1
|
Arman S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. A review of electrochemical impedance as a tool for examining cell biology and subcellular mechanisms: merits, limits, and future prospects. Analyst 2024; 149:269-289. [PMID: 38015145 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein the development of cellular impedance biosensors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the general principles and terms associated with the cell-electrode interface is reviewed. This family of techniques provides quantitative and sensitive information into cell responses to stimuli in real-time with high temporal resolution. The applications of cell-based impedance biosensors as a readout in cell biology is illustrated with a diverse range of examples. The current state of the field, its limitations, the possible available solutions, and the potential benefits of developing biosensors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedyousef Arman
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masih PJ, Kesharwani T, Rodriguez E, Vertudez MA, Motakhaveri ML, Le TK, Tran MKT, Cloyd MR, Kornman CT, Phillips AM. Synthesis and Evaluation of 3-Halobenzo[ b]thiophenes as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:39. [PMID: 35056096 PMCID: PMC8780876 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health concern of antimicrobial resistance has harnessed research interest to find new classes of antibiotics to combat disease-causing pathogens. In our studies, 3-halobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activities using the broth microdilution susceptibility method. The 3-halo substituted benzo[b]thiophenes were synthesized starting from 2-alkynyl thioanisoles using a convenient electrophilic cyclization methodology that utilizes sodium halides as the source of electrophilic halogens when reacted along with copper(II) sulfate. This environmentally benign methodology is facile, uses ethanol as the solvent, and results in 3-halo substituted benzo[b]thiophene structures in very high yields. The cyclohexanol-substituted 3-chloro and 3-bromobenzo[b]thiophenes resulted in a low MIC of 16 µg/mL against Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Additionally, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of the compounds were determined. The compounds with the lowest MIC values showed excellent drug-like properties with no violations to Lipinski, Veber, and Muegge filters. The time-kill curve was obtained for cyclohexanol-substituted 3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophenes against Staphylococcus aureus, which showed fast bactericidal activity at MIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prerna J Masih
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Tanay Kesharwani
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Elivet Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Mia A Vertudez
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Mina L Motakhaveri
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Terelan K Le
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Minh Kieu T Tran
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Matthew R Cloyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Cory T Kornman
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Aimee M Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abbhi V, Piplani P. Rho-kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors - A Neuroprotective Therapeutic Paradigm with a Focus on Ocular Utility. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2222-2256. [PMID: 30378487 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy causing visual impairment and Retinal Ganglionic Cells (RGCs) death gradually posing a need for neuroprotective strategies to minimize the loss of RGCs and visual field. It is recognized as a multifactorial disease, Intraocular Pressure (IOP) being the foremost risk factor. ROCK inhibitors have been probed for various possible indications, such as myocardial ischemia, hypertension, kidney diseases. Their role in neuroprotection and neuronal regeneration has been suggested to be of value in the treatment of neurological diseases, like spinal-cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis but recently Rho-associated Kinase inhibitors have been recognized as potential antiglaucoma agents. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Rho-Kinase is a serine/threonine kinase with a kinase domain which is constitutively active and is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and stress fibre formation. Two isoforms of Rho-Kinase, ROCK-I (ROCK β) and ROCK-II (ROCK α) have been identified. ROCK II plays a pathophysiological role in glaucoma and hence the inhibitors of ROCK may be beneficial to ameliorate the vision loss. These inhibitors decrease the intraocular pressure in the glaucomatous eye by increasing the aqueous humour outflow through the trabecular meshwork pathway. They also act as anti-scarring agents and hence prevent post-operative scarring after the glaucoma filtration surgery. Their major role involves axon regeneration by increasing the optic nerve blood flow which may be useful in treating the damaged optic neurons. These drugs act directly on the neurons in the central visual pathway, interrupting the RGC apoptosis and therefore serve as a novel pharmacological approach for glaucoma neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Based on the results of high-throughput screening, several Rho kinase inhibitors have been designed and developed comprising of diverse scaffolds exhibiting Rho kinase inhibitory activity from micromolar to subnanomolar ranges. This diversity in the scaffolds with inhibitory potential against the kinase and their SAR development will be intricated in the present review. Ripasudil is the only Rho kinase inhibitor marketed to date for the treatment of glaucoma. Another ROCK inhibitor AR-13324 has recently passed the clinical trials whereas AMA0076, K115, PG324, Y39983 and RKI-983 are still under trials. In view of this, a detailed and updated account of ROCK II inhibitors as the next generation therapeutic agents for glaucoma will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Abbhi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosada B, Bekier A, Cytarska J, Płaziński W, Zavyalova O, Sikora A, Dzitko K, Łączkowski KZ. Benzo[b]thiophene-thiazoles as potent anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents: Design, synthesis, tyrosinase/tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors, molecular docking study, and antioxidant activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111765. [PMID: 31629163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of novel thiazoles containing benzo [b]thiophene moiety are presented. Among the derivatives, compound 3k with adamantyl group shows exceptionally high potency against Me49 strain with IC50 (8.74 μM) value which is significantly lower than the activity of trimethoprim (IC50 39.23 μM). In addition, compounds 3a, 3b and 3k showed significant activity against RH strain (IC50 51.88-83.49 μM). The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation showed that Toxoplasma gondii growth was inhibited at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the mammalian L929 fibroblast (CC30 ∼ 880 μM). The most active compound 3k showed tyrosinase inhibition effect, with IC50 value of 328.5 μM. The binding energies calculated for compounds 3a-3e, 3k are strongly correlated with the experimentally determined values of tyrosinase inhibition activity. Moreover, the binding energies corresponding to the same ligands and calculated for both tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase are also correlated with each other, suggesting that tyrosinase inhibitors may also have an inhibitory effect on tyrosine hydroxylase. Compounds 3j and 3k have also very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 15.9 and 15.5 μM), respectively, which is ten times higher than well-known antioxidant BHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rosada
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adrian Bekier
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Cytarska
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
| | - Olga Zavyalova
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Z Łączkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marcus AJ, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Vassiliev P, Spasov A, Zhukovskaya O, Anisimova V, Ismail NM. Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of imidazo[1,2-a]- and pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole compounds in rats with dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 850:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
6
|
Keri RS, Chand K, Budagumpi S, Balappa Somappa S, Patil SA, Nagaraja BM. An overview of benzo[b]thiophene-based medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1002-1033. [PMID: 28759875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among sulfur containing heterocycles, benzothiophene and its derivatives are at the focus as these candidates have structural similarities with active compounds to develop new potent lead molecules in drug design. Benzo[b]thiophene scaffold is one of the privileged structures in drug discovery as this core exhibits various biological activities allowing them to act as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tubercular, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant agents and many more. Further, numerous benzothiophene-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which has led to their extensive developments. Due to the wide range of biological activities of benzothiophene, their structure activity relationships (SAR) have generated interest among medicinal chemists, and this has culminated in the discovery of several lead molecules against numerous diseases. The present review is endeavoring to highlight the progress in the various pharmacological activities of benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic benzothiophene-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes. Also, SAR studies that highlight the chemical groups responsible for evoking the potential activities of benzothiophene derivatives are studied and compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India.
| | - Karam Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Sasidhar Balappa Somappa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Organic Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Bhari Mallanna Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Discovery of Novel ROCK1 Inhibitors via Integrated Virtual Screening Strategy and Bioassays. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16749. [PMID: 26568382 PMCID: PMC4645114 DOI: 10.1038/srep16749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) have been regarded as promising drug targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, nervous system diseases and cancers. In this study, a novel integrated virtual screening protocol by combining molecular docking and pharmacophore mapping based on multiple ROCK1 crystal structures was utilized to screen the ChemBridge database for discovering potential inhibitors of ROCK1. Among the 38 tested compounds, seven of them exhibited significant inhibitory activities of ROCK1 (IC50 < 10 μM) and the most potent one (compound TS-f22) with the novel scaffold of 4-Phenyl-1H-pyrrolo [2,3-b] pyridine had an IC50 of 480 nM. Then, the structure-activity relationships of 41 analogues of TS-f22 were examined. Two potent inhibitors were proven effective in inhibiting the phosphorylation of the downstream target in the ROCK signaling pathway in vitro and protecting atorvastatin-induced cerebral hemorrhage in vivo. The high hit rate (28.95%) suggested that the integrated virtual screening strategy was quite reliable and could be used as a powerful tool for identifying promising active compounds for targets of interest.
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng Y, LoGrasso PV, Defert O, Li R. Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2269-300. [PMID: 26486225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinases (ROCKs) belong to the serine-threonine family, the inhibition of which affects the function of many downstream substrates. As such, ROCK inhibitors have potential therapeutic applicability in a wide variety of pathological conditions including asthma, cancer, erectile dysfunction, glaucoma, insulin resistance, kidney failure, neuronal degeneration, and osteoporosis. To date, two ROCK inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in Japan (fasudil and ripasudil) and one in China (fasudil). In 1995 fasudil was approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm, and more recently, ripasudil was approved for the treatment of glaucoma in 2014. In this Perspective, we present a comprehensive review of the physiological and biological functions for ROCK, the properties and development of over 170 ROCK inhibitors as well as their therapeutic potential, the current status, and future considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Defert
- Amakem Therapeutics , Agoralaan A bis, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rongshi Li
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Cancer Genes and Molecular Regulation Program, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cholkar K, Trinh HM, Pal D, Mitra AK. Discovery of novel inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:293-313. [PMID: 25575654 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease with heterogeneous causes that result in retinal ganglionic cell (RGC) death. The discovery of ocular antihypertensives has shifted glaucoma therapy, largely, from surgery to medical intervention. Indeed, several intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs, with different mechanisms of action and RGC protective property, have been developed. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the main new class of kinase inhibitors used as glaucoma treatments, which lower IOP by enhancing drainage and/or lowering production of aqueous humor. The authors include novel inhibitors under preclinical evaluation and investigation for their anti-glaucoma treatment. Additionally, the authors look at treatments that are in clinics now and which may be available in the near future. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of glaucoma remains challenging because the exact cause is yet to be delineated. Neuroprotection to the optic nerve head is undisputable. The novel Rho-associated kinase inhibitors have the capacity to lower IOP and provide optic nerve and RGC protection. In particular, the S-isomer of roscovitine has the capacity to lower IOP and provide neuroprotection. Combinations of selected drugs, which can provide maximal and sustained IOP-lowering effects as well as neuroprotection, are paramount to the prevention of glaucoma progression. In the near future, microRNA intervention may be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Cholkar
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 5258 Health Science Building, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718 , USA +1 816 235 1615 ; +1 816 235 5779 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effect of 0.04% AR-13324, a ROCK, and Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitor, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Normotensive Monkey Eyes. J Glaucoma 2015; 24:51-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e3182952213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Chen HH, Namil A, Severns B, Ward J, Kelly C, Drace C, McLaughlin MA, Yacoub S, Li B, Patil R, Sharif N, Hellberg MR, Rusinko A, Pang IH, Combrink KD. In vivo optimization of 2,3-diaminopyrazine Rho Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1875-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Affecting 60 million patients, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple medical and surgical treatments with effective intraocular pressure lowering, many patients still progress to become visually handicapped from glaucoma due to therapeutic failure. There is therefore a great need for novel therapies to improve the standard of care, and Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors represent a promising new class of drugs for treatment of glaucoma. ROCK inhibitors act by increasing facility of fluid outflow from the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure. ROCK inhibitors also have a vasodilatory effect on conjunctival vessels, which can lead to eye redness, a less than desirable cosmetic side effect for patients that would use this medication. Although there is promising data to support the clinical potential of this class of drug, the occurrence of conjunctival hyperemia remains a potential deterrent for use by patients. Studies are underway to assess alternative dosing strategies, delivery methods and prodrug formulations that may circumvent this unwanted side effect. This review provides an up-to-date account of the basic scientific data, as well as nonclinical and clinical studies to support use of ROCK inhibitors for treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Wirostko
- University of Utah, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan P, Shen M, Yu H, Li Y, Li D, Hou T. Advances in the development of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1323-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
15
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Rho kinase/ROCK is critical in vital signal transduction pathways central to many essential cellular activities. Since ROCK possess multiple substrates, modulation of ROCK activity is useful for treatment of many diseases. AREAS COVERED Significant progress has been made in the development of ROCK inhibitors over the past two years (Jan 2012 to Aug 2013). Patent search in this review was based on FPO IP Research and Communities and Espacenet Patent Search. In this review, patent applications will be classified into four groups for discussions. The grouping is mainly based on structures or scaffolds (groups 1 and 2) and biological functions of ROCK inhibitors (groups 3 and 4). These four groups are i) ROCK inhibitors based on classical structural elements for ROCK inhibition; ii) ROCK inhibitors based on new scaffolds; iii) bis-functional ROCK inhibitors; and iv) novel applications of ROCK inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although currently only one ROCK inhibitor (fasudil) is used as a drug, more drugs based on ROCK inhibition are expected to be advanced into market in the near future. Several directions should be considered for future development of ROCK inhibitors, such as soft ROCK inhibitors, bis-functional ROCK inhibitors, ROCK2 isoform-selective inhibitors, and ROCK inhibitors as antiproliferation agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute , Scripps Florida, #2A1, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 , USA +1 561 228 2201 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gabriele B, Mancuso R, Lupinacci E, Veltri L, Salerno G, Carfagna C. Synthesis of Benzothiophene Derivatives by Pd-Catalyzed or Radical-Promoted Heterocyclodehydration of 1-(2-Mercaptophenyl)-2-yn-1-ols. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8277-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Gabriele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Elvira Lupinacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salerno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Carla Carfagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang DH, Qu WL, Shi LQ, Wei J. Molecular docking and pharmacophore model studies of Rho kinase inhibitors. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2011.554548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|