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Synthesis and anti-SARS-CoV-2 evaluation of lipid prodrugs of β-D- N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) and a 3′-fluoro-substituted analogue of NHC. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106527. [PMID: 37031504 PMCID: PMC10076076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) is a nucleoside analogue that exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity against a variety of RNA viruses. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of lipid prodrugs of NHC and a novel 3′-fluoro modified NHC analogue, and evaluation of their antiviral activity against five variants of SARS-CoV-2. All lipid prodrugs showed potent antiviral activity against the tested SARS-CoV-2 variants with EC50 values in the range of 0.31–3.51 μM, which were comparable to those of NHC or higher than those of remdesivir and molnupiravir. An increase in the cytostatic activity of the lipid prodrugs was found, but prodrug 2d proved equally selective as molnupinavir. The 3′-F analogue of NHC (6) only displayed minor antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (EC50 = 29.91 μM), while no activity was found for other variants at the highest concentration tested. The promising antiviral data of the lipid prodrugs of NHC suggest that they deserve further investigation as new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-HIV Activity of Mono- and Di-Substituted Phosphonamidate Conjugates of Tenofovir. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144447. [PMID: 35889320 PMCID: PMC9316519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs as antiviral agents requires phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes. Phosphate-substituted analogs have low bioavailability due to the presence of ionizable negatively-charged groups. To circumvent these limitations, several prodrug approaches have been proposed. Herein, we hypothesized that the conjugation or combination of the lipophilic amide bond with nucleotide-based tenofovir (TFV) (1) could improve the anti-HIV activity. During the current study, the hydroxyl group of phosphonates in TFV was conjugated with the amino group of L-alanine, L-leucine, L-valine, and glycine amino acids and other long fatty ester hydrocarbon chains to synthesize 43 derivatives. Several classes of derivatives were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV, and mass spectrometry. In addition, several of the synthesized compounds were evaluated as racemic mixtures for anti-HIV activity in vitro in a single round infection assay using TZM-bl cells at 100 ng/mL. TFV (1) was used as a positive control and inhibited HIV infection by 35%. Among all the evaluated compounds, the disubstituted heptanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with naphthol oleate (69), pentanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with phenol oleate (62), and butanolyl ester alanine phosphonamidate with naphthol oleate (87) ester conjugates of TFV were more potent than parent drug TFV with 79.0%, 76.5%, 71.5% inhibition, respectively, at 100 ng/mL. Furthermore, two fatty acyl amide conjugates of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) were synthesized and evaluated for comparative studies with TAF and TFV conjugates. Tetradecanoyl TAF conjugate 95 inhibited HIV infection by 99.6% at 100 ng/mL and showed comparable activity to TAF (97–99% inhibition) at 10–100 ng/mL but was more potent than TAF when compared at molar concentration.
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Ye G, Bhavaraju S, Dixit A, Kumar A, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'- O-Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine as Potential Anti-HIV Microbicides. Molecules 2022; 27:3352. [PMID: 35630829 PMCID: PMC9143043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of 5′-O-fatty acyl derivatives of 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (FLT, 1) were synthesized. These conjugates were evaluated for their potential as topical microbicides with anti-HIV activity against cell-free (X4 and R5), cell-associated, and multidrug-resistant viruses. Compared to FLT and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 5′-O-(12-azidododecanoyl) (5), 5′-O-myristoyl (6), and 5′-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) (8) derivatives of FLT were found to be more active against both cell-free viruses (lymphocytotropic and monocytotropic strains) with EC50 values of 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM, and <0.2 μM, respectively, as well as cell-associated virus with EC50 values of 12.6, 6.4, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Conjugates 5, 6, and 8 exhibited >4 and >30 times better antiviral index than FLT and AZT, respectively. Conjugates 5 and 8 were significantly more potent than FLT against many multidrug-resistant strains. A comparison of the anti-HIV activity with the corresponding non-hydrolyzable ether conjugates suggested that ester hydrolysis to FLT and fatty acids is critical to enable anti-HIV activity. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using fluorescent derivatives of FLT attached with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein through either β-alanine (23) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (24) spacers. The lipophilic fluorescent analog with a long chain (24) showed more than 12 times higher cellular uptake profile than the fluorescent analog with a short chain (23). These studies further confirmed that the attachment of fatty acids improved the cellular uptake of nucleoside conjugates. In addition, 5, 6, and 8 were the least cytotoxic and did not alter vaginal cell and sperm viability compared to the positive control, a commercial topical spermicide (N-9), which significantly decreased sperm and vaginal cell viability inducing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, 709 Mall Boulevard, Savannah, GA 31406, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Sitaram Bhavaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Ajay Dixit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- ITC Life Science & Technology Center, #3, 1st Main, Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Phase, Bangalore 560058, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Salehi D, Mozaffari S, Zoghebi K, Lohan S, Mandal D, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids as Drug Delivery Agents. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071156. [PMID: 35406720 PMCID: PMC8997995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of cyclic peptides, [(DipR)(WR)4], [(DipR)2(WR)3], [(DipR)3(WR)2], [(DipR)4(WR)], and [DipR]5, and their linear counterparts containing arginine (R) as positively charged residues and tryptophan (W) or diphenylalanine (Dip) as hydrophobic residues, were synthesized and evaluated for their molecular transporter efficiency. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized peptides was determined in human epithelial ovary adenocarcinoma cells (SK-OV-3), human lymphoblast peripheral blood cells (CCRF-CEM), human embryonic epithelial kidney healthy cells (HEK-293), human epithelial mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-468), pig epithelial kidney normal cells (LLC-PK1), and human epithelial fibroblast uterine sarcoma cells (MES-SA). A concentration of 5–10 µM and 3 h incubation were selected in uptake studies. The cellular uptake of a fluorescent-labeled phosphopeptide, stavudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, and siRNA was determined in the presence of peptides via flow cytometry. Among the peptides, [DipR]5 (10 µM) was found to be the most efficient transporter and significantly improved the uptake of F’-GpYEEI, i.e., by approximately 130-fold after 3 h incubation in CCRF-CEM cells. Confocal microscopy further confirmed the improved delivery of fluorescent-labeled [DipR]5 (F’-[K(DipR)5]) alone and F’-GpYEEI in the presence of [DipR]5 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The uptake of fluorescent-labeled siRNA (F’-siRNA) in the presence of [DipR]5 with N/P ratios of 10 and 20 was found to be 30- and 50-fold higher, respectively, compared with the cells exposed to F’-siRNA alone. The presence of endocytosis inhibitors, i.e., nystatin, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl β-cyclodextrin, did not completely inhibit the cellular uptake of F’-[K(DipR)5] alone or F’-GpYEEI in the presence of [DipR]5, suggesting that a combination of mechanisms contributes to uptake. Circular dichroism was utilized to determine the secondary structure, while transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the particle sizes and morphology of the peptides. The data suggest the remarkable membrane transporter property of [DipR]5 for improving the delivery of various small molecules and cell-impermeable negatively charged molecules (e.g., siRNA and phosphopeptide).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Salehi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Saghar Mozaffari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (D.S.); (S.M.); (K.Z.); (S.L.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
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El-Sayed NS, Jureka AS, Edwards MR, Lohan S, Williams CG, Keiser PT, Davey RA, Totonchy J, Tiwari RK, Basler CF, Parang K. Synthesis and antiviral activity of fatty acyl conjugates of remdesivir against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Ebola virus. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113862. [PMID: 34583312 PMCID: PMC8454092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis, purification, and characterization of mono- and di-fatty acyl conjugates of remdesivir (RDV) and their in vitro antiviral activity against SAR-CoV-2, an Ebola virus transcription- and replication-competent virus-like particle (trVLP) system, and infectious Ebola virus. The most potent monofatty acyl conjugate was 4b, containing a 4-oxatetradecanolyl at the 3' position. Monofatty acyl conjugates, 3'-O-tetradecanoyl (4a) (IC50(VeroE6) = 2.3 μM; IC50(Calu3) = 0.24 μM), 3'-O-4-oxatetradodecanoyl (4b) (IC50(VeroE6) = 2.0 μM; IC50(Calu3) = 0.18 μM), and 3'-O-(12-ethylthiododecanoyl) (4e) (IC50(VeroE6) = 2.4 μM; IC50(Calu3) = 0.25 μM) derivatives exhibited less activity than RDV (IC50(VeroE6) = 0.85 μM; IC50(Calu3) = 0.06 μM) in both VeroE6 and Calu3 cells. Difatty acylation led to a significant reduction in the antiviral activity of RDV (as shown in conjugates 5a and 5b) against SARS-CoV-2 when compared with monofatty acylation (3a-e and 4a-e). About 77.9% of 4c remained intact after 4 h incubation with human plasma while only 47% of parent RDV was observed at the 2 h time point. The results clearly indicate the effectiveness of fatty acylation to improve the half-life of RDV. The antiviral activities of a number of monofatty acyl conjugates of RDV, such as 3b, 3e, and 4b, were comparable with RDV against the Ebola trVLP system. Meanwhile, the corresponding physical mixtures of RDV and fatty acids 6a and 6b showed 1.6 to 2.2 times less antiviral activity than the corresponding conjugates, 4a and 4c, respectively, against SARS-CoV-2 in VeroE6 cells. A significant reduction in viral RNA synthesis was observed for selected compounds 3a and 4b consistent with the IC50 results. These studies indicate the potential of these compounds as long-acting antiviral agents or prodrugs of RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Salem El-Sayed
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA; AJK Biopharmaceutical, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA; Cellulose & Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. former (El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza P.O. Box, 12622, Egypt
| | - Alexander S Jureka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 686 Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 686 Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA; AJK Biopharmaceutical, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 686 Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | | | - Robert A Davey
- NEIDL, 620 Albany St, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh K Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA; AJK Biopharmaceutical, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 686 Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA; AJK Biopharmaceutical, 5270 California Ave, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
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Khayyatnejad Shoushtari S, Zoghebi K, Sajid MI, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Hybrid Cyclic-Linear Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Alternative Positively Charged and Hydrophobic Residues as Molecular Transporters. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3909-3919. [PMID: 34491768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane properties create a significant obstacle in intracellular delivery of cell-impermeable and negatively charged molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of hybrid cyclic-linear peptides containing alternative positive and hydrophobic amino acids on the ring and side chain [(RW)5]K(RW)X (X = 1-5) to compare their molecular transporter efficiency. The peptides were synthesized through Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. In vitro cytotoxicity of the peptides showed that the peptides did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity at the concentration of 10 μM in human leukemia carcinoma cell line (CCRF-CEM), human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells (SK-OV-3), human epithelial embryonic kidney healthy (HEK-293), and human epithelial mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) after 3 h incubation. The cellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled phosphopeptide (F'-GpYEEI) and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs (lamivudine (F'-3TC), emtricitabine (F'-FTC), Stavudine (F'-d4T)), where F' is carboxyfluorescein, was measured in the presence of the peptides in CCRF-CEM and SK-OV-3 cells. Among all peptides, [(RW)5K](RW)5 (10 μM) was the most efficient transporter that improved the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI (2 μM) by 18- and 11-fold in CCRF-CEM and SK-OV-3, respectively, compared with F'-GpYEEI alone. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis results indicated that the cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled peptide (F'-[(RW)5K](RW)5) was only partially inhibited by chlorpromazine as an endocytosis inhibitor after 3 h incubation in MDA-MB-231 cells. These data suggest the potential of this series of hybrid cyclic-linear peptides as cell-penetrating peptides and molecular transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Khayyatnejad Shoushtari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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Comparative Molecular Transporter Properties of Cyclic Peptides Containing Tryptophan and Arginine Residues Formed through Disulfide Cyclization. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112581. [PMID: 32498339 PMCID: PMC7321319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported cyclic cell-penetrating peptides [WR]5 and [WR]4 as molecular transporters. To optimize further the utility of our developed peptides for targeted therapy in cancer cells using the redox condition, we designed a new generation of peptides and evaluated their cytotoxicity as well as uptake behavior against different cancer cell lines. Thus, cyclic [C(WR)xC] and linear counterparts (C(WR)xC), where x = 4–5, were synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified, and characterized. The compounds did not show any significant cytotoxicity (at 25 µM) against ovarian (SK-OV-3), leukemia (CCRF-CEM), gastric adenocarcinoma (CRL-1739), breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231), and normal kidney (LLCPK) cells after 24 and 72 h incubation. Both cyclic [C(WR)5C] and linear (C(WR)5C) demonstrated comparable molecular transporter properties versus [WR]5 in the delivery of a phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI) in CCRF-CEM cells. The uptake of F′-GpYEEI in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) as the reducing agent was significantly improved in case of l(C(WR)5C), while it was not changed by [C(WR)5C]. Fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a significant uptake of F′-GpYEEI in the presence of l(C(WR)5C). Cyclic [C(WR)5C] improved the uptake of the fluorescent-labeled anti-HIV drugs F′-d4T, F′-3TC, and F′-FTC by 3.0–4.9-fold. These data indicate that both [C(WR)5C] and linear (C(WR)5C) peptides can act as molecular transporters.
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Comparative Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir and Anti-HIV Nucleoside Analogs Against Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102343. [PMID: 32429580 PMCID: PMC7287735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir is a nucleotide prodrug that is currently undergoing extensive clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. The prodrug is metabolized to its active triphosphate form and interferes with the action of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-COV-2. Herein, we report the antiviral activity of remdesivir against human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) compared to known anti-HIV agents. These agents included tenofovir (TFV), 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA), alovudine (FLT), lamivudine (3TC), and emtricitabine (FTC), known as nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and a number of 5'-O-fatty acylated anti-HIV nucleoside conjugates. The anti-HIV nucleosides interfere with HIV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and/or act as chain terminators. Normal human fibroblast lung cells (MRC-5) were used to determine the cytotoxicity of the compounds. The study revealed that remdesivir exhibited an EC50 value of 0.07 µM against HCoV-229E with TC50 of > 2.00 µM against MRC-5 cells. Parent NRTIs were found to be inactive against (HCoV-229E) at tested concentrations. Among all the NRTIs and 5'-O-fatty acyl conjugates of NRTIs, 5'-O-tetradecanoyl ester conjugate of FTC showed modest activity with EC50 and TC50 values of 72.8 µM and 87.5 µM, respectively. These data can be used for the design of potential compounds against other coronaviruses.
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Hanna S, Mozaffari S, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Comparative Molecular Transporter Efficiency of Cyclic Peptides Containing Tryptophan and Arginine Residues. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16281-16291. [PMID: 31458264 PMCID: PMC6643651 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides containing tryptophan (W) and arginine (R) residues, [WR]5, [WR]6, [WR]7, [WR]8, and [WR]9, were synthesized through Fmoc solid-phase chemistry to compare their molecular transporter efficiency. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the peptides was evaluated using human leukemia carcinoma cell line (CCRF-CEM) and normal kidney cell line (LLC-PK1). [WR]6, [WR]7, [WR]8, and [WR]9 were not significantly cytotoxic to LLC-PK1cells at a concentration of 10 μM after 3 h incubation. Among all the peptides, [WR]9 was found to be a more efficient transporter than [WR]5, [WR]6, [WR]7, and [WR]8 in CCRF-CEM cells for delivery of a cell-impermeable fluorescence-labeled negatively charged phosphopeptide (F'-GpYEEI). [WR]9 (10 μM) improved the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI (2 μM) by 20-fold. The cellular uptake of a fluorescent conjugate of [WR]9, F'-[W9R8K], was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent pattern in CCRF-CEM cells. The uptake of F'-[W9R8K] was slightly reduced in CCRF-CEM cells in the presence of different endocytic inhibitors, such as nystatin, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl β-cyclodextrin. Furthermore, the uptake of F'-[W9R8K] was shown to be temperature-dependent and slightly adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent. The intracellular/cellular localization (in the nucleus and cytoplasm) of F'-[W9R8K] was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy in CCRF-CEM cells. These studies suggest that large cyclic peptides containing arginine and tryptophan can be used as a molecular transporter of specific compounds.
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of unsymmetrical long chain dicarboxylate esters of dinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1934-1937. [PMID: 28351588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 11 unsymmetrical dicarboxylate conjugates of dinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. Three dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid, suberic acid and 1,14-tetradecandioc acid, were diesterified with either 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT), 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC), or 5-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (FTC). The anti-HIV activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated against HIV-1 X4 (IIIB) and R5 (BaL) viral strains in single-round infection assays. Results indicated that the tetradecandioate esters of nucleosides were more active against HIV than the corresponding parent nucleosides and nucleoside conjugates. The tetradecandioate conjugate of FLT and FTC (5) was found to be the most potent compounds with EC50 values of 47 and 75nM against X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains, respectively, while the EC50 values for the parent analogs, FLT and FTC, ranged from 700 to 3300nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- School of Pharmacy, South University, 10 Science Court, Columbia, SC 29203, United States
| | - Bhupender S Chhikara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, Bawana, Delhi 110039, India
| | - Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, United States.
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11
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Pemmaraju BP, Malekar S, Agarwal HK, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Doncel GF, Worthen DR, Parang K. Design, synthesis, antiviral activity, and pre-formulation development of poly-L-arginine-fatty acyl derivatives of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 34:1-15. [PMID: 25513860 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.945649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to design conjugates of anti-HIV nucleosides conjugated with fatty acids and cell-penetrating poly-L-arginine (polyArg) peptides. Three conjugates of polyArg cell-penetrating peptides with fatty acyl derivatives of alovudine (FLT), lamivudine (3TC), and emtricitabine (FTC) were synthesized. In general, the compounds exhibited anti-HIV activity against X4 and R5 cell-free virus with EC50 values of 1.5-16.6 μM. FLT-CO-(CH2)12-CO-(Arg)7 exhibited EC50 values of 2.9 μM and 3.1 μM against X4 and R5 cell-free virus, respectively. The FLT conjugate was selected for further preformulation studies by determination of solution state degradation and lipid solubility. The compound was found to be stable in neutral and oxidative conditions and moderately stable in heated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Pemmaraju
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , United States
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12
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Fowler BJ, Gelfand BD, Kim Y, Kerur N, Tarallo V, Hirano Y, Amarnath S, Fowler DH, Radwan M, Young MT, Pittman K, Kubes P, Agarwal HK, Parang K, Hinton DR, Bastos-Carvalho A, Li S, Yasuma T, Mizutani T, Yasuma R, Wright C, Ambati J. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. Science 2014; 346:1000-3. [PMID: 25414314 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are mainstay therapeutics for HIV that block retrovirus replication. Alu (an endogenous retroelement that also requires reverse transcriptase for its life cycle)-derived RNAs activate P2X7 and the NLRP3 inflammasome to cause cell death of the retinal pigment epithelium in geographic atrophy, a type of age-related macular degeneration. We found that NRTIs inhibit P2X7-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation independent of reverse transcriptase inhibition. Multiple approved and clinically relevant NRTIs prevented caspase-1 activation, the effector of the NLRP3 inflammasome, induced by Alu RNA. NRTIs were efficacious in mouse models of geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, graft-versus-host disease, and sterile liver inflammation. Our findings suggest that NRTIs are ripe for drug repurposing in P2X7-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Fowler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Human Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Younghee Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Nagaraj Kerur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Valeria Tarallo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Yoshio Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shoba Amarnath
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Radwan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Mark T Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Keir Pittman
- Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hitesh K Agarwal
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ana Bastos-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shengjian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Yasuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Takeshi Mizutani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Reo Yasuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Charles Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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13
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Singh RK, Miazga A, Dąbrowska A, Lipniacki A, Piasek A, Kulikowski T, Shugar D. Myristoylated derivatives of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (stavudine) bi-functional prodrugs with potent anti-HIV-1 activity and low cytotoxicity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:231-5. [PMID: 23985753 DOI: 10.3851/imp2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve in vitro antiviral activity and selectivity of stavudine (d4T), a range of its bi-functional prodrugs, 5'-O-myristoylated derivatives, have been synthesized. METHODS Stavudine 5'-O-myristoylated esters were synthesized using modified Parang's procedure. The cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity was evaluated in the established MT-4 cell line. The level of p24 protein in culture medium was assayed, and EC50 and EC90 values were determined. RESULTS Excellent anti-HIV activity was obtained for stavudine derivatives 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(11-thioethylundecanoyl) thymidine, 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) thymidine and 5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine with C10 and C11 alkyl chains bearing thioethyl- and azido- substituents. These prodrugs were more potent than the parent stavudine, as is clear from their EC50 values: 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(11-thioethylundecanoyl) thymidine (R=CO(CH2)10SC2H5, EC50 0.06 μM), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) thymidine (R=CO(CH2)11SC2H5, EC50 0.09 μM) and 5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (R=CO(CH2)11N3, EC50 0.06 μM), while 50% cytotoxic concentration was >16.65 μM, >7.5 μM and >18.53 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall data demonstrate that compounds 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(11-thioethylundecanoyl) thymidine, 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) thymidine and 5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine are very potent and selective anti-HIV agents and could be useful in treatment of HIV infections of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra K Singh
- Nucleic Acids & Antiviral Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
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14
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Fonville JM, Wilks SH, James SL, Fox A, Ventresca M, Aban M, Xue L, Jones TC, Le NMH, Pham QT, Tran ND, Wong Y, Mosterin A, Katzelnick LC, Labonte D, Le TT, van der Net G, Skepner E, Russell CA, Kaplan TD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Masurel N, de Jong JC, Palache A, Beyer WEP, Le QM, Nguyen TH, Wertheim HFL, Hurt AC, Osterhaus ADME, Barr IG, Fouchier RAM, Horby PW, Smith DJ. Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination. Science 2014; 346:996-1000. [PMID: 25414313 PMCID: PMC4246172 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the antibody landscape, a method for the quantitative analysis of antibody-mediated immunity to antigenically variable pathogens, achieved by accounting for antigenic variation among pathogen strains. We generated antibody landscapes to study immune profiles covering 43 years of influenza A/H3N2 virus evolution for 69 individuals monitored for infection over 6 years and for 225 individuals pre- and postvaccination. Upon infection and vaccination, titers increased broadly, including previously encountered viruses far beyond the extent of cross-reactivity observed after a primary infection. We explored implications for vaccination and found that the use of an antigenically advanced virus had the dual benefit of inducing antibodies against both advanced and previous antigenic clusters. These results indicate that preemptive vaccine updates may improve influenza vaccine efficacy in previously exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Fonville
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - S. H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S. L. James
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - A. Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M. Ventresca
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - M. Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - L. Xue
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - T. C. Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - N. M. H. Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Q. T. Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N. D. Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Y. Wong
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - A. Mosterin
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - L. C. Katzelnick
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D. Labonte
- Insect Biomechanics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - T. T. Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - G. van der Net
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - E. Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C. A. Russell
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - G. F. Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - N. Masurel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - J. C. de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - A. Palache
- Abbott Laboratories, Weesp 1380 DA, the Netherlands
| | - W. E. P. Beyer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Q. M. Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. H. Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H. F. L. Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - A. C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - A. D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - I. G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R. A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - P. W. Horby
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - D. J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
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15
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Pemmaraju B, Agarwal HK, Oh D, Buckheit KW, Buckheit RW, Tiwari R, Parang K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'- O-Dicarboxylic Fatty Acyl Monoester Derivatives of Anti-HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:1983-1986. [PMID: 24791029 PMCID: PMC4001930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of 5'-O-dicarboxylic fatty acyl monoester derivatives of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, AZT), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (stavudine, d4T), and 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (alovudine, FLT) were synthesized to improve the lipophilicity and potentially the cellular delivery of parent polar 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside (ddN) analogues. The compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity. Three different fatty acids with varying chain length of suberic acid (octanedioic acid), sebacic acid (decanedioic acid), and dodecanedioic acid were used for the conjugation with the nucleosides. The compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity. All dicarboxylic ester conjugates of nucleosides exhibited significantly higher anti-HIV activity than that of the corresponding parent nucleoside analogs. Among all the tested conjugates, 5'-O-suberate derivative of AZT (EC50 = 0.10 nM) was found to be the most potent compound and showed 80-fold higher anti-HIV activity than AZT without any significant toxicity (TC50 > 500 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Pemmaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Donghoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Karen W. Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences Inc. 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD, 21704, United States
| | - Robert W. Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences Inc. 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD, 21704, United States
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92618, United States
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16
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Structure–activity relationships of the antiviral D4T and seven 4′-substituted derivatives using MP2 and DFT methods. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Mandal D, Tiwari RK, Guo L, Lu W, Parang K. Cyclic Peptide-Capped Gold Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:500-11. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300448k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Liangran Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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18
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Bhavaraju S, Mandal D, Doncel GF, Parang K. Emtricitabine prodrugs with improved anti-HIV activity and cellular uptake. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:467-76. [PMID: 22917277 DOI: 10.1021/mp300361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three fatty acyl conjugates of (-)-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC, emtricitabine) were synthesized and evaluated against HIV-1 cell-free and cell-associated virus and compared with the corresponding parent nucleoside and physical mixtures of FTC and fatty acids. Among all the compounds, the myristoylated conjugate of FTC (5, EC(50) = 0.07-3.7 μM) displayed the highest potency. Compound 5 exhibited 10-24 and 3-13-times higher anti-HIV activity than FTC alone (EC(50) = 0.7-88.6 μM) and the corresponding physical mixtures of FTC and myristic acid (14, EC(50) = 0.2-20 μM), respectively. Cellular uptake studies confirmed that compound 5 accumulated intracellularly after 1 h of incubation and underwent intracellular hydrolysis in CCRF-CEM cells. Alternative studies were conducted using the carboxyfluorescein conjugated with FTC though β-alanine (12) and 12-aminododecanoic acid (13). Acylation of FTC with a long-chain fatty acid in 13 improved its cellular uptake by 8.5-20 fold in comparison to 12 with a short-chain β-alanine. Compound 5 (IC(90) = 15.7-16.1 nM) showed 6.6- and 35.2 times higher activity than FTC (IC(90) = 103-567 nM) against multidrug resistant viruses B-NNRTI and B-K65R, indicating that FTC conjugation with myristic acid generates a more potent analogue with a better resistance profile than its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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19
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Chhikara BS, Tiwari R, Parang K. N-Myristoylglutamic Acid Derivative of 3'-Fluoro-3'-Deoxythymidine as an Organogel. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:5335-5337. [PMID: 23175585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing microbicidal gels of anti-HIV drugs for local application to prevent HIV infection is a subject of major interest. 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), was conjugated with a N-myristoyl glutamate scaffold. The conjugate showed gelation at 1% (w/w) in different organic solvents, such as toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform. The gels were opaque and stable at room temperature. The results indicate that myristoyl glutamate derivative of FLT can form an organogel. The gel could have potential application as a topical anti-HIV microbicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender S Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
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20
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Hanley MJ, Ye G, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of (−)-2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4861-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300492q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United States
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael J. Hanley
- Department of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United States
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United States
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, 23507, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881, United States
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21
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Quiterio M, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of glutamate and peptide conjugates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2672-87. [PMID: 22352809 DOI: 10.1021/jm201551m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mono-, di-, and trinucleoside conjugates of glutamate or peptide scaffolds containing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. Among dinucleoside glutamate ester derivatives, N-myristoylated derivatives showed significantly higher anti-HIV activity than the corresponding N-acetylated conjugates against cell-free virus. Myristoyl-Glu(3TC)-FLT (46, EC(50) = 0.3-0.6 μM) and myristoyl-Glu(FTC)-FLT (47, EC(50) = 0.1-0.4 μM) derivatives were the most active glutamate-dinucleoside conjugates. A trinucleoside glutamate derivative containing AZT, FLT, and 3TC (34, EC(50) = 0.9-1.4 μM) exhibited higher anti-HIV activity than AZT and 3TC against cell-free virus. Compound 34 also exhibited higher anti-HIV activity against multidrug (IC(50) = 5.9 nM) and NNRTI (IC(50) = 12.9 nM) resistant viruses than parent nucleosides. The physical mixture containing FLT-succinate, AZT, 3TC, and glutamic acid exhibited 115-fold less activity against cell associated virus (EC(50) = 91.9 μM) when compared to 34 (EC(50) = 0.8 μM). Other conjugates showed less or comparable potency to that of the corresponding physical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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