1
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Hall A, Chatzopoulou M, Frost J. Bioisoteres for carboxylic acids: From ionized isosteres to novel unionized replacements. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117653. [PMID: 38579492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are key pharmacophoric elements in many molecules. They can be seen as a problem by some, due to perceived permeability challenges, potential for high plasma protein binding and the risk of forming reactive metabolites due to acyl-glucuronidation. By others they are viewed more favorably as they can decrease lipophilicity by adding an ionizable center which can be beneficial for solubility, and can add enthalpic interactions with the target protein. However, there are many instances where the replacement of a carboxylic acid with a bioisosteric group is required. This has led to the development of a number of ionizable groups which sufficiently mimic the carboxylic acid functionality whilst improving, for example, the metabolic profile of the molecule in question. An alternative strategy involves replacement of the carboxylate by neutral functional groups. This review initially details carefully selected examples whereby tetrazoles, acyl sulfonamides or isoxazolols have been beneficially utilized as carboxylic acid bioisosteres altering physicohemical properties, interactions with the target and metabolism and/or pharmacokinetics, before delving further into the binding mode of carboxylic acid derivatives with their target proteins. This analysis highlights new ways to consider the replacement of carboxylic acids by neutral bioisosteric groups which either rely on hydrogen bonds or cation-π interactions. It should serve as a useful guide for scientists working in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - James Frost
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
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2
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Heeney A, Rogers AC, Mohan H, Mc Dermott F, Baird AW, Winter DC. Prostaglandin E 2 receptors and their role in gastrointestinal motility - Potential therapeutic targets. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 152:106499. [PMID: 33035691 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a diverse variety of functions and roles. The recent discovery of four PGE2 receptor subtypes in intestinal muscle layers as well as in the enteric plexus has led to much interest in the study of their roles in gut motility. Gut dysmotility has been implicated in functional disease processes including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and slow transit constipation, and lubiprostone, a PGE2 derivative, has recently been licensed to treat both conditions. The diversity of actions of PGE2 in the intestinal tract is attributed to its differing effects on its downstream receptor types, as well as their varied distribution in the gut, in both health and disease. This review aims to identify the role and distribution of PGE2 receptors in the intestinal tract, and aims to elucidate their distinct role in gut motor function, with a specific focus on functional intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heeney
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A C Rogers
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - H Mohan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Mc Dermott
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A W Baird
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Winter
- Institute for Clinical Outcomes, Research and Education (ICORE), St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Karaburun AC. Synthesis and Anticandidal Activities of Some Aryl (5-Chloro-Benzofuran- 2-yl) Ketoximes. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666181207155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:
In this study, some aryl (5-chloro-benzofuran-2-yl) ketoximes and their
ethers were synthesised to evaluate their antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C.
krusei, and C. parapsilosis.
</p><p>
Methods: The structure elucidation of the compounds was performed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR
and HR-MS spectroscopic data. ADME parameters of synthesised compounds 2a-2d, 3a-3d, 4a-4d
were predicted by an in-silico study and it was determined that all synthesised compounds may
have a good pharmacokinetic profile.
</p><p>
Results: In the anticandidal activity studies, compounds 2c and 3c were found to be the most active
compounds. The effect of compound 2c, on ergosterol biosynthesis of C. albicans, was determined
by using the LC-MS-MS method.
</p><p>
Conclusion: It was also docked in the active site of the lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme, and
shown that there is a strong interaction between compound 2c and enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cagri Karaburun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
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4
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Umareddy P, Arava VR. Syntheses of 2-Aroyl 3-Aryl Benzofuran and Benzothiophenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pailla Umareddy
- R&D Centre Suven Life Sciences Ltd; Plot No #18, Phase-III, Jeedimetla Hyderabad 500055 India
| | - Veera Reddy Arava
- R&D Centre Suven Life Sciences Ltd; Plot No #18, Phase-III, Jeedimetla Hyderabad 500055 India
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5
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Discovery of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based EP 1 receptor antagonists by scaffold hopping: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4044-4050. [PMID: 28784294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A scaffold-hopping strategy towards a new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine based core using molecular hybridization of two structurally distinct EP1 antagonists, followed by structure-activity relationship-guided optimization, resulted in the identification of potent EP1 antagonists exemplified by 4c, 4f, and 4j, which were shown to reduce pathological intravesical pressure in rats when administered at 1mg/kg iv.
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6
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Umei K, Nishigaya Y, Tatani K, Kohno Y, Tanaka N, Seto S. Identification of novel 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl-substituted benzo[ d ]thiazoles: Lead generation and optimization toward potent and orally active EP 1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3406-3430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Umei K, Nishigaya Y, Kondo A, Tatani K, Tanaka N, Kohno Y, Seto S. Novel pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyridines as orally active EP 1 receptor antagonists: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2635-2642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Structural features of subtype-selective EP receptor modulators. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:57-71. [PMID: 27506873 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 is a potent endogenous molecule that binds to four different G-protein-coupled receptors: EP1-4. Each of these receptors is a valuable drug target, with distinct tissue localisation and signalling pathways. We review the structural features of EP modulators required for subtype-selective activity, as well as the structural requirements for improved pharmacokinetic parameters. Novel EP receptor subtype selective agonists and antagonists appear to be valuable drug candidates in the therapy of many pathophysiological states, including ulcerative colitis, glaucoma, bone healing, B cell lymphoma, neurological diseases, among others, which have been studied in vitro, in vivo and in early phase clinical trials.
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9
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Theoretical study of the regioselective cyclization of enaminones in the construction of benzofurans and indoles. J Mol Model 2016; 22:116. [PMID: 27132239 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study was undertaken regarding the regioselective Lewis acid-promoted intramolecular cyclization of novel enaminones 1-3 leading to the corresponding benzofurans 4-5 and indoles 6. The density functional theory (DFT) and hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle provided data to describe the electronic effects of the substituents in the reactivity of the benzene ring and the enaminone moiety. The condensed and local Fukui functions for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks of the reactants accounted for the experimentally observed preference, in regard to precursors 1-3, of the cyclization between the C6' carbon (rather than the C2' carbon) of the benzene ring and the C3 center of the enaminone moiety.
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10
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Xie Y, Yu C, Que Y, Li T, Wang Y, Lu Y, Wang W, Shen S, Yao C. N-Heterocyclic carbene-triggered transition-metal-free synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzofuran derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6463-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An NHC-triggered, transition-metal-free strategy for the efficient synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzofuran derivatives in moderate to excellent yields from aryl or alkyl aldehydes and o-quinone methides has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Chenxia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Yonglei Que
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Tuanjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Yinan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
| | - Shide Shen
- Xuzhou Institute of Architectural Technology
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Changsheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P. R. China
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11
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Yeung L, Pilkington LI, Cadelis MM, Copp BR, Barker D. Total synthesis of panicein A2. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1991-6. [PMID: 26664619 PMCID: PMC4660959 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of the unusual aromatic sesquiterpene panicein A2 is reported and the structure of the natural product has been confirmed. When tested by the NCI against a range of human cancer cell lines, it was found that panicein A2 exhibits very little antiproliferative activity at 10 μM – an observation that is at odds with the earlier report that stated panicein A2 exhibits in vitro cytotoxicity against a number of tumour cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yeung
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa M Cadelis
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Prostanoids and inflammatory pain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Downey JD, Saleh SA, Bridges TM, Morrison RD, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Breyer RM. Development of an in vivo active, dual EP1 and EP3 selective antagonist based on a novel acyl sulfonamide bioisostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:37-41. [PMID: 23218714 PMCID: PMC3534858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies demonstrate a role for the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) subtype 1 (EP1) receptor in mediating, at least in part, the pathophysiology of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A series of amide and N-acylsulfonamide analogs of a previously described picolinic acid-based human EP1 receptor antagonist (7) were prepared. Each analog had improved selectivity at the mouse EP1 receptor over the mouse thromboxane receptor (TP). A subset of analogs gained affinity for the mouse PGE(2) subtype 3 (EP3) receptor, another potential therapeutic target. One analog (17) possessed equal selectivity for EP1 and EP3, displayed a sufficient in vivo residence time in mice, and lacked the potential for acyl glucuronide formation common to compound 7. Treatment of mice with 17 significantly attenuated the vasopressor activity resulting from an acute infusion of EP1 and EP3 receptor agonists. Compound 17 represents a potentially novel therapeutic in the treatment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Mice
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Pyridines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfonamides/chemistry
- Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Downey
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sam A. Saleh
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D. Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard M. Breyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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14
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Carrër A, Brinet D, Florent JC, Rousselle P, Bertounesque E. Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of polysubstituted benzofurans. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1316-27. [PMID: 22141919 DOI: 10.1021/jo202060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient access to 2-substituted 3-arylbenzofurans through a palladium-catalyzed C3 direct arylation of 2-substituted benzofurans with aryl bromides is described. The scope and limitation of this reaction was studied. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups on the aryl halide and has been successfully extended to polysubstituted benzofurans to obtain the corresponding 3-arylbenzofurans with good to excellent yields.
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15
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Nayak M, Rastogi N, Batra S. Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 4-Iodopyrazole Derivatives with Amidines for the Synthesis of Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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