1
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Thomas JD, Yurkovetskiy AV, Yin M, Bodyak ND, Tang S, Protopopova M, Kelleher E, Jones B, Yang L, Custar D, Catcott KC, Demady DR, Collins SD, Xu L, Bu C, Qin L, Ter-Ovanesyan E, Damelin M, Toader D, Lowinger TB. Development of a Novel DNA Mono-alkylator Platform for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:541-551. [PMID: 38354416 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although microtubule inhibitors (MTI) remain a therapeutically valuable payload option for antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), some cancers do not respond to MTI-based ADCs. Efforts to fill this therapeutic gap have led to a recent expansion of the ADC payload "toolbox" to include payloads with novel mechanisms of action such as topoisomerase inhibition and DNA cross-linking. We present here the development of a novel DNA mono-alkylator ADC platform that exhibits sustained tumor growth suppression at single doses in MTI-resistant tumors and is well tolerated in the rat upon repeat dosing. A phosphoramidate prodrug of the payload enables low ADC aggregation even at drug-to-antibody ratios of 5:1 while still delivering a bystander-capable payload that is effective in multidrug resistant (MDR)-overexpressing cell lines. The platform was comparable in xenograft studies to the clinical benchmark DNA mono-alkylator ADC platform DGN459 but with a significantly better tolerability profile in rats. Thus, the activity and tolerability profile of this new platform make it a viable option for the development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mao Yin
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Shuyi Tang
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Brian Jones
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liping Yang
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Custar
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Damon R Demady
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ling Xu
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlie Bu
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - LiuLiang Qin
- Formerly Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Marc Damelin
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dorin Toader
- Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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2
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Lai W, Zhao S, Lai Q, Zhou W, Wu M, Jiang X, Wang X, Peng Y, Wei X, Ouyang L, Gou L, Chen H, Wang Y, Yang J. Design, Synthesis, and Bioevaluation of a Novel Hybrid Molecular Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Anthracenecarboxyimide as a Payload for Antibody-Drug Conjugate. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11679-11702. [PMID: 35982539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of hybrid molecules combining pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) and anthracenecarboxyimide pharmacophores were designed, synthesized, and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. The most potent compound from this series, 37b3, exhibited a subnanomolar level of cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 0.17-0.94 nM. 37b3 induced DNA damage and led to tumor cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We employed 37b3 as a payload to conjugate with trastuzumab to obtain the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) T-PBA. T-PBA maintained its mode of target and internalization ability of trastuzumab. We demonstrated that T-PBA could be degraded through the lysosomal pathway to release the payload 37b3 after internalization. T-PBA showed a powerful killing effect on Her2-positive cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, T-PBA significantly inhibited tumor growth in gastric and ovarian cancer xenograft mouse models without overt toxicity. Collectively, these studies suggest that T-PBA represents a promising new ADC that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Mengdan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yujia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163 Tennessee, United States
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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3
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Discovery of Novel Polyamide-Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Hybrids for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128876. [PMID: 35788036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers are well-known highly potent antibody drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. The corresponding PBD monomers, in contrast, have received much less attention from the ADC community. We prepared several novel polyamide-linked PBD monomers and evaluated their utility as ADC payloads. The unconjugated polyamide-PBD hybrids exhibited potent antiproliferative activity (IC50 range: 10-11-10-8 M) against a variety of HER2-expressing cancer cell lines. Several peptide-linked variants of the lead compound were prepared and conjugated to trastuzumab to afford ADCs with drug-to-antibody (DAR) ratios ranging from 3-5. The ADCs exhibited antigen-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and potently suppressed tumor xenograft growth in vivo in a target-dependent manner. Moreover, the ADCs were well-tolerated in both mouse and rat. This work demonstrates for the first time that PBD polyamide hybrids can serve as effective ADC payloads.
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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5
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Recent Advances in the Use of the Dimerization Strategy as a Means to Increase the Biological Potential of Natural or Synthetic Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082340. [PMID: 33920597 PMCID: PMC8073093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of C2-symmetric biologically active molecules is a subject of interest to the scientific community. It provides the possibility of discovering medicine with higher biological potential than the parent drugs. Such molecules are generally produced by classic chemistry, considering the shortness of reaction sequence and the efficacy for each step. This review describes and analyzes recent advances in the field and emphasizes selected C2-symmetric molecules (or axial symmetric molecules) made during the last 10 years. However, the description of the dimers is contextualized by prior work allowing its development, and they are categorized by their structure and/or by their properties. Hence, this review presents dimers composed of steroids, sugars, and nucleosides; known and synthetic anticancer agents; polyphenol compounds; terpenes, known and synthetic antibacterial agents; and natural products. A special focus on the anticancer potential of the dimers transpires throughout the review, notwithstanding their structure and/or primary biological properties.
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6
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Holte D, Rao M, Huters A, Simanis J, Califano JC, Kempema A, Levy JN. Early Development, Scale-Up, and Reverse-Phase Purification of a Highly Potent Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer, SG3259, for Use in Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dane Holte
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Meera Rao
- AbbVie Research & Development, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander Huters
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Justin Simanis
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Califano
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Aaron Kempema
- AbbVie Research & Development, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jean-Noel Levy
- AbbVie Research & Development, 450 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Gregson SJ, Tiberghien AC, Masterson LA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimers as Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. CYTOTOXIC PAYLOADS FOR ANTIBODY – DRUG CONJUGATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012898-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ring system was first discovered in the 1960s and is found in several naturally occurring potent anti-tumour antibiotics. The mode of action of PBDs involves sequence-selective [purine–guanine–purine (PuGPu)] alkylation in the minor groove of DNA through covalent binding from guanine N2 to the PBD C11-position. Dimerization of the PBD ring system gives molecules that can cross-link DNA, which leads to a substantial increase in potency and DNA binding affinity and an extension of sequence-selectivity compared with monomers. PBD dimers feature as the cytotoxic component of numerous ADCs being evaluated in clinical trials. PBD-ADC clinical candidates loncastuximab tesirine, camidanlumab tesirine and rovalpituzumab tesirine employ a PBD N10 linkage while vadastuximab talirine uses a C2-linkage. The PBD dimer scaffold is versatile and offers many opportunities to diversify the ADC platform, with extensive research being performed worldwide to develop the next generation of PBD payload–linker molecules. The search for new PBD payload–linker molecules has mainly focused on changes in payload structure (e.g. PBD C2 modification and macrocyclisation), alternative conjugation strategies (e.g. haloacetamides, ‘click’ approaches and pyridyl disulphides), non-peptide triggers in the linker (e.g. disulphides) and non-cleavable derivatives (i.e. payload release through antibody degradation).
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8
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Cailleau T, Adams LR, Arora N, Kang GD, Masterson L, Patel N, Hartley JA, Mao S, Harper J, Howard PW. Potentiation of PBD Dimers by Lipophilicity Manipulation. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:741-752. [PMID: 30931859 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190401112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background & Introduction: Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers are highly potent DNA cross-linking agents used as warheads in Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. We propose to investigate the correlation existing between the lipophilicity of those molecules and their activity (both in vitro and in vivo) as well as any effect observed during conjugation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reaction progress was monitored by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel, with a fluorescent indicator on aluminium plates. Visualisation of TLC was achieved with UV light or iodine vapour unless otherwise stated. Flash chromatography was performed using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel. RESULTS We have successfully designed and synthesized a novel PBD warhead (SG3312) with enhanced physicochemical properties. The warhead also displayed increased potency in vitro. After overcoming some epimerization issues, the synthesis of enantiomerically pure payload was achieved (SG3259) and fulfilled our criteria for a simplified and more efficient conjugation. No addition of propylene glycol was required, and high DAR and excellent monomeric purity were achieved. CONCLUSION The ADC (Herceptin-maia-SG3259) has been shown to release the active warhead (SG3312) upon exposure to Cathepsin B and demonstrated encouraging activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaїs Cailleau
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren R Adams
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Neha Arora
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Neki Patel
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hartley
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen-Medimmune, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New road, Whitechapel, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
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9
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Ma C, Du K, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Hu B, Cheng M. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepine-3,11-diones protect SHSY-5Y cells from Cd-induced apoptosis involving suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5151-5158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Christie RJ, Tiberghien AC, Du Q, Bezabeh B, Fleming R, Shannon A, Mao S, Breen S, Zhang J, Zhong H, Harper J, Wu H, Howard PW, Gao C. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates Designed for Stable Thiol Conjugation. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040020. [PMID: 31548535 PMCID: PMC6698857 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosuccinimide-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are susceptible to drug loss over time due to a retro-Michael reaction, which can be prevented by selecting stable conjugation positions or hydrolysis of the thiosuccinimide. Here, we investigate pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ADC drug-linkers equipped with N-phenyl maleimide functionality for stable thiol conjugation via thiosuccinimide hydrolysis. Two PBD drug-linker formats (enzyme-cleavable and non-cleavable) were evaluated following site-specific conjugation to an engineered cysteine incorporated at position T289, which is known to be unstable for N-alkyl maleimide conjugates. N-phenyl maleimide PBDs conjugated to antibodies with similar efficiencies as N-alkyl maleimide PBDs and enhanced thiosuccinimide hydrolysis for N-phenyl maleimide PBDs was confirmed by mass spectrometry, capillary isoelectric focusing, and a SYPRO Orange dye binding assay. All of the PBD ADCs were highly potent in vitro regardless of maleimide- or linker-type, exhibiting low pM EC50 values. Thiol conjugation to N-phenyl maleimide PBD minimized the retro-Michael reaction in both rat and mouse serum. However, cleavage of the valine-alanine dipeptide in mouse serum for ADCs containing cleavable drug-linker led to drug loss regardless of maleimide type, which impacted ADC potency in tumor growth inhibition studies that were conducted in mouse models. Therapeutic improvement in mouse tumor models was realized for ADCs prepared with non-cleavable PBD drug-linkers that were conjugated through N-phenyl maleimide, where a stronger tumor growth inhibition (TGI) response was achieved when compared to the analogous N-alkyl maleimide drug-linker ADC. Altogether, our findings highlight the stability and efficacy benefits of N-phenyl maleimide functionality for ADCs that are produced with thiol-maleimide conjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Qun Du
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Binyam Bezabeh
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Amanda Shannon
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Shannon Breen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jay Harper
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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Tiberghien AC, Levy JN, Masterson LA, Patel NV, Adams LR, Corbett S, Williams DG, Hartley JA, Howard PW. Design and Synthesis of Tesirine, a Clinical Antibody-Drug Conjugate Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Payload. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:983-987. [PMID: 27882195 PMCID: PMC5108040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers are an emerging class of warhead in the field of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Tesirine (SG3249) was designed to combine potent antitumor activity with desirable physicochemical properties such as favorable hydrophobicity and improved conjugation characteristics. One of the reactive imines was capped with a cathepsin B-cleavable valine-alanine linker. A robust synthetic route was developed to allow the production of tesirine on clinical scale, employing a flexible, convergent strategy. Tesirine was evaluated in vitro both in stochastic and engineered ADC constructs and was confirmed as a potent and versatile payload. The conjugation of tesirine to anti-DLL3 rovalpituzumab has resulted in rovalpituzumab-tesirine (Rova-T), currently under evaluation for the treatment of small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neki V. Patel
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Lauren R. Adams
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Simon Corbett
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | | | - John A. Hartley
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Philip W. Howard
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
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12
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Kolakowski RV, Young TD, Howard PW, Jeffrey SC, Senter PD. Synthesis of a C2-aryl-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine monomer enabling the convergent construction of symmetrical and non-symmetrical dimeric analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Lindner AS, Geist E, Gjikaj M, Schmidt A. Syntheses of N10-substituted 7-Arylpyrrolo[2,1-c]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11-diones. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sabine Lindner
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Egor Geist
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Mimoza Gjikaj
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Paul-Ernst-Strasse 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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14
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Jeffrey SC, Burke PJ, Lyon RP, Meyer DW, Sussman D, Anderson M, Hunter JH, Leiske CI, Miyamoto JB, Nicholas ND, Okeley NM, Sanderson RJ, Stone IJ, Zeng W, Gregson SJ, Masterson L, Tiberghien AC, Howard PW, Thurston DE, Law CL, Senter PD. A potent anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate combining a dimeric pyrrolobenzodiazepine drug with site-specific conjugation technology. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1256-63. [PMID: 23808985 DOI: 10.1021/bc400217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly cytotoxic DNA cross-linking pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer with a valine-alanine dipeptide linker was conjugated to the anti-CD70 h1F6 mAb either through endogenous interchain cysteines or, site-specifically, through engineered cysteines at position 239 of the heavy chains. The h1F6239C-PBD conjugation strategy proved to be superior to interchain cysteine conjugation, affording an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with high uniformity in drug-loading and low levels of aggregation. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that the h1F6239C-PBD was potent and immunologically specific on CD70-positive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. The conjugate was resistant to drug loss in plasma and in circulation, and had a pharmacokinetic profile closely matching that of the parental h1F6239C antibody capped with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Evaluation in CD70-positive RCC and NHL mouse xenograft models showed pronounced antitumor activities at single or weekly doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg of ADC. The ADC was tolerated at 2.5 mg/kg. These results demonstrate that PBDs can be effectively used for antibody-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Jeffrey
- Department of Research & Translational Medicine, Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Rahman KM, Rosado H, Moreira JB, Feuerbaum EA, Fox KR, Stecher E, Howard PW, Gregson SJ, James CH, de la Fuente M, Waldron DE, Thurston DE, Taylor PW. Antistaphylococcal activity of DNA-interactive pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers and PBD-biaryl conjugates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1683-96. [PMID: 22547662 PMCID: PMC3370821 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers, tethered through inert propyldioxy or pentyldioxy linkers, possess potent bactericidal activity against a range of Gram-positive bacteria by virtue of their capacity to cross-link duplex DNA in sequence-selective fashion. Here we attempt to improve the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity profile of PBD-containing conjugates by extension of dimer linkers and replacement of one PBD unit with phenyl-substituted or benzo-fused heterocycles that facilitate non-covalent interactions with duplex DNA. Methods DNase I footprinting was used to identify high-affinity DNA binding sites. A staphylococcal gene microarray was used to assess epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 16 phenotypes induced by PBD conjugates. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the accommodation of compounds within the DNA helix. Results Increasing the length of the linker in PBD dimers led to a progressive reduction in antibacterial activity, but not in their cytotoxic capacity. Complex patterns of DNA binding were noted for extended PBD dimers. Modelling of DNA strand cross-linking by PBD dimers indicated distortion of the helix. A majority (26 of 43) of PBD-biaryl conjugates possessed potent antibacterial activity with little or no helical distortion and a more favourable cytotoxicity profile. Bactericidal activity of PBD-biaryl conjugates was determined by inability to excise covalently bound drug molecules from bacterial duplex DNA. Conclusions PBD-biaryl conjugates have a superior antibacterial profile compared with PBD dimers such as ELB-21. We have identified six PBD-biaryl conjugates as potential drug development candidates.
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Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are sequence selective DNA alkylating agents with remarkable antineoplastic activity. They are either naturally produced by actinomycetes or synthetically produced. The remarkable broad spectrum of activities of the naturally produced PBDs encouraged the synthesis of several PBDs, including dimeric and hybrid PBDs yielding to an improvement in the DNA-binding sequence specificity and in the potency of this class of compounds. However, limitation in the chemical synthesis prevented the testing of one of the most potent PBDs, sibiromycin, a naturally produced glycosylated PBDs. Only recently, the biosynthetic gene clusters for PBDs have been identified opening the doors to the production of glycosylated PBDs by mutasynthesis and biosynthetic engineering. This review describes the recent studies on the biosynthesis of naturally produced pyrrolobenzodiazepines. In addition, it provides an overview on the isolation and characterization of naturally produced PBDs, chemical synthesis of PBDs, mechanism of DNA alkylation, and DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxic properties of both naturally produced and synthetic pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gerratana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Rotas G, Kimbaris A, Varvounis G. Synthesis of a novel pyrrolo[1,2-c][1.3]benzodiazepine analogue of VPA-985. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA interacting agents play a major role in cancer chemotherapy, either as single agents, in combination drug regimens, or as components of novel targeted therapies. The search for more selective and efficacious drugs that can deliver critical DNA damage with minimal side effects continues. AREAS COVERED The development of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) from their discovery as natural products in the 1960s, through synthetic PBD monomers, PBD hybrids and conjugates, and PBD dimers is described. The latter molecules are capable of forming sequence selective, non-distorting and potently cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links in the minor groove of DNA. In particular, the development of PBD dimer SJG-136 (SG2000), currently in Phase II clinical trials, is presented. Potential future cancer therapeutic applications of PBDs, including their use as components of targeting strategies, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The culmination of over four decades of study on structure-activity relationships of PBDs has led to a detailed understanding of how to introduce structural modification to enhance biological activity and potency. The challenge for the next phase in the development of the PBDs is to harness this activity and potency in a new generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hartley
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Irfan M, Glasnov TN, Kappe CO. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions in continuous-flow reactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:300-16. [PMID: 21337528 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microreactor technology and continuous flow processing in general are key features in making organic synthesis both more economical and environmentally friendly. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions offer significant benefits compared to batch processes which are related to the unique gas-liquid-solid triphasic reaction conditions present in these transformations. In this review article recent developments in continuous flow heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions using molecular hydrogen are summarized. Available flow hydrogenation techniques, reactors, commonly used catalysts and examples of synthetic applications with an emphasis on laboratory-scale flow hydrogenation reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidic prodrugs of highly potent bifunctional duocarmycin derivatives for selective treatment of cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:7336-9. [PMID: 20799305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Abe N, Yoshioka E, Fujii H, Murafuji T, Ikeda R, Konakahara T, Gunji T. Synthesis of 12,12a-Dihydro-7,12a-diazacyclohepta[cd]benz[g]azulen-12-one (Cyclohepta[mn]pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-12-one) and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity against HeLa S3 Cells. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Smith JA, Molesworth PP, Hyland CJ, Ryan JH. Seven-Membered Rings. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Antonow D, Thurston DE. Synthesis of DNA-Interactive Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs). Chem Rev 2010; 111:2815-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dyeison Antonow
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - David E. Thurston
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- Spirogen Ltd., 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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Hartley JA, Hamaguchi A, Coffils M, Martin CRH, Suggitt M, Chen Z, Gregson SJ, Masterson LA, Tiberghien AC, Hartley JM, Pepper C, Lin TT, Fegan C, Thurston DE, Howard PW. SG2285, a novel C2-aryl-substituted pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer prodrug that cross-links DNA and exerts highly potent antitumor activity. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6849-58. [PMID: 20660714 PMCID: PMC3533126 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) are naturally occurring antitumor antibiotics, and a PBD dimer (SJG-136, SG2000) is in phase II trials. Many potent PBDs contain a C2-endo-exo unsaturated motif associated with the pyrrolo C-ring. The novel compound SG2202 is a PBD dimer containing this motif. SG2285 is a water-soluble prodrug of SG2202 in which two bisulfite groups inactivate the PBD N10-C11 imines. Once the bisulfites are eliminated, the imine moieties can bind covalently in the DNA minor groove, forming an interstrand cross-link. The mean in vitro cytotoxic potency of SG2285 against human tumor cell lines is GI(50) 20 pmol/L. SG2285 is highly efficient at producing DNA interstrand cross-links in cells, but they form more slowly than those produced by SG2202. Cellular sensitivity to SG2285 was primarily dependent on ERCC1 and homologous recombination repair. In primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples, the mean LD(50) was significantly lower than in normal age-matched B and T lymphocytes. Antitumor activity was shown in several human tumor xenograft models, including ovarian, non-small cell lung, prostate, pancreatic, and melanoma, with cures obtained in the latter model with a single dose. Further, in an advanced-stage colon model, SG2285 administered either as a single dose, or in two repeat dose schedules, was superior to irinotecan. Our findings define SG2285 as a highly active cytotoxic compound with antitumor properties desirable for further development.
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidische Prodrugs hochpotenter difunktioneller Duocarmycin-Derivate für eine selektive Tumortherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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