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Property activity refinement of 2-anilino 4-amino substituted quinazolines as antimalarials with fast acting asexual parasite activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105359. [PMID: 34689083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Emerging resistance against current antimalarial therapeutics has engendered the need to develop antimalarials with novel structural classes. We recently described the identification and initial optimization of the 2-anilino quinazoline antimalarial class. Here, we refine the physicochemical properties of this antimalarial class with the aim to improve aqueous solubility and metabolism and to reduce adverse promiscuity. We show the physicochemical properties of this class are intricately balanced with asexual parasite activity and human cell cytotoxicity. Structural modifications we have implemented improved LipE, aqueous solubility and in vitro metabolism while preserving fast acting P. falciparum asexual stage activity. The lead compounds demonstrated equipotent activity against P. knowlesi parasites and were not predisposed to resistance mechanisms of clinically used antimalarials. The optimized compounds exhibited modest activity against early-stage gametocytes, but no activity against pre-erythrocytic liver parasites. Confoundingly, the refined physicochemical properties installed in the compounds did not engender improved oral efficacy in a P. berghei mouse model of malaria compared to earlier studies on the 2-anilino quinazoline class. This study provides the framework for further development of this antimalarial class.
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2
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Moesslacher J, Battisti V, Delang L, Neyts J, Abdelnabi R, Pürstinger G, Urban E, Langer T. Identification of 2-(4-(Phenylsulfonyl)piperazine-1-yl)pyrimidine Analogues as Novel Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:906-912. [PMID: 32435404 PMCID: PMC7236252 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
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The chikungunya virus
(CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus,
and it is the causative agent of chikungunya fever (CHIKF). Although
it has re-emerged as an epidemic threat, so far there are neither
vaccines nor pharmacotherapy available to prevent or treat an infection.
Herein, we describe the synthesis and structure–activity relationship
studies of a class of novel small molecule inhibitors against CHIKV
and the discovery of a new potent inhibitor (compound 6a). The starting point of the optimization process was N-ethyl-6-methyl-2-(4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperazine-1-yl)pyrimidine-4-amine
(1) with an EC50 of 8.68 μM, a CC50 of 122 μM, and therefore a resulting selectivity index
(SI) of 14.2. The optimized compound 6a, however, displays
a much lower micromolar antiviral activity (EC50 value
of 3.95 μM), considerably better cytotoxic liability (CC50 value of 260 μM) and consequently an improved SI of
greater than 61. Therefore, we report the identification of a promising
novel compound class that has the potential for further development
of antiviral drugs against the CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moesslacher
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Pharmacy, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Battisti
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerhard Pürstinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Pharmacy, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Pobsuk N, Suphakun P, Hannongbua S, Nantasenamat C, Choowongkomon K, Gleeson MP. Synthesis, Plasmodium falciparum Inhibitory Activity, Cytotoxicity and Solubility of N2 ,N4 -Disubstituted Quinazoline-2,4-diamines. Med Chem 2019; 15:693-704. [PMID: 30569870 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181219100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of extensive control strategies and treatment options, approximately 200 million malaria cases, leading to approximately 450,000 deaths, were reported in 2015. Due to issue of disease resistance, additional drug development efforts are needed to produce new, more effective treatments. Quinazoline-2,4-diamines were identified as antiparasitic compounds over three decades ago and have remained of interest to date in industry and academia. OBJECTIVE An anti-malarial SAR evaluation of previously unreported N2 ,N4 -disubstituted quinazoline- 2,4-diamines have been undertaken in this study. We have synthesized and evaluated new derivatives against P. falciparum in our attempt to better characterize their biological activity and overall physical properties. METHODS The synthesis of N2 ,N4 -disubstituted quinazoline-2,4-diamines inhibitors is reported along with activities in a radioactive labeled hypoxanthine incorporation assay against the f Plasmodium falciparum (Pf.) K1 strain. In addition, cytotoxicity was determined in the A549 and Vero cell lines using an MTT based. The aqueous solubility of key compounds was assessed at pH 7.4 using a shake flask-based approach. RESULTS We identified compounds 1 and 6p as sub µM inhibitors of P. falciparum, having equivalent anti-malarial activity to Chloroquine. Compounds 1 and 6m are low µM inhibitors of P. falciparum with improved cytotoxicity profiles. Compound 6m displayed the best balance between P. falciparum Inhibitory activity (2 µM) and cytotoxicity, displaying >49 fold selectivity over A549 and Vero cell lines. CONCLUSION Twenty one N2 ,N4 -Disubstituted Quinazoline-2,4-diamines have been prepared in our group and characterized in terms of their antimalarial activity, cytotoxicity and physical properties. Compounds with good activity and reasonable selectivity over mammalian cell lines have been identified. SAR analyses suggest further exploration is are necessary to improve the balance of P. falciparum Inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakarn Pobsuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praphasri Suphakun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - M Paul Gleeson
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Thomas MG, De Rycker M, Cotillo Torrejon I, Thomas J, Riley J, Spinks D, Read KD, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. 2,4-Diamino-6-methylpyrimidines for the potential treatment of Chagas' disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3025-3030. [PMID: 30104093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8-10 million people across the Latin American population and is responsible for around 12,500 deaths per annum. The current frontline treatments, benznidazole and nifurtimox, are associated with side effects and lack efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease, leading to an urgent need for new treatments. A high throughput screening campaign against the physiologically relevant intracellular form of the parasite identified a series of 2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidines. Demonstrating the series did not work through the anti-target TcCYP51, and was generally cytocidal, confirmed its suitability for further development. This study reports the optimisation of selectivity and metabolic stability of the series and identification of a suitable lead for further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Cotillo Torrejon
- Kinetoplastid DPU, Global Health R&D, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - John Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Miles
- Kinetoplastid DPU, Global Health R&D, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Oruma US, Ukoha PO, Rhyman L, Elzagheid MI, Obasi LN, Ramasami P, Jurkschat K. Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Screening, and Computational Studies of a Tripodal Schiff Base Containing Pyrimidine Unit. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Susan Oruma
- Coordination Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka 410001 Nigeria
| | - Pius Oziri Ukoha
- Coordination Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka 410001 Nigeria
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Mauritius; Réduit 80837 Mauritius
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; PO Box 524, Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Mohamed I. Elzagheid
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Jubail Industrial College; Jubail 31961 Saudi Arabia
| | - Lawrence Nnamdi Obasi
- Coordination Chemistry and Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry; University of Nigeria; Nsukka 410001 Nigeria
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Mauritius; Réduit 80837 Mauritius
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Technische Universität; Otto Hahn Street 6, Lehrstühle für Anorganische Chemie II, Raum C2-07-332 Dortmund D-44227 Germany
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Shokova ÉA, Kovalev VV. Biological Activity of Adamantane-Containing Mono- and Polycyclic Pyrimidine Derivatives* (A Review). Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Design, synthesis and SAR study of novel trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives as CCR4 antagonists. Molecules 2014; 19:3539-51. [PMID: 24662072 PMCID: PMC6271259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of some novel trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives prepared as CCR4 antagonists are described. The activities of these compounds were evaluated by the CCR4-MDC chemotaxis inhibition assay. Compound 1, which we have previously reported as a potent antagonist of CCR4, was employed as the positive control. The results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited some chemotaxis inhibition activity against CCR4. Of these new compounds, compounds 6c, 12a and 12b, with IC50 values of 0.064, 0.077 and 0.069 μM, respectively, showed higher or similar activity compared with compound 1 (IC50 of 0.078 μM). These compounds provide a basis for further structural modifications. The systematic structure-activity relationship of these trisubstituted pyrimidine amide derivatives was discussed based on the obtained experimental data. The results from the SAR study may be useful for identifying more potent CCR4 antagonists.
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8
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Shokova EA, Kovalev VV. Synthesis and chemical properties of adamantylated nucleic bases and related compounds. Pharm Chem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-013-0942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Singh K, Kaur H, Chibale K, Balzarini J. Synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline-pyrimidine hybrids as potent antimalarials and their mode of action studies. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 66:314-23. [PMID: 23811093 PMCID: PMC7115683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most viable options to tackle the growing resistance to the antimalarial drugs such as artemisinin is to resort to synthetic drugs. The multi-target strategy involving the use of hybrid drugs has shown promise. In line with this, new hybrids of quinoline with pyrimidine have been synthesized and evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity against both CQ(S) and CQ(R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. These depicted activity in nanomolar range and were found to bind to heme as well as AT rich pUC18 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advance Study-1, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
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10
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Sadler S, Moeller AR, Jones GB. Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1107-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Manohar S, Rajesh UC, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Rawat DS. Novel 4-aminoquinoline-pyrimidine based hybrids with improved in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:555-9. [PMID: 24900509 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of hybrid molecules consisting of 4-aminoquinoline and pyrimidine were synthesized and tested for antimalarial activity against both chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum through an in vitro assay. Eleven hybrids showed better antimalarial activity against both CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant strains of P. falciparum in comparison to standard drug CQ. Four molecules were more potent (7-8-fold) than CQ in D6 strain, and eight molecules were found to be 5-25-fold more active against resistant strain (W2). Several compounds did not show any cytotoxicity up to a high concentration (60 μM), others exhibited mild toxicities, but the selective index for the antimalarial activity was very high for most of these hybrids. Two compounds selected for in vivo evaluation have shown excellent activity (po) in a mouse model of Plasmodium berghei without any apparent toxicity. The X-ray crystal structure of one of the compounds was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - U. Chinna Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | | | | | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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12
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Identification and validation of tetracyclic benzothiazepines as Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1602-10. [PMID: 22195562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of tetracyclic benzothiazepines (BTZs) as highly potent and selective antimalarials along with the identification of the Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome bc(1) complex as the primary functional target of this novel compound class. Investigation of the structure activity relationship within this previously unexplored chemical scaffold has yielded inhibitors with low nanomolar activity. A combined approach employing genetically modified parasites, biochemical profiling, and resistance selection validated inhibition of cytochrome bc(1) activity, an essential component of the parasite respiratory chain and target of the widely used antimalarial drug atovaquone, as the mode of action of this novel compound class. Resistance to atovaquone is eroding the efficacy of this widely used antimalarial drug. Intriguingly, BTZ-based inhibitors retain activity against atovaquone resistant parasites, suggesting this chemical class may provide an alternative to atovaquone in combination therapy.
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13
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Gising J, Odell LR, Larhed M. Microwave-assisted synthesis of small molecules targeting the infectious diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2713-29. [PMID: 22227602 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06833h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of microwave in situ heating offer unparalleled opportunities for medicinal chemists to speed up lead optimisation processes in early drug discovery. The technology is ideal for small-scale discovery chemistry because it allows full reaction control, short reaction times, high safety and rapid feedback. To illustrate these advantages, we herein describe applications and approaches in the synthesis of small molecules to combat four of the most prevalent infectious diseases; tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C, using dedicated microwave instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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