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Bagán A, Rodriguez-Arévalo S, Taboada-Jara T, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M, Brocos-Mosquera I, Callado LF, Morales-García JA, Pérez B, Diaz C, Fernández-Godino R, Genilloud O, Beljkas M, Oljacic S, Nikolic K, Escolano C. Preclinical Evaluation of an Imidazole-Linked Heterocycle for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2381. [PMID: 37896141 PMCID: PMC10610545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanity is facing a vast prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the most dominant, without efficacious drugs, and with only a few therapeutic targets identified. In this scenario, we aim to find molecular entities that modulate imidazoline I2 receptors (I2-IRs) that have been pointed out as relevant targets in AD. In this work, we explored structural modifications of well-established I2-IR ligands, giving access to derivatives with an imidazole-linked heterocycle as a common key feature. We report the synthesis, the affinity in human I2-IRs, the brain penetration capabilities, the in silico ADMET studies, and the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies of this new bunch of I2-IR ligands. Selected compounds showed neuroprotective properties and beneficial effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease, rescued the human dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y from death after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, and showed crucial anti-inflammatory effects in a cellular model of neuroinflammation. After a preliminary pharmacokinetic study, we explored the action of our representative 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1H-imidazole LSL33 in a mouse model of AD (5xFAD). Oral administration of LSL33 at 2 mg/Kg for 4 weeks ameliorated 5XFAD cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity, as well as reduced neuroinflammation markers. In summary, this new I2-IR ligand that promoted beneficial effects in a well-established AD mouse model should be considered a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bagán
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Arévalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
| | - Teresa Taboada-Jara
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (T.T.-J.); (C.G.-F.); (M.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), National Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.B.-M.); (L.F.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.B.-M.); (L.F.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain;
| | - Caridad Diaz
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Rosario Fernández-Godino
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (C.D.); (R.F.-G.); (O.G.)
| | - Milan Beljkas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Slavica Oljacic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (S.O.); (K.N.)
| | - Carmen Escolano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.R.-A.)
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Zhao DF, Fan YF, Yu HN, Hou FB, Xiang YW, Wang P, Ge GB, Yang L, Xu JG. Discovery and characterization of flavonoids in vine tea as catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. Fitoterapia 2021; 152:104913. [PMID: 33932529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vine tea has been used as a traditionally functional herbal tea in China for centuries, which exhibits paramount potential for chronic metabolic diseases. Herein, the inhibitory potential of vine tea toward human catechol-O-methyltransferase (hCOMT) was investigated. A practical bioactivity-guided fractionation combined with chemical profiling strategy was developed to identify the naturally occurring hCOMT inhibitors. Five flavonoids in vine tea displayed moderate to strong inhibition on hCOMT with IC50 values ranging from 0.96 μM to 42.47 μM, in which myricetin was the critically potent constituent against hCOMT. Inhibition kinetics assays and molecular docking simulations showed that myricetin could bind to the active site of COMT and inhibited COMT-catalyzed 3-BTD methylation in a mixed manner. Collectively, our findings not only suggested that the strong hCOMT inhibition of vine tea has guiding significance in the drug exposure of catechol drugs, but also identified a promising lead compound for developing more efficacious hCOMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fan-Bin Hou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Heikkinen EM, Ruponen M, Jasper LM, Leppänen J, Hellinen L, Urtti A, Auriola S, Rautio J, Vellonen KS. Prodrug Approach for Posterior Eye Drug Delivery: Synthesis of Novel Ganciclovir Prodrugs and in Vitro Screening with Cassette Dosing. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1945-1953. [PMID: 32320251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of poor ocular drug bioavailability, intravitreal injections have become the gold standard for drug delivery to the posterior eye. The prodrug approach can be used for optimizing the biopharmaceutical properties of intravitreal drugs. The preclinical screening of prodrugs' properties, such as hydrolysis and bioconversion, should be conducted in a resource-efficient way for an extensive set of synthesized compounds with validated methods. Our objective was to explore cassette dosing in in vitro prodrug hydrolysis and bioconversion studies in buffer, vitreous, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) homogenate for rapid medium-throughput screening. Moreover, our aim was to correlate the prodrug structure with hydrolytic behavior. We synthesized 18 novel ganciclovir prodrugs and first studied their hydrolysis in aqueous buffer and porcine vitreous in vitro with cassette dosing for 35 h. A method for vitreous homogenate pH equilibration to a physiological level by using buffer and incubation under 5% carbon dioxide was validated. The hydrolysis of the prodrugs was evaluated in porcine RPE homogenate in vitro with cassette dosing, and five prodrugs were assayed individually to examine their bioconversion into ganciclovir in RPE after 2 h. Lastly, the prodrugs' binding to melanin was studied in vitro. The prodrugs showed a wide spectrum of hydrolysis rates, ranging from a few percentages to 100% in the vitreous and RPE; in general, hydrolysis in RPE was faster than in vitreous. Prodrugs with long carbon chains and disubstitution showed lability in the tissue homogenates, whereas prodrugs with branched carbon chains and aromatic groups were stable. All five prodrugs chosen for the bioconversion study in RPE were hydrolyzed into ganciclovir, and their hydrolytic behavior matched results from the cassette mix experiment, supporting the cassette mix approach for hydrolysis and bioconversion studies. None of the prodrugs bound highly to melanin (<50% bound). In conclusion, cassette dosing proved useful for the rapid screening of prodrug hydrolysis and bioconversion properties. Analyzing several compounds simultaneously can complicate the analytics, and thus, choosing the compounds of the cassette mix should be done carefully to avoid mutual interference of the compounds with the results. The methodology and results of the work are applicable in ocular drug research and prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Lisa-Marie Jasper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jukka Leppänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland.,Helsingin Yliopisto, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii Prospect 26, Sankt-Peterburg 198504, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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Akhtar MJ, Yar MS, Grover G, Nath R. Neurological and psychiatric management using COMT inhibitors: A review. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Keri RS, Chand K, Budagumpi S, Balappa Somappa S, Patil SA, Nagaraja BM. An overview of benzo[b]thiophene-based medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1002-1033. [PMID: 28759875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among sulfur containing heterocycles, benzothiophene and its derivatives are at the focus as these candidates have structural similarities with active compounds to develop new potent lead molecules in drug design. Benzo[b]thiophene scaffold is one of the privileged structures in drug discovery as this core exhibits various biological activities allowing them to act as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tubercular, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant agents and many more. Further, numerous benzothiophene-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which has led to their extensive developments. Due to the wide range of biological activities of benzothiophene, their structure activity relationships (SAR) have generated interest among medicinal chemists, and this has culminated in the discovery of several lead molecules against numerous diseases. The present review is endeavoring to highlight the progress in the various pharmacological activities of benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic benzothiophene-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes. Also, SAR studies that highlight the chemical groups responsible for evoking the potential activities of benzothiophene derivatives are studied and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India.
| | - Karam Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Sasidhar Balappa Somappa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Organic Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Bhari Mallanna Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
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Kiss LE, Soares-da-Silva P. Medicinal chemistry of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors and their therapeutic utility. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8692-717. [PMID: 25080080 DOI: 10.1021/jm500572b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme responsible for the O-methylation of endogenous neurotransmitters and of xenobiotic substances and hormones incorporating catecholic structures. COMT is a druggable biological target for the treatment of various central and peripheral nervous system disorders, including Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and other dopamine deficiency-related diseases. The purpose of this perspective is fourfold: (i) to summarize the physiological role of COMT inhibitors in central and peripheral nervous system disorders; (ii) to provide the history and perspective of the medicinal chemistry behind the discovery and development of COMT inhibitors; (iii) to discuss how the physicochemical properties of recognized COMT inhibitors are understood to exert influence over their pharmacological properties; and (iv) to evaluate the clinical benefits of the most relevant COMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- László E Kiss
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Ca, S.A. , À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
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Nuno Palma P, Kiss LE, Soares‐da‐Silva P. Catechol‐O‐Methyl‐Transferase Inhibitors: Present Problems and Relevance of the New Ones. EMERGING DRUGS AND TARGETS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737357-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa, in association with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., carbidopa or benserazide) has for many years been the undisputed gold standard drug for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, given its rapid disposition and elimination in the periphery, it was hypothesized that significant enhancements in levodopa bioavailability and clinical efficacy could be achieved through co‐adjuvant therapy with a catechol‐O‐methyl‐transferase (COMT) inhibitor. Early attempts, dating back to the late 1950s, to discover COMT inhibitors were generally hampered by their lack of in vivo efficacy, target selectivity or by considerable toxicity. It was not until the late 1990s that entacapone and tolcapone, representatives of a new class of potent COMT inhibitors (nitrocatechol derivatives), made their way to clinical practice for the treatment of PD. Even though these drugs have since contributed to an increase in the usefulness of levodopa therapy, each of them presents known limitations, namely concerning their clinical efficacy and safety. The unmet medical need for more efficacious and safer COMT inhibitors has motivated intense research in this field over the last decade. Opicapone is the first, third‐generation COMT inhibitor among the nitrocatechol derivatives under clinical development, and demonstrates superior pharmacodynamic and safety profiles in humans, over previous drugs. In this chapter, we review the major advances in this field, summarize the relevant non‐clinical and clinical human pharmacology and discuss new insights into the mechanism of action of opicapone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Nuno Palma
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL – Portela & Ca, S.A. À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, Mamede do Coronado Portugal
| | - László E. Kiss
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL – Portela & Ca, S.A. À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, Mamede do Coronado Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares‐da‐Silva
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL – Portela & Ca, S.A. À Avenida da Siderurgia Nacional, Mamede do Coronado Portugal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine University Porto Porto, Portugal
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Lustosa KR, Menegatti R, Braga RC, Lião LM, de Oliveira V. Microbial β-glycosylation of entacapone by Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9245. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:611-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Abbadessa A, Di Stefano A. Designing prodrugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:385-406. [PMID: 22494466 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.677025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is essentially symptomatic, and l-Dopa (LD), is the treatment of choice in more advanced stages of the disease. However, motor complications often develop after long-term treatment, and at this point physicians usually prescribe adjuvant therapy with other classes of antiparkinsonian drugs, including dopamine (DA) agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors. In order to improve bioavailability, the prodrug approach appeared to be the most promising, and some antiparkinsonian prodrugs have been prepared in an effort to solve these problems. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the evidence of progress in PD therapy, mainly focused on prodrug approach for treatment of this neurological disorder. Several derivatives were studied with the aim of enhancing its chemical stability, water or lipid solubility, as well as diminishing the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Chemical structures mainly related to LD, DA and dopaminergic agonists are also reviewed in this paper. EXPERT OPINION In order to strengthen the pharmacological activity of antiparkinsonian drugs, enhancing their penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), different approaches are possible. Among these, the prodrug approach appeared to be the most promising, and many prodrugs have been prepared in an effort to optimize physicochemical characteristics. In addition, novel therapeutic strategies based on formulations linking dopaminergic drugs with neuroprotective agents, increasing LD striatal levels and offering sustained release of the drug without any fluctuation of brain concentration, offer promising avenues for development of other effective new treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Sozio
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
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Srinivas NR. The rationality for using prodrug approach in drug discovery programs for new xenobiotics: opportunities and challenges. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:49-59. [PMID: 21404122 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of prodrugs has been successfully executed for life cycle management options of several approved drugs and drugs in development. In addition to imparting ideal biopharmaceutical properties, such as solubility, permeability and lipophilicity, some prodrug concepts have also enabled site-specific drug delivery, prolonged the duration of therapeutic effect and improved therapeutic index. The strategic inclusion of prodrug concept during drug discovery and early development process brings in some unique challenges. The communication provides balanced perspectives on the rational use and challenges of prodrug concept during the drug discovery and development process.
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Nissinen E, Männistö PT. Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 95:73-118. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381326-8.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kaakkola S. Problems with the present inhibitors and a relevance of new and improved COMT inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 95:207-25. [PMID: 21095464 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381326-8.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entacapone and tolcapone are reversible COMT inhibitors which have been approved for clinical use in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Nebicapone is a third COMT inhibitor which has been studied in humans. COMT inhibitors are used in combination with levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitor. Each of them has problems either in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, or in safety. All three inhibitors have short elimination half-lives, about 2-3h. Tolcapone is longer acting and more potent COMT inhibitor than entacapone; nebicapone lies in between. However, none of the present inhibitors cause a complete peripheral COMT inhibition. Tolcapone and nebicapone have increased more levodopa AUC than entacapone which is reflected also in their clinical efficacy. The most common adverse event with COMT inhibitors is dyskinesia which is usually managed by decreasing levodopa dose. The greatest problem with tolcapone and probably also with nebicapone is their liver toxicity which is not seen with entacapone. Tolcapone causes severe diarrhea more often than entacapone. Though the present COMT inhibitors have improved significantly the treatment of advanced PD patients, they still have several problems and weaknesses leaving room for developing better COMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Kaakkola
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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