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Callis TB, Garrett TR, Montgomery AP, Danon JJ, Kassiou M. Recent Scaffold Hopping Applications in Central Nervous System Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13483-13504. [PMID: 36206553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of bioisosterism and the implementation of bioisosteric replacement is fundamental to medicinal chemistry. The exploration of bioisosteres is often used to probe key structural features of candidate pharmacophores and enhance pharmacokinetic properties. As the understanding of bioisosterism has evolved, capabilities to undertake more ambitious bioisosteric replacements have emerged. Scaffold hopping is a broadly used term in the literature referring to a variety of different bioisosteric replacement strategies, ranging from simple heterocyclic replacements to topological structural overhauls. In this work, we have highlighted recent applications of scaffold hopping in the central nervous system drug discovery space. While we have highlighted the benefits of using scaffold hopping approaches in central nervous system drug discovery, these are also widely applicable to other medicinal chemistry fields. We also recommend a shift toward the use of more refined and meaningful terminology within the realm of scaffold hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Callis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Taylor R Garrett
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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2
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Szabó G, Erdélyi P, Kolok S, Vastag M, Halász AS, Kis-Varga I, Lévay GI, Béni Z, Kóti J, Greiner I, Keserű GM. Fragment-Based Optimization of Dihydropyrazino-Benzimidazolones as Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-2 Positive Allosteric Modulators against Migraine. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8607-8620. [PMID: 34080424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous scaffold-hopping attempts resulted in dihydropyrazino-benzimidazoles as metabotropic glutamate receptor-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with suboptimal drug-like profiles. Here, we report an alternative fragment-based optimization strategy applied on the new dihydropyrazino-benzimidazolone scaffold. Analyzing published high-affinity mGluR2 PAMs, we used a pharmacophore-guided approach to identify suitable growing vectors and optimize the scaffold in these directions. This strategy resulted in a new fragment like lead (34) with improved druglike properties that were translated to sufficient pharmacokinetics and validated proof-of-concept studies in migraine. Gratifyingly, compound 34 showed reasonable activity in the partial infraorbital nerve ligation, a migraine disease model that might open this indication for mGluR2 PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Péter Erdélyi
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Attila S Halász
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | | | - György I Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - János Kóti
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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3
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Yuan G, Qu X, Zheng B, Neelamegam R, Afshar S, Iyengar S, Pan C, Wang J, Kang HJ, Ondrechen MJ, Poutiainen P, El Fakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Ligands for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12060-12072. [PMID: 32981322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Three benzimidazole derivatives (13-15) have been synthetized as potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging ligands for mGluR2 in the brain. Of these compounds, 13 exhibits potent binding affinity (IC50 = 7.6 ± 0.9 nM), positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity (EC50 = 51.2 nM), and excellent selectivity against other mGluR subtypes (>100-fold). [11C]13 was synthesized via O-[11C]methylation of its phenol precursor 25 with [11C]methyl iodide. The achieved radiochemical yield was 20 ± 2% (n = 10, decay-corrected) based on [11C]CO2 with a radiochemical purity of >98% and molar activity of 98 ± 30 GBq/μmol EOS. Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed reversible accumulation of [11C]13 and hepatobiliary and urinary excretions. PET imaging studies in rats demonstrated that [11C]13 accumulated in the mGluR2-rich brain regions. Pre-administration of mGluR2-selective PAM, 17 reduced the brain uptake of [11C]13, indicating a selective binding. Therefore, [11C]13 is a potential PET imaging ligand for mGluR2 in different central nervous system-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Xiying Qu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Baohui Zheng
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chuzhi Pan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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4
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Discovery of dihydropyrazino-benzimidazole derivatives as metabotropic glutamate receptor-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Wang S, Xie W, Wang D, Peng Z, Zheng Y, Liu N, Dai W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yang Y, Chen Y. Discovery of a small molecule targeting SET-PP2A interaction to overcome BCR-ABLT315I mutation of chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12128-40. [PMID: 25900240 PMCID: PMC4494927 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great success in using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the frequent development of multi-drug resistance, particularly the T315I mutation of BCR-ABL, remains a challenging issue. Enhancement of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity by dissociating its endogenous inhibitor SET is an effective approach to combat TKI-based resistance. Here, we report the identification of a novel 2-phenyloxypyrimidine compound TGI1002 to specifically disrupt SET-PP2A interaction. By binding to SET, TGI1002 inhibits SET-PP2A interaction and increases PP2A activity. In addition, knocking-down SET expression decreases tumor cell sensitivity to TGI1002. TGI1002 treatments also markedly increase dephosphorylation of BCR-ABL. Moreover, TGI1002 significantly inhibits tumor growth and prolongs survival of xenografted mice implanted with BaF3-p210T315I cells. These findings demonstrate that TGI1002 is a novel SET inhibitor with important therapeutic potential for the treatment of drug-resistant CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiquan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Buonfiglio R, Engkvist O, Várkonyi P, Henz A, Vikeved E, Backlund A, Kogej T. Investigating Pharmacological Similarity by Charting Chemical Space. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2375-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Buonfiglio
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Péter Várkonyi
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Astrid Henz
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Vikeved
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division
of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC box 574, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thierry Kogej
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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7
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Finlay C, Duty S. Therapeutic potential of targeting glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:861-80. [PMID: 24557498 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate plays a complex role in many aspects of Parkinson's disease including the loss of dopaminergic neurons, the classical motor symptoms as well as associated non-motor symptoms and the treatment-related side effect, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. This widespread involvement opens up possibilities for glutamate-based therapies to provide a more rounded approach to treatment than is afforded by current dopamine replacement therapies. Beneficial effects of blocking postsynaptic glutamate transmission have already been noted in a range of preclinical studies using antagonists of NMDA receptors or negative allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), while positive allosteric modulators of mGlu4 in particular, although at an earlier stage of investigation, also look promising. This review addresses each of the key features of Parkinson's disease in turn, summarising the contribution glutamate makes to that feature and presenting an up-to-date account of the potential for drugs acting at ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors to provide relief. Whilst only a handful of these have progressed to clinical trials to date, notably NMDA and NR2B antagonists against motor symptoms and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, with mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators also against L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, the mainly positive outcomes of these trials, coupled with supportive preclinical data for other strategies in animal models of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, raise cautious optimism that a glutamate-based therapeutic approach will have significant impact on the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Finlay
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, WW1.28. Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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8
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 Activators. SMALL MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Trabanco AA, Cid JM. mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators: a patent review (2009 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:629-47. [PMID: 23452205 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.777043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mGlu2 receptor, which belongs to the group II subfamily of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) along with the mGlu3 receptor, has proven to be of particular importance in neuropharmacology. Preferentially expressed on presynaptic nerve terminals, the mGlu2 receptor negatively modulates glutamate and GABA release and is widely distributed in the brain. High levels of mGlu2 receptors are seen in brain areas such as prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala where glutamate hyperfunction may be implicated in disorders and diseases such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Given the promise offered by mGlu2/3 receptor activation, there is increased interest in identifying small molecules which activate the receptor. A preferred approach is via positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) which bind at an alternative site to agonists. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent applications which were published between April 2009 and December 2012 on PAMs of the mGlu2, and it is a continuation of an earlier review published in this journal. EXPERT OPINION Advances in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology have set the stage in the field of mGlu2 receptor PAMs. Compounds currently advancing in clinical trials will soon establish the therapeutic potential of this allosteric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department, Toledo, Spain.
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10
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Targeting glutamate receptors to tackle the pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and levodopa-induced dyskinesia associated with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:1017-32. [PMID: 23114872 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-012-0016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) and ongoing degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are two key features of Parkinson's disease (PD) that current treatments fail to address. Increased glutamate transmission contributes to the motor symptoms in PD, to the striatal plasticity that underpins LID and to the progression of neurodegeneration through excitotoxic mechanisms. Glutamate receptors have therefore long been considered as potential targets for pharmacological intervention in PD, with emphasis on either blocking activation of 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or excitatory metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 5 receptors or promoting the activation of group II/III mGlu receptors. Following a brief summary of the role of glutamate in PD and LID, this article explores the current status of pharmacological studies in pre-clinical rodent and primate models through to clinical trials, where applicable, that support the potential of glutamate-based therapeutic interventions. To date, AMPA antagonists have shown good efficacy against LID in rat and primate models, but the failure of perampanel to lessen LID in clinical trials casts doubt on the translational potential of this approach. In contrast, antagonists selective for NR2B-containing NMDA receptors were effective against LID in animal models and in small-scale clinical trials, though observed adverse cognitive effects need addressing. So far, mGlu5 antagonists or negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) look set to become the first introduced for tackling LID, with AFQ-056 reported to exhibit good efficacy in phase II clinical trials. NR2B antagonists and mGlu5 NAMs may subsequently prove to also be effective disease-modifying agents if their protective effects in rat and primate models of PD, respectively, are replicated in the next stages of investigation. Finally, group III mGlu4 agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), although in the early pre-clinical stages of investigation, are showing good efficacy against motor symptoms, neurodegeneration and LID. It is anticipated that the recent development of mGlu4 PAMs with improved systemic bioavailability will facilitate progression of these agents into the primate model of PD where their potential can be further explored.
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11
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Morrow JA, Gilfillan R, Neale SA. Glutamatergic Approaches for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. DRUG DISCOVERY FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734943-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays a key role in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, learning and memory. Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders with a growing body of evidence suggesting that hypofunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It thus follows that potentiation of NMDA receptor function via pharmacological manipulation may provide therapeutic utility for the treatment of schizophrenia and a number of different approaches are currently being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry with this aim in mind. These include strategies that target the glycine/d-serine site of the NMDA receptor (glycine transporter GlyT1, d-serine transporter ASC-1 and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors) together with those aimed at enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission via modulation of AMPA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor function. Such efforts are now beginning to bear fruit with compounds such as the GlyT1 inhibitor RG1678 and mGlu2 agonist LY2140023 proving to have clinical meaningful effects in phase II clinical trials. While more studies are required to confirm long-term efficacy, functional outcome and safety in schizophrenic agents, these agents hold real promise for addressing unmet medical needs, in particular refractory negative and cognitive symptoms, not currently addressed by existing antipsychotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Morrow
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 USA
| | - Robert Gilfillan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 USA
| | - Stuart A. Neale
- Neurexpert Ltd Ground Floor, 2 Woodberry Grove, North Finchley, London, N12 0DR UK
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12
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Cid JM, Duvey G, Tresadern G, Nhem V, Furnari R, Cluzeau P, Vega JA, de Lucas AI, Matesanz E, Alonso JM, Linares ML, Andrés JI, Poli SM, Lutjens R, Himogai H, Rocher JP, Macdonald GJ, Oehlrich D, Lavreysen H, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg W, Mackie C, Trabanco AA. Discovery of 1,4-disubstituted 3-cyano-2-pyridones: a new class of positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2388-405. [PMID: 22364337 DOI: 10.1021/jm2016864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of compound 48, a selective and in vivo active mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM), are described. A key to the discovery was the rational exploration of the initial HTS hit 13 guided by an overlay model built with reported mGlu2 receptor PAM chemotypes. The initial weak in vitro activity of the hit 13 was quickly improved, although compounds still had suboptimal druglike properties. Subsequent modulation of the physicochemical properties resulted in compounds having a more balanced profile, combining good potency and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Final refinement by addressing cardiovascular safety liabilities led to the discovery of compound 48. Besides good potency, selectivity, and ADME properties, compound 48 displayed robust in vivo activity in a sleep-wake electroencephalogram (sw-EEG) assay consistent with mGlu2 receptor activation, in accordance with previous work from our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Cid
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75, 45007-Toledo, Spain.
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13
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Melancon BJ, Hopkins CR, Wood MR, Emmitte KA, Niswender CM, Christopoulos A, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Allosteric modulation of seven transmembrane spanning receptors: theory, practice, and opportunities for central nervous system drug discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1445-64. [PMID: 22148748 DOI: 10.1021/jm201139r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Melancon
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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14
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Sheffler DJ, Pinkerton AB, Dahl R, Markou A, Cosford NDP. Recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor allosteric modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:382-93. [PMID: 22860167 DOI: 10.1021/cn200008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors consist of the metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu(2)) and metabotropic glutamate 3 (mGlu(3)) receptor subtypes which modulate glutamate transmission by second messenger activation to negatively regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Excessive accumulation of glutamate in the perisynaptic extracellular region triggers mGlu(2) and mGlu(3) receptors to inhibit further release of glutamate. There is growing evidence that the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by small molecule modulators of Group II mGlu receptors has significant potential for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of recent progress on the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of positive and negative allosteric modulators of the Group II mGlu receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Sheffler
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Russell Dahl
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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15
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Zhang L, Brodney MA, Candler J, Doran AC, Duplantier AJ, Efremov IV, Evrard E, Kraus K, Ganong AH, Haas JA, Hanks AN, Jenza K, Lazzaro JT, Maklad N, McCarthy SA, Qian W, Rogers BN, Rottas MD, Schmidt CJ, Siuciak JA, Tingley FD, Zhang AQ. 1-[(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines as mGluR2 Positive Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychosis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1724-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Candler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela C. Doran
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allen J. Duplantier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ivan V. Efremov
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edel Evrard
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth Kraus
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan H. Ganong
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica A. Haas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ashley N. Hanks
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Keith Jenza
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John T. Lazzaro
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Noha Maklad
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sheryl A. McCarthy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Weimin Qian
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Melinda D. Rottas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Schmidt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Judith A. Siuciak
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - F. David Tingley
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andy Q. Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Urwyler S. Allosteric modulation of family C G-protein-coupled receptors: from molecular insights to therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:59-126. [PMID: 21228259 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric receptor modulation is an attractive concept in drug targeting because it offers important potential advantages over conventional orthosteric agonism or antagonism. Allosteric ligands modulate receptor function by binding to a site distinct from the recognition site for the endogenous agonist. They often have no effect on their own and therefore act only in conjunction with physiological receptor activation. This article reviews the current status of allosteric modulation at family C G-protein coupled receptors in the light of their specific structural features on the one hand and current concepts in receptor theory on the other hand. Family C G-protein-coupled receptors are characterized by a large extracellular domain containing the orthosteric agonist binding site known as the "venus flytrap module" because of its bilobal structure and the dynamics of its activation mechanism. Mutational analysis and chimeric constructs have revealed that allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing, metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors bind to the seven transmembrane domain, through which they modify signal transduction after receptor activation. This is in contrast to taste-enhancing molecules, which bind to different parts of sweet and umami receptors. The complexity of interactions between orthosteric and allosteric ligands is revealed by a number of adequate biochemical and electrophysiological assay systems. Many allosteric family C GPCR modulators show in vivo efficacy in behavioral models for a variety of clinical indications. The positive allosteric calcium sensing receptor modulator cinacalcet is the first drug of this type to enter the market and therefore provides proof of principle in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Urwyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, P/A Weissensteinweg 3, CH-3303 Jegenstorf, Berne, Switzerland.
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Dhanya RP, Sidique S, Sheffler DJ, Nickols HH, Herath A, Yang L, Dahl R, Ardecky R, Semenova S, Markou A, Conn PJ, Cosford NDP. Design and synthesis of an orally active metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that decreases cocaine self-administration in rats. J Med Chem 2010; 54:342-53. [PMID: 21155570 DOI: 10.1021/jm1012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The modification of 3'-((2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)methyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (BINA, 1) by incorporating heteroatoms into the structure and replacing the cyclopentyl moiety led to the development of new mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with optimized potency and superior druglike properties. These analogues are more potent than 1 in vitro and are highly selective for mGluR2 vs other mGluR subtypes. They have significantly improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, with excellent oral bioavailability and brain penetration. The benzisothiazol-3-one derivative 14 decreased cocaine self-administration in rats, providing proof-of-concept for the use of mGluR2 PAMs for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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