order hydroxylated products probably formed via subsequent reaction of primary photoproducts. NMR analysis confirmed the formation of 12,17-dihydroxy-estra-5(10),9(11),dien-3-one (12-hydroxy-TBOH; 2.2 mg), 10,12,17-trihydroxy-estra-4,9(11),dien-3-one (10,12-dihydroxy-TBOH; 0.7 mg), and a ring-opened 11,12-dialdehyde oxidation product (TBOH-11,12-dialdehyde; 1.0 mg) after irradiation of ∼14 mg of 17β-trenbolone. Though unconfirmed by NMR, our data suggest that the formation of additional isomeric products may occur, likely due to the reactivity of the unique 4,9,11 conjugated triene structure of trenbolone. In vivo exposure studies employing Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) indicate that low concentrations of 17α-TBOH photoproduct mixtures can alter ovarian follicular development, and photoproducts alter whole-body 17β-estradiol levels. Therefore, direct photolysis yields photoproducts with strong structural similarity to parent steroids, and these photoproducts still retain enough biological activity to elicit observable changes to endocrine function at trace concentrations. These data indicate that environmental transformation processes do not necessarily reduce steroid hormone ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Mail Stop 258, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States.
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Chabbert-Buffet N, Pintiaux A, Bouchard P. The immninent dawn of SPRMs in obstetrics and gynecology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:232-43. [PMID: 22415029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) have been developed since the late 70s when mifepristone was first described. They act through nuclear progesterone receptors and can have agonist or mixed agonist antagonist actions depending on the cell and tissue. Mifepristone has unique major antagonist properties allowing its use for pregnancy termination. Ulipristal acetate has been marketed in 2009 for emergency contraception and has been recently approved for preoperative myoma treatment. Further perspectives for SPRMs use include long term estrogen free contraception, endometriosis treatment. However long term applications will be possible only after confirmation of endometrial safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Department, AP-HP, Hospital Tenon, UPMC Paris 06, Paris, France.
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Wang JH, Hou QQ, Tang K, Cheng XL, Dong LH, Liu YJ, Liu CB. Receptor-based QSAR study for a series of 3,3-disubstituted-5-aryl oxindoles and 6-aryl benzimidazol-2-ones derivatives as progesterone receptor inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 22:775-799. [PMID: 22004567 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2011.623324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-based comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on a series of 54 progesterone receptor (PR) inhibitors. The established CoMFA model from the training set gives statistically significant results with the cross-validated q (2) of 0.534 and non-cross-validated [Formula: see text] of 0.947. The best CoMSIA model was derived by the combination of steric field and hydrophobic field with a q (2) of 0.615 and [Formula: see text] of 0.954. A test set of 18 compounds was used to validate the predictive ability of the two models. The predicted correlation coefficients [Formula: see text] are 0.681 and 0.677 for CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. Based on the CoMFA maps, the key structural characters of progesterone receptor inhibitors are identified. Moreover, the binding modes of oxindoles and benzimidazol-2-ones are also given by the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations. This may provide useful information for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Kern JC, Terefenko E, Trybulski E, Berrodin TJ, Cohen J, Winneker RC, Yudt MR, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Zhang P. 1-Methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile containing tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives as non-steroidal progesterone receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4816-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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