1
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Ueshima R, Kikuma T, Sano K, Toda N, Greimel P, Takeda Y. Synthesis of azide-modified glycerophospholipid precursor analogs for detection of enzymatic reactions. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300699. [PMID: 38061997 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids (GPLs) are major cell membrane components. Although various phosphorylated molecules are attached to lipid moieties as their headgroups, GPLs are biosynthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA) via its derivatives, diacylglycerol (DAG) or cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). A variety of molecular probes capable of introducing detection tags have been developed to investigate biological events involved in GPLs. In this study, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel analytical tools suitable to monitor the activity of GPL biosynthetic enzymes in vitro. Our synthetic targets, namely, azide-modified PA, azide-modified DAG, and azide-modified CDP-DAG, were successfully obtained from solketal as their common starting material. Moreover, using CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase (CDIPT), an enzyme that catalyzed the final reaction step in synthesizing phosphatidylinositol, we demonstrated that azide-modified CDP-DAG worked as a substrate for CDIPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ueshima
- Graduate school of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Graduate school of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kanae Sano
- Graduate school of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nahoko Toda
- Graduate school of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Graduate school of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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2
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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Fujikawa K, Mori S, Nishiyama KI, Shimamoto K. A bacterial glycolipid essential for membrane protein integration. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2022; 81:95-129. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Do T, Schaefer K, Santiago AG, Coe KA, Fernandes PB, Kahne D, Pinho MG, Walker S. Staphylococcus aureus cell growth and division are regulated by an amidase that trims peptides from uncrosslinked peptidoglycan. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:291-303. [PMID: 31932712 PMCID: PMC7046134 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are protected by a polymer of peptidoglycan that serves as an exoskeleton1. In Staphylococcus aureus, the peptidoglycan assembly enzymes relocate during the cell cycle from the periphery, where they are active during growth, to the division site where they build the partition between daughter cells2-4. But how peptidoglycan synthesis is regulated throughout the cell cycle is poorly understood5,6. Here, we used a transposon screen to identify a membrane protein complex that spatially regulates S. aureus peptidoglycan synthesis. This complex consists of an amidase that removes stem peptides from uncrosslinked peptidoglycan and a partner protein that controls its activity. Amidases typically hydrolyse crosslinked peptidoglycan between daughter cells so that they can separate7. However, this amidase controls cell growth. In its absence, peptidoglycan synthesis becomes spatially dysregulated, which causes cells to grow so large that cell division is defective. We show that the cell growth and division defects due to loss of this amidase can be mitigated by attenuating the polymerase activity of the major S. aureus peptidoglycan synthase. Our findings lead to a model wherein the amidase complex regulates the density of peptidoglycan assembly sites to control peptidoglycan synthase activity at a given subcellular location. Removal of stem peptides from peptidoglycan at the cell periphery promotes peptidoglycan synthase relocation to midcell during cell division. This mechanism ensures that cell expansion is properly coordinated with cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Do
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn A Coe
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro B Fernandes
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariana G Pinho
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Fujikawa K, Nomura K, Nishiyama KI, Shimamoto K. Novel Glycolipid Involved in Membrane Protein Integration: Structure and Mode of Action. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Fujikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences
| | - Kaoru Nomura
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences
| | - Ken-ichi Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Keiko Shimamoto
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences
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6
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Beswick L, Ahmadipour S, Dolan JP, Rejzek M, Field RA, Miller GJ. Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of the alginate sugar nucleotide building block: GDP-d-mannuronic acid. Carbohydr Res 2019; 485:107819. [PMID: 31557683 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beswick
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Jonathan P Dolan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
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7
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Choi J, Wagner LJS, Timmermans SBPE, Malaker SA, Schumann B, Gray MA, Debets MF, Takashima M, Gehring J, Bertozzi CR. Engineering Orthogonal Polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase and UDP-Sugar Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13442-13453. [PMID: 31373799 PMCID: PMC6813768 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
O-Linked α-N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycans constitute a major part of the human glycome. They are difficult to study because of the complex interplay of 20 distinct glycosyltransferase isoenzymes that initiate this form of glycosylation, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts). Despite proven disease relevance, correlating the activity of individual GalNAc-Ts with biological function remains challenging due to a lack of tools to probe their substrate specificity in a complex biological environment. Here, we develop a "bump-hole" chemical reporter system for studying GalNAc-T activity in vitro. Individual GalNAc-Ts were rationally engineered to contain an enlarged active site (hole) and probed with a newly synthesized collection of 20 (bumped) uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) analogs to identify enzyme-substrate pairs that retain peptide specificities but are otherwise completely orthogonal to native enzyme-substrate pairs. The approach was applicable to multiple GalNAc-T isoenzymes, including GalNAc-T1 and -T2 that prefer nonglycosylated peptide substrates and GalNAcT-10 that prefers a preglycosylated peptide substrate. A detailed investigation of enzyme kinetics and specificities revealed the robustness of the approach to faithfully report on GalNAc-T activity and paves the way for studying substrate specificities in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lauren J. S. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Suzanne B. P. E. Timmermans
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Stacy A. Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Melissa A. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marjoke F. Debets
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Megumi Takashima
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jase Gehring
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Fujikawa K, Suzuki S, Nagase R, Ikeda S, Mori S, Nomura K, Nishiyama KI, Shimamoto K. Syntheses and Activities of the Functional Structures of a Glycolipid Essential for Membrane Protein Integration. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2719-2727. [PMID: 30064209 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MPIase is the first known glycolipid that is essential for membrane protein integration in the inner membrane of E. coli. Since the amount of natural MPIase available for analysis is limited and it contains structural heterogeneity, precisely designed synthetic derivatives are promising tools for further elucidation of its membrane protein integration mechanism. Thus, we synthesized the minimal unit of MPIase, a trisaccharyl pyrophospholipid termed mini-MPIase-3, and its derivatives. Integration assays revealed that the chemically synthesized trisaccharyl pyrophospholipid possesses significant activity, indicating that it includes the essential structure for membrane integration. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that the number of trisaccharide units and the 6- O-acetyl group on N-acetylglucosamine contribute to efficient integration. Furthermore, anchoring in the membrane by a lipid moiety was essential for the integration. However, the addition of phosphorylated glycans devoid of the lipid moiety in the assay solution modulated the integration activity of MPIase embedded in liposomes, suggesting an interaction between phosphorylated glycans and substrate proteins in aqueous solutions. The prevention of protein aggregation required the 6- O-acetyl group on N-acetylglucosamine, a phosphate group at the reducing end of the glycan, and a long glycan chain. Taken together, we verified the mechanism of the initial step of the translocon-independent pathway in which a membrane protein is captured by a glycan of MPIase, which maintains its structure to be competent for integration, and then MPIase integrates it into the membrane by hydrophobic interactions with membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Fujikawa
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Sonomi Suzuki
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nagase
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Shiori Ikeda
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shoko Mori
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nomura
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nishiyama
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimamoto
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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9
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Liu Q, Kistemaker HAV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Synthesis of ribosyl-ribosyl-adenosine-5',5'',5'''(triphosphate)-the naturally occurring branched fragment of poly(ADP ribose). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:10255-10258. [PMID: 28868552 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05755e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose (PAR) is a branched biopolymer that occurs as a result of post-translational modification of proteins. In 1981 Miwa et al. determined the structure of enzymatically prepared branched PAR. We present the first synthesis of the same branched PAR fragment and have shown by NMR that the structure proposed by Miwa is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Ahmadipour S, Miller GJ. Recent advances in the chemical synthesis of sugar-nucleotides. Carbohydr Res 2017; 451:95-109. [PMID: 28923409 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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11
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Qiao Y, Srisuknimit V, Rubino F, Schaefer K, Ruiz N, Walker S, Kahne D. Lipid II overproduction allows direct assay of transpeptidase inhibition by β-lactams. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:793-798. [PMID: 28553948 PMCID: PMC5478438 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential crosslinked polymer that surrounds bacteria and protects them from osmotic lysis. Beta-lactam antibiotics target the final stages of peptidoglycan biosynthesis by inhibiting the transpeptidases that crosslink glycan strands to complete cell wall assembly. Characterization of transpeptidases and their inhibition by beta-lactams has been hampered by lack of access to substrate. We describe a general approach to accumulate Lipid II in bacteria and to obtain large quantities of this cell wall precursor. We demonstrate utility by isolating Staphylococcus aureus Lipid II and reconstituting the synthesis of crosslinked peptidoglycan by the essential penicillin-binding protein 2, PBP2, which catalyzes both glycan polymerization and transpeptidation. We also show that we can compare the potencies of different beta-lactams by directly monitoring transpeptidase inhibition. The methods reported here will enable a better understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and facilitate studies of next-generation transpeptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veerasak Srisuknimit
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick Rubino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natividad Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Schaefer K, Matano LM, Qiao Y, Kahne D, Walker S. In vitro reconstitution demonstrates the cell wall ligase activity of LCP proteins. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:396-401. [PMID: 28166208 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sacculus is a peptidoglycan (PG) matrix that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis. In Gram-positive organisms, the sacculus is densely functionalized with glycopolymers important for survival, but the way in which assembly occurs is not known. In Staphylococcus aureus, three LCP (LytR-CpsA-Psr) family members have been implicated in attaching the major glycopolymer wall teichoic acid (WTA) to PG, but ligase activity has not been demonstrated for these or any other LCP proteins. Using WTA and PG substrates produced chemoenzymatically, we show that all three proteins can transfer WTA precursors to nascent PGs, establishing that LCP proteins are PG-glycopolymer ligases. Although all S. aureus LCP proteins have the capacity to attach WTA to PG, we show that their cellular functions are not redundant. Strains lacking lcpA have phenotypes similar to those of WTA-null strains, indicating that this is the most important WTA ligase. This work provides a foundation for studying how LCP enzymes participate in cell wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leigh M Matano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abstract
Focusing on the recent literature (since 2000), this review outlines the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphorylated nucleosides, also known as nucleotides, as well as several derivatives, namely, cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides, dinucleoside 5',5'-polyphosphates, sugar nucleotides, and nucleolipids. Endogenous nucleotides and their analogues can be obtained enzymatically, which is often restricted to natural substrates, or chemically. In chemical synthesis, protected or unprotected nucleosides can be used as the starting material, depending on the nature of the reagents selected from P(III) or P(V) species. Both solution-phase and solid-support syntheses have been developed and are reported here. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted in this field, further work is required because chemists are still faced with the challenge of developing a universal methodology that is compatible with a large variety of nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Anaïs Depaix
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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14
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Xu Z. A review on the chemical synthesis of pyrophosphate bonds in bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3777-83. [PMID: 26189080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is an ongoing interest in the synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate analogs as important regulators in catabolism/anabolism, and their potential applications as mechanistic probes and chemical tools for bioassays. However, the pyrophosphate bond formation step remains as the bottleneck. In this Digest, the chemical synthesis of the pyrophosphate bonds of representative bioactive nucleoside diphosphate analogs, i.e. phosphorus-modified analogs, nucleoside cyclic diphosphates, and nucleoside diphosphate conjugates, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States.
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15
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Korhonen HJ, Bolt HL, Vicente-Gines L, Perks DC, Hodgson DRW. PPN Pyrophosphate: A New Reagent for the Preparation of Nucleoside Triphosphates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.984032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J. Korhonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. Bolt
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Leyre Vicente-Gines
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Perks
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - David R. W. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
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16
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Hofer A, Cremosnik GS, Müller AC, Giambruno R, Trefzer C, Superti-Furga G, Bennett KL, Jessen HJ. A Modular Synthesis of Modified Phosphoanhydrides. Chemistry 2015; 21:10116-22. [PMID: 26033174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoanhydrides (P-anhydrides) are ubiquitously occurring modifications in nature. Nucleotides and their conjugates, for example, are among the most important building blocks and signaling molecules in cell biology. To study and manipulate their biological functions, a diverse range of analogues have been developed. Phosphate-modified analogues have been successfully applied to study proteins that depend on these abundant cellular building blocks, but very often both the preparation and purification of these molecules are challenging. This study discloses a general access to P-anhydrides, including different nucleotide probes, that greatly facilitates their preparation and isolation. The convenient and scalable synthesis of, for example, (18) O labeled nucleoside triphosphates holds promise for future applications in phosphoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Gregor S Cremosnik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Roberto Giambruno
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Claudia Trefzer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
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17
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Lin CK, Chen KT, Hu CM, Yun WY, Cheng WC. Synthesis of 1-C-Glycoside-Linked Lipid II Analogues Toward Bacterial Transglycosylase Inhibition. Chemistry 2015; 21:7511-9. [PMID: 25820317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of Lipid II analogues containing an enzymatically uncleavable 1-C-glycoside linkage between the disaccharide moiety and the pyrophosphate- or pyrophosphonate-lipid moiety is described. The synthesis of a common 1-C-vinyl disaccharide intermediate has been developed that allows easy preparation of both an elongated sugar-phosphate bond and a sugar-phosphonate moiety, which are coupled with the polyprenyl phosphate to give the desired molecules. Inhibition studies show how a subtle structural modification results in dramatically different potency toward bacterial transglycosylase (TGase), and the results identify Lipid II-C-O-PP (IC50 =25 μM) as a potential TGase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Lin
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 (Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 2-27899931
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18
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Tanaka H. Recent Approaches to the Chemical Synthesis of Sugar Nucleoside Diphosphates. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1423.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Oceanography Section, Science Research Center, Kochi University
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19
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Qiao Y, Lebar MD, Schirner K, Schaefer K, Tsukamoto H, Kahne D, Walker S. Detection of lipid-linked peptidoglycan precursors by exploiting an unexpected transpeptidase reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14678-81. [PMID: 25291014 PMCID: PMC4210121 DOI: 10.1021/ja508147s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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Penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) are involved in the synthesis
and remodeling of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG). Staphylococcus
aureus expresses four PBPs. Genetic studies in S.
aureus have implicated PBP4 in the formation of highly cross-linked
PG, but biochemical studies have not reached a consensus on its primary
enzymatic activity. Using synthetic Lipid II, we show here that PBP4
preferentially acts as a transpeptidase (TP) in vitro. Moreover, it is the PBP primarily responsible for incorporating
exogenous d-amino acids into cellular PG, implying that it
also has TP activity in vivo. Notably, PBP4 efficiently
exchanges d-amino acids not only into PG polymers but also
into the PG monomers Lipid I and Lipid II. This is the first demonstration
that any TP domain of a PBP can activate the PG monomer building blocks.
Exploiting the promiscuous TP activity of PBP4, we developed a simple,
highly sensitive assay to detect cellular pools of lipid-linked PG
precursors, which are of notoriously low abundance. This method, which
addresses a longstanding problem, is useful for assessing how genetic
and pharmacological perturbations affect precursor levels, and may
facilitate studies to elucidate antibiotic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiao
- Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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20
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Lebar MD, May JM, Meeske AJ, Leiman SA, Lupoli TJ, Tsukamoto H, Losick R, Rudner DZ, Walker S, Kahne D. Reconstitution of peptidoglycan cross-linking leads to improved fluorescent probes of cell wall synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10874-7. [PMID: 25036369 PMCID: PMC4132960 DOI: 10.1021/ja505668f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
peptidoglycan precursor, Lipid II, produced in the model Gram-positive
bacterium Bacillus subtilis differs from Lipid II
found in Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli by a single amidation on the peptide side chain. How this difference
affects the cross-linking activity of penicillin-binding proteins
(PBPs) that assemble peptidoglycan in cells has not been investigated
because B. subtilis Lipid II was not previously available.
Here we report the synthesis of B. subtilis Lipid
II and its use by purified B. subtilis PBP1 and E. coli PBP1A. While enzymes from both organisms assembled B. subtilis Lipid II into glycan strands, only the B. subtilis enzyme cross-linked the strands. Furthermore, B. subtilis PBP1 catalyzed the exchange of both d-amino acids and d-amino carboxamides into nascent peptidoglycan,
but the E. coli enzyme only exchanged d-amino
acids. We exploited these observations to design a fluorescent d-amino carboxamide probe to label B. subtilis PG in vivo and found that this probe labels the cell wall dramatically
better than existing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lebar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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21
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Sun Q, Li X, Sun J, Gong S, Liu G, Liu G. An improved P(V)-N activation strategy for the synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate 6-deoxy-l-sugars. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Hindsgaul O. A simple chemical synthesis of sugar nucleoside diphosphates in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:13.12.1-13.12.10. [PMID: 24510796 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1312s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis is attractive since it eliminates the tedious multistep protection-deprotection requirements of pure chemical synthesis. Chemoenzymatic synthesis using glycosyltransferases, however, requires not only the correct enzyme to control both regio- and stereospecificity, but also the glycosyl donor to provide the sugar that is added. This unit describes a simple synthesis of sugar-nucleoside diphosphates (sugar-NDPs), the type of glycosyl donor (e.g., UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, ADP-Glc) required by most glycosyltransferases, by using a chemical coupling reaction in water. The preparation of sugar-NDPs by this method therefore does not require any skills in synthetic organic chemistry.
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23
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Nakamura J, Yamashiro H, Miya H, Nishiguchi K, Maki H, Arimoto H. Staphylococcus aureus Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 Can Use Depsi-Lipid II Derived from Vancomycin-Resistant Strains for Cell Wall Synthesis. Chemistry 2013; 19:12104-12. [PMID: 23873669 PMCID: PMC4235313 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (VRSA) uses depsipeptide-containing modified cell-wall precursors for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. Transglycosylase is responsible for the polymerization of the peptidoglycan, and the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) plays a major role in the polymerization among several transglycosylases of wild-type S. aureus. However, it is unclear whether VRSA processes the depsipeptide-containing peptidoglycan precursor by using PBP2. Here, we describe the total synthesis of depsi-lipid I, a cell-wall precursor of VRSA. By using this chemistry, we prepared a depsi-lipid II analogue as substrate for a cell-free transglycosylation system. The reconstituted system revealed that the PBP2 of S. aureus is able to process a depsi-lipid II intermediate as efficiently as its normal substrate. Moreover, the system was successfully used to demonstrate the difference in the mode of action of the two antibiotics moenomycin and vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 0-22-217-6204
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24
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Sun Q, Gong S, Sun J, Liu S, Xiao Q, Pu S. A P(V)–N Activation Strategy for the Synthesis of Nucleoside Polyphosphates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8417-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4011156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Gong
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
| | - Si Liu
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605
Fenglin Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
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25
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Lebar MD, Lupoli TJ, Tsukamoto H, May JM, Walker S, Kahne D. Forming cross-linked peptidoglycan from synthetic gram-negative Lipid II. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4632-5. [PMID: 23480167 DOI: 10.1021/ja312510m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall precursor, Lipid II, has a highly conserved structure among different organisms except for differences in the amino acid sequence of the peptide side chain. Here, we report an efficient and flexible synthesis of the canonical Lipid II precursor required for the assembly of Gram-negative peptidoglycan (PG). We use a rapid LC/MS assay to analyze PG glycosyltransfer (PGT) and transpeptidase (TP) activities of Escherichia coli penicillin binding proteins PBP1A and PBP1B and show that the native m-DAP residue in the peptide side chain of Lipid II is required in order for TP-catalyzed peptide cross-linking to occur in vitro. Comparison of PG produced from synthetic canonical E. coli Lipid II with PG isolated from E. coli cells demonstrates that we can produce PG in vitro that resembles native structure. This work provides the tools necessary for reconstituting cell wall synthesis, an essential cellular process and major antibiotic target, in a purified system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lebar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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26
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Dabrowski-Tumanski P, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Efficient and Rapid Synthesis of Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars from Nucleoside Phosphorimidazolides. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Tedaldi LM, Pierce M, Wagner GK. Optimised chemical synthesis of 5-substituted UDP-sugars and their evaluation as glycosyltransferase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 364:22-7. [PMID: 23147042 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the applicability of different chemical methods for pyrophosphate bond formation to the synthesis of 5-substituted UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine derivatives. The use of phosphoromorpholidate chemistry, in conjunction with N-methyl imidazolium chloride as the promoter, was identified as the most reliable synthetic protocol for the preparation of these non-natural sugar-nucleotides. Under these conditions, the primary synthetic targets 5-iodo UDP-galactose and 5-iodo UDP-N-acetylglucosamine were consistently obtained in isolated yields of 40-43%. Both 5-iodo UDP-sugars were used successfully as substrates in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with 5-formylthien-2-ylboronic acid under aqueous conditions. Importantly, 5-iodo UDP-GlcNAc and 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-GlcNAc showed moderate inhibitory activity against the GlcNAc transferase GnT-V, providing the first examples for the inhibition of a GlcNAc transferase by a base-modified donor analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Tedaldi
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Chemistry, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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28
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Jørgensen MR, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Hindsgaul O. A Simple Synthesis of Sugar Nucleoside Diphosphates by Chemical Coupling in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Tanaka H, Yoshimura Y, Jørgensen MR, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Hindsgaul O. A simple synthesis of sugar nucleoside diphosphates by chemical coupling in water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11531-4. [PMID: 23065967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen-V, Denmark
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30
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Szczepankiewicz BG, Dai H, Koppetsch KJ, Qian D, Jiang F, Mao C, Perni RB. Synthesis of carba-NAD and the structures of its ternary complexes with SIRT3 and SIRT5. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7319-29. [PMID: 22849721 DOI: 10.1021/jo301067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carba-NAD is a synthetic compound identical to NAD except for one substitution, where an oxygen atom adjacent to the anomeric linkage bearing nicotinamide is replaced with a methylene group. Because it is inert in nicotinamide displacement reactions, carba-NAD is an unreactive substrate analogue for NAD-consuming enzymes. SIRT3 and SIRT5 are NAD-consuming enzymes that are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases and cancers. We report an improved carba-NAD synthesis, including a pyrophosphate coupling method that proceeds in approximately 60% yield. We also disclose the X-ray crystal structures of the ternary complexes of SIRT3 and SIRT5 bound to a peptide substrate and carba-NAD. These X-ray crystal structures provide critical snapshots of the mechanism by which human sirtuins function as protein deacylation catalysts.
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31
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Gampe CM, Tsukamoto H, Wang TSA, Walker S, Kahne D. Modular synthesis of diphospholipid oligosaccharide fragments of the bacterial cell wall and their use to study the mechanism of moenomycin and other antibiotics. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:9771-9778. [PMID: 22505780 PMCID: PMC3322638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible, modular route to GlcNAc-MurNAc-oligosaccharides that can be readily converted into peptidoglycan (PG) fragments to serve as reagents for the study of bacterial enzymes that are targets for antibiotics. Demonstrating the utility of these synthetic PG substrates, we show that the tetrasaccharide substrate lipid IV (3), but not the disaccharide substrate lipid II (2), significantly increases the concentration of moenomycin A required to inhibit a prototypical PG-glycosyltransferase (PGT). These results imply that lipid IV and moenomycin A bind to the same site on the enzyme. We also show the moenomycin A inhibits the formation of elongated polysaccharide product but does not affect length distribution. We conclude that moenomycin A blocks PG-strand initiation rather than elongation or chain termination. Synthetic access to diphospholipid oligosaccharides will enable further studies of bacterial cell wall synthesis with the long-term goal of identifying novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Gampe
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tsukamoto
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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