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Zhu R, Jiang G, Tang W, Zhao X, Chen F, Zhang X, Ye N. Aporphines: A privileged scaffold in CNS drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115414. [PMID: 37172474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aporphine alkaloids embedded in 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline four-ring structures belong to one of the largest subclasses of isoquinoline alkaloids. Aporphine is a privileged scaffold in the field of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases. In the past few decades, aporphine has attracted continuing interest to be widely used to develop selective or multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) targeting the CNS (e.g., dopamine D1/2/5, serotonin 5-HT1A/2A/2C and 5-HT7, adrenergic α/β receptors, and cholinesterase enzymes), thereby serving as valuable pharmacological probes for mechanism studies or as potential leads for CNS drug discovery. The aims of the present review are to highlight the diverse CNS activities of aporphines, discuss their SAR, and briefly summarize general synthetic routes, which will pave the way for the design and development of new aporphine derivatives as promising CNS active drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Guangqian Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wanyu Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaobao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Na Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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2
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Gupta M, Patel S. Nature-derived Quinolines and Isoquinolines: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190614115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline and isoquinoline motifs are commonly encountered in natural products
of diverse origins. These moderately basic fused-heterocyclic rings containing natural
products are adorned with remarkable biological activities with clinical use in various diseases
demonstrating nature elegance and creativity. Therefore, these privileged rings have
attracted profound interest from the scientific community. In this perspective, we have discussed
medicinal chemistry perspective of the natural products containing quinoline and
isoquinoline scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Gupta
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Saloni Patel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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3
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Jiang Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu S. A critical review: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fen Fang Ji). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2020; 19:449-489. [PMID: 32336965 PMCID: PMC7180683 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-020-09673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (S. tetrandra) is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. The root of this plant is known in Chinese as "Fen Fang Ji". It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat arthralgia caused by rheumatism, wet beriberi, dysuria, eczema and inflamed sores. Although promising reports have been published on the various chemical constituents and activities of S. tetrandra, no review comprehensively summarizes its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Therefore, the review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of S. tetrandra in China, and meaningful guidelines for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Shao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
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4
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Heng HL, Chee CF, Chin SP, Ouyang Y, Wang H, Buckle MJC, Herr DR, Paterson IC, Doughty SW, Abd Rahman N, Chung LY. Synthesis and evaluation of nuciferine and roemerine enantiomers as 5-HT 2 and α 1 receptor antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:576-582. [PMID: 30108948 PMCID: PMC6072365 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00629b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the (S)-enantiomers of the aporphine alkaloids, nuciferine and roemerine, were prepared via a synthetic route involving catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and both stereoisomers were evaluated in vitro for functional activity at human 5-HT2 and adrenergic α1 receptor subtypes using a transforming growth factor-α shedding assay. Both enantiomers of each of the compounds were found to act as antagonists at 5-HT2 and α1 receptors. (R)-roemerine was the most potent compound at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (pKb = 7.8-7.9) with good selectivity compared to (S)-roemerine at these two receptors and compared to its activity at 5-HT2B, α1A, α1B and α1D receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Heng
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . ; ; ; Tel: +60 3 79674959
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . ; ; ; Tel: +60 3 79674959
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Sek Peng Chin
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . ; ; ; Tel: +60 3 79674959
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Yifan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , 750004 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , 750004 , P. R. China
| | - Michael J C Buckle
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . ; ; ; Tel: +60 3 79674959
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 117597 Singapore
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre , Faculty of Dentistry , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Stephen W Doughty
- Penang Medical College , 4 Jalan Sepoy Lines , 10450 George Town , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Lip Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . ; ; ; Tel: +60 3 79674959
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5
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Qin JL, Meng T, Chen ZF, Xie XL, Qin QP, He XJ, Huang KB, Liang H. Facile total synthesis of lysicamine and the anticancer activities of the Ru II, Rh III, Mn II and Zn II complexes of lysicamine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59359-59375. [PMID: 28938642 PMCID: PMC5601738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysicamine is a natural oxoaporphine alkaloid, which isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs and has been shown to possess cytotoxicity to hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Reports on its antitumor activity are scarce because lysicamine occurs in plants at a low content. In this work, we demonstrate a facile concise total synthesis of lysicamine from simple raw materials under mild reaction conditions, and the preparation of the Ru(II), Rh(III), Mn(II) and Zn(II) complexes 1–4 of lysicamine (LY). All the compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compared with the free ligand LY, complexes 2 and 3 exhibited superior in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2 and NCI-H460. Mechanistic studies indicated that 2 and 3 blocked the cell cycle in the S phase by decreasing of cyclins A2/B1/D1/E1, CDK 2/6, and PCNA levels and increasing levels of p21, p27, p53 and CDC25A proteins. In addition, 2 and 3 induced cell apoptosis via both the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway. in vivo study showed that 2 inhibited HepG2 tumor growth at 1/3 maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and had a better safety profile than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ju He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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6
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Kapadia N, Harding WW. C4 phenyl aporphines with selective h5-HT(2B) receptor affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3451-4. [PMID: 26227772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A group of aporphine alkaloids related to (±)-nantenine (1) and bearing a C4 phenyl and various C1 or N-substituents, was synthesized and evaluated for affinity to h5-HT receptors. In general, unlike nantenine, the analogs lack affinity for the h5-HT(2A) receptor and other 5-HT receptors but bind selectively to the h5-HT(2B) receptor. With regards to 5-HT(2B) affinity, there appears to be a low tolerance for bulky C1 or N-substituents when the C4 phenyl moiety is present. Compound 5a had the highest 5-HT(2B) affinity of the compounds tested, was found to be an antagonist and is selective vs other CNS receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Kapadia
- Chemistry Dept., Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wayne W Harding
- Chemistry Dept., Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, NY 10016, USA.
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Ponnala S, Gonzales J, Kapadia N, Navarro HA, Harding WW. Evaluation of structural effects on 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism by aporphines: identification of a new aporphine with 5-HT(2A) antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1664-7. [PMID: 24630561 PMCID: PMC4022183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A set of aporphine analogs related to nantenine was evaluated for antagonist activity at 5-HT2A and α1A adrenergic receptors. With regards to 5-HT2A receptor antagonism, a C2 allyl group is detrimental to activity. The chiral center of nantenine is not important for 5-HT2A antagonist activity, however the N6 nitrogen atom is a critical feature for 5-HT2A antagonism. Compound 12b was the most potent 5-HT2A aporphine antagonist identified in this study and has similar potency to previously identified aporphine antagonists 2 and 3. The ring A and N6 modifications examined were detrimental to α1A antagonism. A slight eutomeric preference for the R enantiomer of nantenine was observed in relation to α1A antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junior Gonzales
- Chemistry Dept., Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., NY 10016, USA
| | - Nirav Kapadia
- Chemistry Dept., Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., NY 10016, USA
| | - Hernan A Navarro
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wayne W Harding
- Chemistry Dept., Hunter College, CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., NY 10016, USA.
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8
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Ponnala S, Harding WW. A New Route to Azafluoranthene Natural Products via Direct Arylation. European J Org Chem 2013; 3013:1107-1115. [PMID: 23503080 PMCID: PMC3597128 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted direct arylation was successfully employed in the synthesis of azafluoranthene alkaloids for the first time. Direct arylation reactions on a diverse set of phenyltetrahydroisoquinolines produces the indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinoline nucleus en route to a high yielding azafluoranthene synthesis. The method was used as a key step in the efficient preparation of the natural products rufescine and triclisine. As demonstrated herein, this synthetic approach should be generally applicable to the preparation of natural and un-natural azafluoranthene alkaloids as well as "azafluoranthene-like" isoquinoline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikanth Ponnala
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wayne W. Harding
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA
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9
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Ponnala S, Chaudhary S, LeGendre O, Gonzales JA, Navarro HA, Harding WW. New aporphinoid 5-HT2A and α1A antagonists via structural manipulations of nantenine. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5861-8. [PMID: 21900013 PMCID: PMC3196372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of C1, C2, C3 and N6 analogs of nantenine (2) was synthesized and evaluated in 5-HT(2A) and α(1A) receptor functional assays. Alkyl substitution of the C1 and N6 methyl groups of nantenine provided selective 5-HT(2A) and α(1A) antagonists, respectively. The C2 alkyloxy analogs studied were generally selective for α(1A) versus 5-HT(2A). The C3 bromo analog 15 is one of the most potent aporphinoid 5-HT(2A) antagonists known presently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Onica LeGendre
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wayne W. Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Ponnala S, Chaudhary S, González-Sarrias A, Seeram NP, Harding WW. Cytotoxicity of aporphines in human colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and Caco-2: an SAR study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4462-4. [PMID: 21724394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthetic aporphine derivatives structurally related to domesticine and nantenine (ring A, N6 and ring C truncated analogs), was evaluated in MTS cytotoxicity assays against the human colon cancer cell lines, HCT-116 and Caco-2. In general, the C1 position of ring A is tolerant of alkoxy substituents as well as a benzoyl ester functionality. Other modifications evaluated resulted in a decrease in cytotoxic activity. The most potent compounds identified had IC(50) values in the range 23-38 μM, comparable to the known cytotoxic agent, etoposide.
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Pecic S, Makkar P, Chaudhary S, Reddy BV, Navarro HA, Harding WW. Affinity of aporphines for the human 5-HT2A receptor: insights from homology modeling and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5562-75. [PMID: 20621490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of nantenine were docked into a modeled structure of the human 5-HT(2A) receptor using ICM Pro, GLIDE, and GOLD docking methods. The resultant docking scores were used to correlate with observed in vitro apparent affinity (K(e)) data. The GOLD docking algorithm when used with a homology model of 5-HT(2A), based on a bovine rhodopsin template and built by the program MODELLER, gives results which are most in agreement with the in vitro results. Further analysis of the docking poses among members of a C1 alkyl series of nantenine analogs, indicate that they bind to the receptor in a similar orientation, but differently than nantenine. Besides an important interaction between the protonated nitrogen of the C1 alkyl analogs and residue Asp155, we identified Ser242, Phe234, and Gly238 as key residues responsible for the affinity of these compounds for the 5-HT(2A) receptor. Specifically, the ability of some of these analogs to establish a H-bond with Ser242 and hydrophobic interactions with Phe234 and Gly238 appears to explain their enhanced affinity as compared to nantenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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