1
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Lloyd MD, Gregory KS, Acharya KR. Functional implications of unusual NOS and SONOS covalent linkages found in proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9463-9471. [PMID: 39109843 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
The tertiary and quaternary structures of many proteins are stabilized by strong covalent forces, of which disulfide bonds are the most well known. A new type of intramolecular and intermolecular covalent bond has been recently reported, consisting of the Lys and Cys side-chains linked by an oxygen atom (NOS). These post-translational modifications are widely distributed amongst proteins, and are formed under oxidative conditions. Similar linkages are observed during antibiotic biosynthesis, where hydroxylamine intermediates are tethered to the sulfur of enzyme active site Cys residues. These linkages open the way to understanding protein structure and function, give new insights into enzyme catalysis and natural product biosynthesis, and offer new strategies for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Kyle S Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Jalencas X, Berg H, Espeland LO, Sreeramulu S, Kinnen F, Richter C, Georgiou C, Yadrykhinsky V, Specker E, Jaudzems K, Miletić T, Harmel R, Gribbon P, Schwalbe H, Brenk R, Jirgensons A, Zaliani A, Mestres J. Design, quality and validation of the EU-OPENSCREEN fragment library poised to a high-throughput screening collection. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1176-1188. [PMID: 38665834 PMCID: PMC11042166 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The EU-OPENSCREEN (EU-OS) European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) is a multinational, not-for-profit initiative that integrates high-capacity screening platforms and chemistry groups across Europe to facilitate research in chemical biology and early drug discovery. Over the years, the EU-OS has assembled a high-throughput screening compound collection, the European Chemical Biology Library (ECBL), that contains approximately 100 000 commercially available small molecules and a growing number of thousands of academic compounds crowdsourced through our network of European and non-European chemists. As an extension of the ECBL, here we describe the computational design, quality control and use case screenings of the European Fragment Screening Library (EFSL) composed of 1056 mini and small chemical fragments selected from a substructure analysis of the ECBL. Access to the EFSL is open to researchers from both academia and industry. Using EFSL, eight fragment screening campaigns using different structural and biophysical methods have successfully identified fragment hits in the last two years. As one of the highlighted projects for antibiotics, we describe the screening by Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) of the EFSL, the identification of a 35 μM fragment hit targeting the beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase 2 (FabF), its binding confirmation to the protein by X-ray crystallography (PDB 8PJ0), its subsequent rapid exploration of its surrounding chemical space through hit-picking of ECBL compounds that contain the fragment hit as a core substructure, and the final binding confirmation of two follow-up hits by X-ray crystallography (PDB 8R0I and 8R1V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Jalencas
- Research Group on Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute Parc de Recerca Biomèdica (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Hannes Berg
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Chemical Biology, Goethe University Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Ludvik Olai Espeland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen Jonas Lies Vei 91 5020 Bergen Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Chemical Biology, Goethe University Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Franziska Kinnen
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Chemical Biology, Goethe University Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Chemical Biology, Goethe University Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Charis Georgiou
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen Jonas Lies Vei 91 5020 Bergen Norway
| | | | - Edgar Specker
- EU-OPENSCREEN ERIC Robert-Rössle Straße 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraules 21 Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Tanja Miletić
- EU-OPENSCREEN ERIC Robert-Rössle Straße 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Harmel
- EU-OPENSCREEN ERIC Robert-Rössle Straße 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Phil Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP) Schnackenburgallee 114 22525 Hamburg Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD) Theodor Stern Kai 7 60590 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Chemical Biology, Goethe University Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
- Instruct-ERIC Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive Oxford OX4 2JY UK
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen Jonas Lies Vei 91 5020 Bergen Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen Thormøhlensgate 55 5008 Bergen Norway
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraules 21 Riga LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP) Schnackenburgallee 114 22525 Hamburg Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD) Theodor Stern Kai 7 60590 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jordi Mestres
- Research Group on Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute Parc de Recerca Biomèdica (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Quimica Computacional i Catalisi, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat de Girona Maria Aurelia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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3
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Ghosh AK, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Beyond darunavir: recent development of next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitors to combat drug resistance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11762-11782. [PMID: 36200462 PMCID: PMC10942761 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We report our recent development of a conceptually new generation of exceptionally potent non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors that displayed excellent pharmacological and drug-resistance profiles. Our X-ray structural studies of darunavir and other designed inhibitors from our laboratories led us to create a variety of inhibitors incorporating fused ring polycyclic ethers and aromatic heterocycles to promote hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease as well as van der Waals interactions with residues in the S2 and S2' subsites. We have also incorporated specific functionalities to enhance van der Waals interactions in the S1 and S1' subsites. The combined effects of these structural templates are critical to the inhibitors' exceptional potency and drug-like properties. We highlight here our molecular design strategies to promote backbone hydrogen bonding interactions to combat drug-resistance and specific design of polycyclic ether templates to mimic peptide-like bonds in the HIV-1 protease active site. Our medicinal chemistry and drug development efforts led to the development of new generation inhibitors significantly improved over darunavir and displaying unprecedented antiviral activity against multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Irene T Weber
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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4
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Gong K, Yong D, Fu J, Li A, Zhang Y, Li R. Diterpenoids from Streptomyces: Structures, Biosyntheses and Bioactivities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200231. [PMID: 35585772 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, especially Streptomyces spp., have been emerging as rich sources of natural diterpenoids with diverse structures and broad bioactivities. Here, we review diterpenoids biosynthesized by Streptomyces , with an emphasis on their structures, biosyntheses, and bioactivities. Although diterpenoids from Streptomyces are relatively rare compared to those from plants and fungi, their novel skeletons, biosyntheses and bioactivities present opportunities for discovering new drugs, enzyme mechanisms, and applications in bio-catalysis and metabolic pathway engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gong
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, CHINA
| | - Daojing Yong
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, CHINA
| | - Jun Fu
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, CHINA
| | - Aiying Li
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, CHINA
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, CHINA
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Shandong University, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Binhai Road 72, 266237, Qingdao, CHINA
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5
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Yadrykhins'ky V, Georgiou C, Brenk R. Crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FabB C161A, a template for structure-based design for new antibiotics. F1000Res 2022; 10. [PMID: 35136566 PMCID: PMC8804906 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: FabB (3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 1) is part of the fatty acid synthesis II pathway found in bacteria and a potential target for antibiotics. The enzyme catalyses the Claisen condensation of malonyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) with acyl-ACP via an acyl-enzyme intermediate. Here, we report the crystal structure of the intermediate-mimicking
Pseudomonas aeruginosa FabB (
PaFabB) C161A variant. Methods: His-tagged
PaFabB C161A was expressed in
E. coli Rosetta DE3 pLysS cells, cleaved by TEV protease and purified using affinity and size exclusion chromatography. Commercial screens were used to identify suitable crystallization conditions which were subsequently improved to obtain well diffracting crystals. Results: We developed a robust and efficient system for recombinant expression of
PaFabB C161A. Conditions to obtain well diffracting crystals were established. The crystal structure of
PaFabB C161A was solved by molecular replacement at 1.3 Å resolution. Binding site comparison between
PaFabB and
PaFabF revealed a conserved malonyl binding site but differences in the fatty acid binding channel. Conclusions: The
PaFabB C161A crystal structure can be used as a template to facilitate the design of FabB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charis Georgiou
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
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6
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Espeland LO, Georgiou C, Klein R, Bhukya H, Haug BE, Underhaug J, Mainkar PS, Brenk R. An Experimental Toolbox for Structure-Based Hit Discovery for P. aeruginosa FabF, a Promising Target for Antibiotics. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2715-2726. [PMID: 34189850 PMCID: PMC8518799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FabF (3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2), which catalyses the rate limiting condensation reaction in the fatty acid synthesis II pathway, is an attractive target for new antibiotics. Here, we focus on FabF from P. aeruginosa (PaFabF) as antibiotics against this pathogen are urgently needed. To facilitate exploration of this target we have set up an experimental toolbox consisting of binding assays using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) as well as saturation transfer difference (STD) and WaterLOGSY NMR in addition to robust conditions for structure determination. The suitability of the toolbox to support structure-based design of FabF inhibitors was demonstrated through the validation of hits obtained from virtual screening. Screening a library of almost 5 million compounds resulted in 6 compounds for which binding into the malonyl-binding site of FabF was shown. For one of the hits, the crystal structure in complex with PaFabF was determined. Based on the obtained binding mode, analogues were designed and synthesised, but affinity could not be improved. This work has laid the foundation for structure-based exploration of PaFabF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvik Olai Espeland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Charis Georgiou
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
| | - Raphael Klein
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
- Institute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityStaudingerweg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Hemalatha Bhukya
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyTarnakaHyderabad500007India
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Prathama S. Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyTarnakaHyderabad500007India
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
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7
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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8
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Herath KB, Previs SF, Roddy TP, Attygalle AB, González I, Genilloud O, Singh SB. Rapid, Selective, and Sensitive Method for Semitargeted Discovery of Congeneric Natural Products by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:814-823. [PMID: 33523676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural product congeners serve a useful role in the understanding of natural product biosynthesis and structure-activity relationships. A minor congener with superior activity, selectivity, and modifiable functional groups could serve as a more effective lead structure and replace even the original lead molecule that was used for medicinal chemistry modifications. Currently, no effective method exists to discover targeted congeners rapidly, specifically, and selectively from producing sources. Herein, a new method based on liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry combination is evaluated for targeted discovery of congeners of platensimycin and platencin from the extracts of Streptomyces platensis. By utilizing a precursor-ion searching protocol, tandem mass spectrometry not only confirmed the presence of known congeners but also provided unambiguous detection of many previously unknown congeners of platensimycin and platencin. This high-throughput and quantitative method can be rapidly and broadly applied for dereplication and congener discovery from a variety of producing sources, even when the targeted compounds are obscured by the presence of unrelated natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kithsiri B Herath
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas P Roddy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Ignacio González
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avenida Conocimiento 3, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avenida Conocimiento 3, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Sheo B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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9
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Li Y, Weng X, Deng Y, Pan J, Zhu S, Wen Z, Yuan Y, Li S, Shen B, Duan Y, Huang Y. Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Platencin Thioether Derivatives: Dual FabF and FabH Inhibitors against MRSA. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:433-442. [PMID: 33738071 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and clinical use of multitarget monotherapeutic antibiotics is regarded as a promising approach to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance. Platencin (PTN), a potent natural antibiotic initially isolated from a soil actinomycete, targets both FabH and FabF, the initiation and elongation condensing enzymes for bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. However, its further clinical development has been hampered by poor pharmacokinetics. Herein we report the semisynthesis and biological evaluation of platencin derivatives 1-15 with potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Some of these PTN analogues showed similar yet distinct interactions with FabH and FabF, as shown by molecular docking, differential scanning fluorometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Compounds 3, 8, 10, and 14 were further evaluated in a mouse peritonitis model, among which 8 showed in vivo antibacterial activity comparable to that of PTN. Our results suggest that semisynthetic modification of PTN is a rapid route to obtain active PTN derivatives that might be further developed as promising antibiotics against drug-resistant major pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiang Weng
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Youchao Deng
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Saibin Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhongqing Wen
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yanqiu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ben Shen
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine and Natural Product Discovery Center at Scripps Research, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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10
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M. Nature Inspired Molecular Design: Stereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclic and Polycyclic Ethers for Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018; 7:1448-1466. [PMID: 31595212 PMCID: PMC6781882 DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a conceptually new generation of non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating novel structural templates inspired by nature. This has resulted in protease inhibitors with exceptional potency and excellent pharmacological and drug-resistance profiles. The design of a stereochemically defined bis-tetrahydrofuran (bis-THF) scaffold followed by modifications to promote hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease led to darunavir, the first clinically approved drug for treatment of drug resistant HIV. Subsequent X-ray crystal structure-based design efforts led us to create a range of exceptionally potent inhibitors incorporating other intriguing molecular templates possessing fused ring polycyclic ethers with multiple stereocenters. These structural templates are critical to inhibitors' exceptional potency and drug-like properties. Herein, we will highlight the synthetic strategies that provided access to these complex scaffolds in a stereoselective and optically active form, enabling our medicinal chemistry and drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (USA)
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (USA)
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11
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Soares da Costa TP, Nanson JD, Forwood JK. Structural characterisation of the fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme FabF from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39277. [PMID: 28045020 PMCID: PMC5206705 DOI: 10.1038/srep39277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new antimicrobial agents is required against the causative agent for listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, as the number of drug resistant strains continues to increase. A promising target is the β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase FabF, which participates in the catalysis of fatty acid synthesis and elongation, and is required for the production of phospholipid membranes, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides. In this study, we report the 1.35 Å crystal structure of FabF from L. monocytogenes, providing an excellent platform for the rational design of novel inhibitors. By comparing the structure of L. monocytogenes FabF with other published bacterial FabF structures in complex with known inhibitors and substrates, we highlight conformational changes within the active site, which will need to be accounted for during drug design and virtual screening studies. This high-resolution structure of FabF represents an important step in the development of new classes of antimicrobial agents targeting FabF for the treatment of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience (Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
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12
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Platensimycin and platencin: Inspirations for chemistry, biology, enzymology, and medicine. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 133:139-151. [PMID: 27865713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have served as the main source of drugs and drug leads, and natural products produced by microorganisms are one of the most prevalent sources of clinical antibiotics. Their unparalleled structural and chemical diversities provide a basis to investigate fundamental biological processes while providing access to a tremendous amount of chemical space. There is a pressing need for novel antibiotics with new mode of actions to combat the growing challenge of multidrug resistant pathogens. This review begins with the pioneering discovery and biological activities of platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN), two antibacterial natural products isolated from Streptomyces platensis. The elucidation of their unique biochemical mode of action, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics is presented to highlight key aspects of their biological activities. It then presents an overview of how microbial genomics has impacted the field of PTM and PTN and revealed paradigm-shifting discoveries in terpenoid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and antibiotic and antidiabetic therapies. It concludes with a discussion covering the future perspectives of PTM and PTN in regard to natural products discovery, bacterial diterpenoid biosynthesis, and the pharmaceutical promise of PTM and PTN as antibiotics and for the treatment of metabolic disorders. PTM and PTN have inspired new discoveries in chemistry, biology, enzymology, and medicine and will undoubtedly continue to do so.
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13
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Rudolf JD, Dong LB, Huang T, Shen B. A genetically amenable platensimycin- and platencin-overproducer as a platform for biosynthetic explorations: a showcase of PtmO4, a long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:2717-26. [PMID: 26055255 PMCID: PMC4573825 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00303b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN) are members of a new class of promising drug leads that target bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthases. We previously cloned and sequenced the PTM and PTN gene clusters, discovered six additional PTM-PTN dual producing strains, and demonstrated the dramatic overproduction of PTM and PTN by inactivating the pathway-specific regulators ptmR1 or ptnR1 in five different strains. Our ability to utilize these PTM-PTN dual overproducing strains was limited by their lack of genetic amenability. Here we report the construction of Streptomyces platensis SB12029, a genetically amenable, in-frame ΔptmR1 dual PTM-PTN overproducing strain. To highlight the potential of this strain for future PTM and PTN biosynthetic studies, we created the ΔptmR1 ΔptmO4 double mutant S. platensis SB12030. Fourteen PTM and PTN congeners, ten of which were new, were isolated from SB12030, shedding new insights into PTM and PTN biosynthesis. PtmO4, a long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, is strongly implicated to catalyze β-oxidation of the diterpenoid intermediates into the PTM and PTN scaffolds. SB12029 sets the stage for future biosynthetic and bioengineering studies of the PTM and PTN family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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14
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Baum B, Lecker LSM, Zoltner M, Jaenicke E, Schnell R, Hunter WN, Brenk R. Structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase II (FabF) and a C164Q mutant provide templates for antibacterial drug discovery and identify a buried potassium ion and a ligand-binding site that is an artefact of the crystal form. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1020-6. [PMID: 26249693 PMCID: PMC4528935 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain a serious health concern, in particular causing life-threatening infections of hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. The situation is exacerbated by the rise in antibacterial drug resistance, and new treatments are urgently sought. In this endeavour, accurate structures of molecular targets can support early-stage drug discovery. Here, crystal structures, in three distinct forms, of recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase II (FabF) are presented. This enzyme, which is involved in fatty-acid biosynthesis, has been validated by genetic and chemical means as an antibiotic target in Gram-positive bacteria and represents a potential target in Gram-negative bacteria. The structures of apo FabF, of a C164Q mutant in which the binding site is altered to resemble the substrate-bound state and of a complex with 3-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid are reported. This compound mimics aspects of a known natural product inhibitor, platensimycin, and surprisingly was observed binding outside the active site, interacting with a symmetry-related molecule. An unusual feature is a completely buried potassium-binding site that was identified in all three structures. Comparisons suggest that this may represent a conserved structural feature of FabF relevant to fold stability. The new structures provide templates for structure-based ligand design and, together with the protocols and reagents, may underpin a target-based drug-discovery project for urgently needed antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baum
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura S. M. Lecker
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4EH, Scotland
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4EH, Scotland
| | - Elmar Jaenicke
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob Welder Weg 26, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4EH, Scotland
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Wang Y, Ma S. Recent Advances in Inhibitors of Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis Type II (FASII) System Enzymes as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1589-608. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Yu Z, Rateb ME, Smanski MJ, Peterson RM, Shen B. Isolation and structural elucidation of glucoside congeners of platencin from Streptomyces platensis SB12600. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:291-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Plesch E, Bracher F, Krauss J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Platensimycin Analogues. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:657-62. [PMID: 22549797 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Center of Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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18
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Yoshimitsu T, Nojima S, Hashimoto M, Tanaka T. Total Synthesis of (±)-Platencin. Org Lett 2011; 13:3698-701. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2013439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Nojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Zhang C, Ondeyka J, Herath K, Jayasuriya H, Guan Z, Zink DL, Dietrich L, Burgess B, Ha SN, Wang J, Singh SB. Platensimycin and platencin congeners from Streptomyces platensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:329-340. [PMID: 21214253 DOI: 10.1021/np100635f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Platensimycin (1a) and platencin (2) are inhibitors of FabF and FabF/H bacterial fatty acid synthase. The discovery of natural congeners is an approach that can render a better understanding of the structure-function relationships of complex natural products. The isolation and structure elucidation of nine new congeners (11-20) of platensimycin and platencin are described from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces platensis. These hydroxylated congeners are likely derived by cytochrome P450 oxidation of the terpenoid units post-cyclization. Polar groups in the terpenoid portion of the molecule produce negative interactions with the hydrophobic pocket of FabF, resulting in poor activities. However, the discovery of these compounds serves an important purpose, not only to understand structure-function relationships, which cannot be easily accessed by chemical modification, but also to provide access to compounds that could be used for structural identification/confirmation of the oxidative trace metabolites produced in vivo during animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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20
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Hirai S, Nakada M. Enantioselective divergent approaches to both (−)-platensimycin and (−)-platencin. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Saleem M, Hussain H, Ahmed I, van Ree T, Krohn K. Platensimycin and its relatives: A recent story in the struggle to develop new naturally derived antibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1534-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Palanichamy K, Subrahmanyam AV, Kaliappan KP. A radical cyclization approach to the formal total syntheses of platencin. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7877-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06155k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Tiefenbacher K, Gollner A, Mulzer J. Syntheses and antibacterial properties of iso-platencin, Cl-iso-platencin and Cl-platencin: identification of a new lead structure. Chemistry 2010; 16:9616-22. [PMID: 20486112 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platencin is a novel antibiotic which is active against multiresistant pathogens. We describe efficient syntheses of three platencin analogues of varying activities which allow further conclusions about the pharmacophoric part of the molecule. The unnatural antibiotic iso-platencin, which is about as active as natural platencin, but much more selective, was identified as a new lead structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Tiefenbacher
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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24
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Khadem S, Marles RJ. Monocyclic phenolic acids; hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids: occurrence and recent bioactivity studies. Molecules 2010; 15:7985-8005. [PMID: 21060304 PMCID: PMC6259451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenolic acids, at least 30 hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids have been reported in the last 10 years to have biological activities. The chemical structures, natural occurrence throughout the plant, algal, bacterial, fungal and animal kingdoms, and recently described bioactivities of these phenolic and polyphenolic acids are reviewed to illustrate their wide distribution, biological and ecological importance, and potential as new leads for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products to improve human health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Khadem
- Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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25
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Hirai S, Nakada M. An enantioselective approach to (−)-platencin via catalytic asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Palanichamy K, Kaliappan KP. Discovery and syntheses of "superbug challengers"-platensimycin and platencin. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:668-703. [PMID: 20209576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed resistance to almost all existing antibiotics known today and this has been a major issue over the last few decades. The search for a new class of antibiotics with a new mode of action to fight these multiply-drug-resistant strains, or "superbugs", allowed a team of scientists at Merck to discover two novel antibiotics, platensimycin and platencin using advanced screening strategies, as inhibitors of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, which is essential for the survival of bacteria. Though both these antibiotics are structurally related, they work by slightly different mechanisms and target different enzymes conserved in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. This Focus Review summarizes the synthetic and biological aspects of these natural products and their analogues and congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanidhi Palanichamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
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27
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Yu Z, Smanski MJ, Peterson RM, Marchillo K, Andes D, Rajski SR, Shen B. Engineering of Streptomyces platensis MA7339 for overproduction of platencin and congeners. Org Lett 2010; 12:1744-7. [PMID: 20232845 PMCID: PMC2855538 DOI: 10.1021/ol100342m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Platensimycin (1) and platencin (2) are novel antibiotic leads against multidrug resistant pathogens. The production of 2 in Streptomyces platensis MA7339 is under the control of ptnR1, a GntR-like transcriptional regulator. Inactivating ptnR1 afforded S. platensis MA7339 mutant strain SB12600 that overproduces 2 at a titer approximately 100-fold greater than that from the wild-type strain and accumulates platencin A(1) (3) and eight new congeners, platencins A(2)-A(9) (4-11). The isolation, structural elucidation, and antibacterial activity of 4-11, in comparison to 1-3, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Yu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Michael J. Smanski
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Ryan M. Peterson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Karen Marchillo
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - David Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Scott R. Rajski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Ben Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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28
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Zhang C, Ondeyka J, Dietrich L, Gailliot FP, Hesse M, Lester M, Dorso K, Motyl M, Ha SN, Wang J, Singh SB. Isolation, structure and biological activities of platencin A2–A4 from Streptomyces platensis. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2602-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Isolation, structure and biological activities of platensimycin B4 from Streptomyces platensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:699-702. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Nicolaou KC, Tria GS, Edmonds DJ, Kar M. Total syntheses of (+/-)-platencin and (-)-platencin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15909-17. [PMID: 19824676 PMCID: PMC2783895 DOI: 10.1021/ja906801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites platensimycin and platencin, isolated from the bacterial strain Streptomyces platensis, represent a novel class of natural products exhibiting unique and potent antibacterial activity. Platencin, though structurally similar to platensimycin, has been found to operate through a slightly different mechanism of action involving the dual inhibition of lipid elongation enzymes FabF and FabH. Both natural products exhibit strong, broad-spectrum, gram-positive antibacterial activity to key antibiotic resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Described herein are our synthetic efforts toward platencin, culminating in both racemic and asymmetric preparation of the natural product. The syntheses demonstrate the power of the cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction and the one-pot reductive rearrangement of [3.2.1] bicyclic ketones to [2.2.2] bicyclic olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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