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Parkkinen J, Bhowmik R, Tolvanen M, Carta F, Supuran CT, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Mycobacterial β-carbonic anhydrases: Molecular biology, role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and inhibition studies. Enzymes 2024; 55:343-381. [PMID: 39222997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes tuberculosis (TB), is still a major global health problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB still causes more deaths worldwide than any other infectious agent. Drug-sensitive TB is treatable using first-line drugs; treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB requires second- and third-line drugs. However, due to the long duration of treatment, the noncompliance of patients with different levels of resistance of Mtb to these drugs has worsened the situation. Previously developed anti-TB drugs targeted the replication machinery, protein synthesis, and cell wall biosynthesis pathways of Mtb. Therefore, novel drugs targeting alternate pathways crucial for the survival and pathogenesis of Mtb in the human host are needed. The genome of Mtb encodes three β-carbonic anhydrases (CAs) that are fundamental for pH homeostasis, hypoxia, survival, and pathogenesis. Recently, several studies have shown that the β-CAs of Mtb could be inhibited both in vitro and in vivo using small chemical molecules, suggesting that these enzymes could be novel targets for developing anti-TB compounds that are devoid of resistance by Mtb. In addition, homologs of β-CAs are absent in humans; therefore, drugs developed to target these enzymes might have minimal off-target effects. In this work, we describe the roles of β-CAs in Mtb and discuss bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools used in development and discovery of novel inhibitors of these enzymes. In addition, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating that the β-CAs of Mtb are indeed druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Parkkinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ratul Bhowmik
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Nocentini A. Sulfonamide inhibitors of bacterial carbonic anhydrases. Enzymes 2024; 55:143-191. [PMID: 39222990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic targets. Bacterial carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been known for decades, but only in the past ten years they have garnered significant interest as drug targets to develop antibiotics having a diverse mechanism of action compared to the clinically used drugs. Significant progress has been made in the field in the past three years, with the validation in vivo of CAs from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci as antibiotic targets. This chapter compiles the state-of-the-art research on sulfonamide derivatives described as inhibitors of all known bacterial CAs. A section delves into the mechanisms of action of sulfonamide compounds with the CA classes identified in pathogenic bacteria, specifically α, β, and γ classes. Therefore, the inhibitory profiling of the bacterial CAs with classical and clinically used sulfonamide compounds is reported and analyzed. Another section covers various other series of sulfonamide CA inhibitors studied for the development of new antibiotics. By synthesizing current research findings, this chapter highlights the potential of sulfonamide inhibitors as a novel class of antibacterial agents and paves the way for future drug design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Supuran CT. Challenges for developing bacterial CA inhibitors as novel antibiotics. Enzymes 2024; 55:383-411. [PMID: 39222998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide and dorzolamide, classical sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors (CAIs) designed for targeting human enzymes, were also shown to effectively inhibit bacterial CAs and were proposed for repurposing as antibacterial agents against several infective agents. CAs belonging to the α-, β- and/or γ-classes from pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, vacomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria were considered as drug targets for which several classes of potent inhibitors have been developed. Treatment of some of these pathogens with various classes of such CAIs led to an impairment of the bacterial growth, reduced virulence and for drug resistant bacteria, a resensitization to clinically used antibiotics. Here I will discuss the strategies and challenges for obtaining CAIs with enhanced selectivity for inhibiting bacterial versus human enzymes, which may constitute an important weapon for addressing the drug resistance to β-lactams and other clinically used antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Novel 1,3,5-Triazinyl Aminobenzenesulfonamides Incorporating Aminoalcohol, Aminochalcone and Aminostilbene Structural Motifs as Potent Anti-VRE Agents, and Carbonic Anhydrases I, II, VII, IX, and XII Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010231. [PMID: 35008657 PMCID: PMC8745223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1,3,5-triazinyl aminobenzenesulfonamides substituted by aminoalcohol, aminostilbene, and aminochalcone structural motifs was synthesized as potential human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors. The compounds were evaluated on their inhibition of tumor-associated hCA IX and hCA XII, hCA VII isoenzyme present in the brain, and physiologically important hCA I and hCA II. While the test compounds had only a negligible effect on physiologically important isoenzymes, many of the studied compounds significantly affected the hCA IX isoenzyme. Several compounds showed activity against hCA XII; (E)-4-{2-[(4-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino]-6-[(4-styrylphenyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzenesulfonamide (31) and (E)-4-{2-[(4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-6-[(4-styrylphenyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzenesulfonamide (32) were the most effective inhibitors with KIs = 4.4 and 5.9 nM, respectively. In addition, the compounds were tested against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) isolates. (E)-4-[2-({4-[(4-cinnamoylphenyl)amino]-6-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)ethyl]benzenesulfonamide (21) (MIC = 26.33 µM) and derivative 32 (MIC range 13.80-55.20 µM) demonstrated the highest activity against all tested strains. The most active compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the Human Colorectal Tumor Cell Line (HCT116 p53 +/+). Only 4,4'-[(6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2,4-diyl)bis(iminomethylene)]dibenzenesulfonamide (7) and compound 32 demonstrated an IC50 of ca. 6.5 μM; otherwise, the other selected derivatives did not show toxicity at concentrations up to 50 µM. The molecular modeling and docking of active compounds into various hCA isoenzymes, including bacterial carbonic anhydrase, specifically α-CA present in VRE, was performed to try to outline a possible mechanism of selective anti-VRE activity.
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Supuran CT, Capasso C. Antibacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: an update on the recent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:963-982. [PMID: 32806966 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinically licensed drugs used as antibiotics prevent the microbial growth interfering with the biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, microorganism wall biosynthesis or wall permeability, and microbial metabolic pathways. A serious, emerging problem is the arisen of extensive drug resistance afflicting most countries worldwide. AREAS COVERED An exciting approach to fight drug resistance is the identification of essential enzymes encoded by pathogen genomes. Inhibition of such enzymes may impair microbial growth or virulence due to interference with crucial metabolic processes. Genome exploration of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms has revealed carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) as possible antibacterial targets. EXPERT OPINION Balancing the equilibrium between CO2 and HCO3 - is essential for microbial metabolism and is regulated by at least four classes of CAs. Classical CA inhibitors (CAIs) such as ethoxzolamide were shown to kill the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori in vitro, whereas acetazolamide and some of its more lipophilic derivatives were shown to be effective against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., with MICs in the range of 0.007-2 µg/mL, better than linezolid, the only clinically used agent available to date. Such results reinforce the rationale of considering existing and newly designed CAIs as antibacterials with an alternative mechanism of action.
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Aspatwar A, Hammaren M, Parikka M, Parkkila S, Carta F, Bozdag M, Vullo D, Supuran CT. In vitro inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-carbonic anhydrase 3 with Mono- and dithiocarbamates and evaluation of their toxicity using zebrafish developing embryos. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:65-71. [PMID: 31663386 PMCID: PMC6830242 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1683007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a panel of 14 compounds belonging to the monothiocarbamate (MTC) and dithiocarbamate (DTC) series against the β-carbonic anhydrase 3 (β-CA3) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also evaluated all compounds for toxicity using 1–5-day post fertilisation zebrafish embryos. 11 out of the 14 investigated derivatives showed effective nanomolar or submicromolar in vitro inhibition against the β-CA3 (KIs 2.4–812.0 nM), and among them four DTCs of the series (8–10 and 12) showed very significant inhibition potencies with KIs between 2.4 and 43 nM. Out of 14 compounds screened for toxicity and safety 9 compounds showed no adverse phenotypic effects on the developing zebrafish larvae at five days of exposure. The results of in vitro inhibition and the toxicological evaluation of our study suggest that 5 compounds are suitable for further in vivo preclinical characterisation in zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Milka Hammaren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Murat Bozdag
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Aspatwar A, Kairys V, Rala S, Parikka M, Bozdag M, Carta F, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Carbonic Anhydrases: Novel Targets for Developing Antituberculosis Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205153. [PMID: 31627429 PMCID: PMC6834203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes three β-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) that are crucial for the life cycle of the bacterium. The Mtbβ-CAs have been cloned and characterized, and the catalytic activities of the enzymes have been studied. The crystal structures of two of the enzymes have been resolved. In vitro inhibition studies have been conducted using different classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). In vivo inhibition studies of pathogenic bacteria containing β-CAs showed that β-CA inhibitors effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The in vitro and in vivo studies clearly demonstrated that β-CAs of not only mycobacterial species, but also other pathogenic bacteria, can be targeted for developing novel antimycobacterial agents for treating tuberculosis and other microbial infections that are resistant to existing drugs. In this review, we present the molecular and structural data on three β-CAs of Mtb that will give us better insights into the roles of these enzymes in pathogenic bacterial species. We also present data from both in vitro inhibition studies using different classes of chemical compounds and in vivo inhibition studies focusing on M. marinum, a model organism and close relative of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Sangeetha Rala
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Kuntokatu 3, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Rogato A, Del Prete S, Nocentini A, Carginale V, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism for testing the membrane penetrability of sulphonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:510-518. [PMID: 30688123 PMCID: PMC6352938 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1559840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, which started to be investigated in detail in pathogenic, as well as non-pathogenic species since their pivotal role is to accelerate the physiological CO2 hydration/dehydration reaction significantly. Here, we propose the marine unicellular diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism for testing the membrane penetrability of CA inhibitors (CAIs). Seven inhibitors belonging to the sulphonamide type and possessing a diverse scaffold have been explored for their in vitro inhibition of the whole diatom CAs and the in vivo inhibitory effect on the growth of P. tricornutum. Interesting, inhibition of growth was observed, in vivo, demonstrating that this diatom is a good model for testing the cell wall penetrability of this class of pharmacological agents. Considering that many pathogens are difficult and dangerous to grow in the laboratory, the growth inhibition of P. tricornutum with different such CAIs may be subsequently used to design inhibition studies of CAs from pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rogato
- a Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, CNR , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Integrative Marine Ecology , Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn , Naples , Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- a Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, CNR , Naples , Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- c Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- c Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- a Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, CNR , Naples , Italy
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9
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Bua S, Osman SM, Del Prete S, Capasso C, AlOthman Z, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Click-tailed benzenesulfonamides as potent bacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:183-186. [PMID: 30716618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,3-triazole-bearing benzenesulfonamides was assessed for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from bacteria Vibrio cholerae (VchCAα and VchCAβ) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (β-mtCA3). Growing resistance phenomena against existing antimicrobial drugs are globally spreading and highlight a urgent need of agents endowed with alternative mechanisms of action. Two global WHO strategies aim to reduce cholera deaths by 90% and eradicate the tuberculosis epidemic by 2030. The derivatives here reported represent interesting leads towards the optimization of new antibiotic agents showing excellent inhibitory efficiency and selectivity for the target CAs over the human (h) off-target isoform hCA I. In detail, the first subset of derivatives potently inhibits VchCAα in a low nanomolar range (KIs between 0.72 and 22.6 nM). Compounds of a second subset, differing from the first one for the position of the spacer between benzenesulfonamide and triazole, preferentially inhibit VchCAβ (KIs in the range 54.8-102.4 nM) and β-mtCA3 (KIs in the range 28.2-192.5 nM) even more than the clinically used AAZ, used as the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bua
- University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Angeli A, Del Prete S, Osman SM, Alasmary FAS, AlOthman Z, Donald WA, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Activation studies with amines and amino acids of the β-carbonic anhydrase encoded by the Rv3273 gene from the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:364-369. [PMID: 29322836 PMCID: PMC6009870 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1422250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of a β-class carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, encoded by the gene Rv3273 (mtCA 3), was investigated using a panel of natural and non-natural amino acids and amines. mtCA 3 was effectively activated by D-DOPA, L-Trp, dopamine and serotonin, with KAs ranging between 8.98 and 12.1 µM. L-His and D-Tyr showed medium potency activating effects, with KAs in the range of 17.6-18.2 µM, whereas other amines and amino acids were relatively ineffective activators, with KAs in the range of 28.9-52.2 µM. As the physiological roles of the three mtCAs present in this pathogen are currently poorly understood and considering that inhibition of these enzymes has strong antibacterial effects, discovering molecules that modulate their enzymatic activity may lead to a better understanding of the factors related to the invasion and colonisation of the host during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- CNR, Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah A. S. Alasmary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid AlOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - William A. Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Aspatwar A, Winum JY, Carta F, Supuran CT, Hammaren M, Parikka M, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Novel Drugs against Mycobacterial β-Carbonic Anhydrases: An Update on In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112911. [PMID: 30413024 PMCID: PMC6278287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria cause a variety of diseases, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised people. The treatment of these diseases is problematic, necessitating the development of novel treatment strategies. Recently, β-carbonic anhydrases (β-CAs) have emerged as potential drug targets in mycobacteria. The genomes of mycobacteria encode for three β-CAs that have been cloned and characterized from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the crystal structures of two of the enzymes have been determined. Different classes of inhibitor molecules against Mtb β-CAs have subsequently been designed and have been shown to inhibit these mycobacterial enzymes in vitro. The inhibition of these centrally important mycobacterial enzymes leads to reduced growth of mycobacteria, lower virulence, and impaired biofilm formation. Thus, the inhibition of β-CAs could be a novel approach for developing drugs against the severe diseases caused by pathogenic mycobacteria. In the present article, we review the data related to in vitro and in vivo inhibition studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Milka Hammaren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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12
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Murray AB, Aggarwal M, Pinard M, Vullo D, Patrauchan M, Supuran CT, McKenna R. Structural Mapping of Anion Inhibitors to β-Carbonic Anhydrase psCA3 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2024-2029. [PMID: 30088334 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family. It is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic human pathogen, a common cause of life-threatening nosocomial infections, and a key bacterial agent in cystic fibrosis and endocarditis. The bacterium exhibits intrinsic resistance to most antibacterial agents, including aminoglycosides and quinolones. Hence, the identification of new drug targets for P. aeruginosa is ongoing. PsCA3 is a β-class carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and represents a new class of antimicrobial target. Previously, inhibitor screening studies of psCA3 have shown that a series of small anions including sulfamide (SFN), imidazole (IMD), and 4-methylimidazole (4MI), and thiocyanate (SCN) inhibit the enzyme with efficiencies in the micro- to millimolar range. Herein the X-ray crystal structures of these inhibitors in complex with psCA3 are presented and compared with human CA II. This structural survey into the binding modes of small anions forms the foundation for the development of inhibitors against β-CAs and more selective inhibitors against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilah B Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mayank Aggarwal
- Division of Biology and Soft Matter, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Melissa Pinard
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Dipartimento Neurofaba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marianna Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Dipartimento Neurofaba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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DuBay KH, Iwan K, Osorio-Planes L, Geissler PL, Groll M, Trauner D, Broichhagen J. A Predictive Approach for the Optical Control of Carbonic Anhydrase II Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:793-800. [PMID: 29357237 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics and photopharmacology are powerful approaches to investigating biochemical systems. While the former is based on genetically encoded photoreceptors that utilize abundant chromophores, the latter relies on synthetic photoswitches that are either freely diffusible or covalently attached to specific bioconjugation sites, which are often native or engineered cysteines. The identification of suitable cysteine sites and appropriate linkers for attachment is generally a lengthy and cumbersome process. Herein, we describe an in silico screening approach that is designed to propose a small number of optimal combinations. By applying this computational approach to human carbonic anhydrase and a set of three photochromic tethered ligands, the number of potential site-ligand combinations was narrowed from over 750 down to 6, which we then evaluated experimentally. Two of these six combinations resulted in light-responsive human Carbonic Anhydrases (LihCAs), which were characterized with enzymatic activity assays, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Our study also provides insights into the reactivity of cysteines toward maleimides and the hydrolytic stability of the adducts obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri H DuBay
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Katharina Iwan
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , 83177 Munich , Germany
| | - Laura Osorio-Planes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Av. Països Catalans, 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Sciences, Physical Biosciences, and Materials Sciences Divisions , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Biophysics Graduate Group , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael Groll
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Lichtenbergstr. 4 , 85747 Garching/Munich , Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , 83177 Munich , Germany
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 , 83177 Munich , Germany
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14
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Small Molecules That Sabotage Bacterial Virulence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:339-362. [PMID: 28209403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The continued rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has motivated alternative strategies for target discovery and treatment of infections. Antivirulence therapies function through inhibition of in vivo required virulence factors to disarm the pathogen instead of directly targeting viability or growth. This approach to treating bacteria-mediated diseases may have advantages over traditional antibiotics because it targets factors specific for pathogenesis, potentially reducing selection for resistance and limiting collateral damage to the resident microbiota. This review examines vulnerable molecular mechanisms used by bacteria to cause disease and the antivirulence compounds that sabotage these virulence pathways. By expanding the study of antimicrobial targets beyond those that are essential for growth, antivirulence strategies offer new and innovative opportunities to combat infectious diseases.
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Virtual screening of combinatorial library of novel benzenesulfonamides on mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase II. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/afpuc-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Combinatorial library of novel benzenesulfonamides was docked (Schrodinger Glide) into mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase (mtCA II) and human (hCA II) isoforms with an aim to find drug candidates with selective activity on mtCA II. The predicted selectivity was calculated based on optimized MM-GBSA free energies for ligand enzyme interactions. Selectivity, LogP (o/w) and interaction energy were used to calculate the selection index which determined the subset of best scoring molecules selected for further evaluation. Structure-activity relationship was found for fragment subsets, showing us the possible way regarding how to influence lipophilicity without affecting ligand-enzyme binding properties.
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Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi for the management of Chagas disease: an underexplored therapeutic opportunity. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:311-24. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An α-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) was recently discovered, cloned and characterized in the genome of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected but widespread tropical disease. Inhibition of this α-CAs (TcCA) with anions, sulfonamides, sulfamates, thiols and hydroxamates has been investigated in detail, with several low nanomolar in vitro inhibitors. Although the sulfonamides were the best in vitro inhibitors, they showed no ex vivo anti-T. cruzi activity, due to poor penetration. However, some thiols and hydroxamates acting as low nanomolar TcCA inhibitors also showed significant antitrypanosomal ex vivo activity, making this enzyme an attractive yet underexplored drug target for the management of Chagas disease.
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Tatar E, Karakuş S, Küçükgüzel ŞG, Öktem Okullu S, Ünübol N, Kocagöz T, De Clercq E, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Pannecouque C, Kalaycı S, Şahin F, Sriram D, Yogeeswari P, Küçükgüzel İ. Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Studies of a Conjugated Thiadiazole–Thiourea Scaffold as Antituberculosis Agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:502-15. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tatar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
| | - Sevgi Karakuş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
| | | | - Sinem Öktem Okullu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | - Nihan Ünübol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | - Tanıl Kocagöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadık Kalaycı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani
| | - İlkay Küçükgüzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University
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Runtsch LS, Barber DM, Mayer P, Groll M, Trauner D, Broichhagen J. Azobenzene-based inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase II. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015. [PMID: 26199669 PMCID: PMC4505086 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl sulfonamides are a widely used drug class for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases. In the context of our program of photochromic pharmacophores we were interested in the exploration of azobenzene-containing sulfonamides to block the catalytic activity of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII). Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a small library of nine photochromic sulfonamides towards hCAII. All molecules are azobenzene-4-sulfonamides, which are substituted by different functional groups in the 4´-position and were characterized by X-ray crystallography. We aimed to investigate the influence of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents on the inhibitory constant K i. With the aid of an hCAII crystal structure bound to one of the synthesized azobenzenes, we found that the electronic structure does not strongly affect inhibition. Taken together, all compounds are strong blockers of hCAII with K i = 25-65 nM that are potentially photochromic and thus combine studies from chemical synthesis, crystallography and enzyme kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Simon Runtsch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David Michael Barber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Department of Biochemistry, Technical University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Krall N, Pretto F, Decurtins W, Bernardes GJL, Supuran CT, Neri D. A Small-Molecule Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expressing Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4231-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ein niedermolekulares Ligand-Wirkstoff-Konjugat zur Behandlung von Carboanhydrase IX exprimierenden Tumoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Akgün H, Karamelekoğlu I, Berk B, Kurnaz I, Sarıbıyık G, Oktem S, Kocagöz T. Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of some phthalimide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4149-54. [PMID: 22633120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Structurally modified phthalimide derivatives were prepared through condensation of phthalic and tetrafluorophthalic anhydride with selected sulfonamides with variable yields. All compounds were screened for their antimycobacterium activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (ATCC 25177) using a micro broth dilution technique. The fluorinated derivatives (compounds 2c, 2d, 2f and 2h) had antimycobacterium activity comparable with classical sulfonamide drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of compounds 2c, 2d, 2f and 2h was greater than that of isoniazid (MIC<0.02 μg/mL) and in vitro activity was greater than that of pyrazinamide, another first line antimycobacterium drug (MIC 50-100 μg/mL). The new compounds could be considered new lead compounds in the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Akgün
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kayisdagi Cad., 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Diversity oriented design of various hydrazides and their in vitro evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4728-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and activators for novel therapeutic applications. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1165-1180. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, Enzyme Commission number 4.2.1.1) catalyze a simple but fundamental reaction, CO2 hydration to yield bicarbonate and protons. CAs belonging to the α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ζ-families are found in many organisms all over the phylogenetic tree and their inhibition/activation have been studied in detail, leading to various therapeutic applications. Inhibition of mammalian α-CAs is exploited by some diuretics, whereas antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, anti-obesity, altitude sickness and anti-tumor drugs/diagnostic agents target various of the 15 isoforms described so far in these organisms. Activation of some CAs may also have applications in therapy. Bacterial and fungal β-CA inhibitors or nematode α-CA inhibitors have been described that may lead to novel classes of anti-infectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Room 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Burghout P, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Hermans PW, Supuran CT. Inhibition of the β-carbonic anhydrase from Streptococcus pneumoniae by inorganic anions and small molecules: Toward innovative drug design of antiinfectives? Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:243-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Carta F, Maresca A, Covarrubias AS, Mowbray SL, Jones TA, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Characterization and inhibition studies of the most active beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv3588c. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6649-54. [PMID: 19846301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Rv3588c gene product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a beta-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) denominated here mtCA 2, shows the highest catalytic activity for CO(2) hydration (k(cat) of 9.8 x 10(5)s(-1), and k(cat)/K(m) of 9.3 x 10(7)M(-1)s(-1)) among the three beta-CAs encoded in the genome of this pathogen. A series of sulfonamides/sulfamates was assayed for their interaction with mtCA 2, and some diazenylbenzenesulfonamides were synthesized from sulfanilamide/metanilamide by diazotization followed by coupling with amines or phenols. Several low nanomolar mtCA 2 inhibitors have been detected among which acetazolamide, ethoxzolamide and some 4-diazenylbenzenesulfonamides (K(I)s of 9-59 nM). As the Rv3588c gene was shown to be essential to the growth of M. tuberculosis, inhibition of this enzyme may be relevant for the design of antituberculosis drugs possessing a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carta
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Carta F, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Vullo D, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Diazenylbenzenesulfonamides are potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII over the cytosolic isoforms I and II. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7093-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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