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Swain SS, Hussain T. Combined Bioinformatics and Combinatorial Chemistry Tools to Locate Drug-Able Anti-TB Phytochemicals: A Cost-Effective Platform for Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200267. [PMID: 36307750 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on extensive experimental studies, a huge number of phytochemicals showed potential activity against tuberculosis (TB) at a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fewer toxicity profiles. However, these promising drugs have not been able to convert from 'lead' to 'mainstream' due to inadequate drug-ability profiles. Thus, early drug-prospective analyses are required at the primary stage to accelerate natural-product-based drug discovery with limited resources and time. In the present study, we have selected seventy-three potential anti-TB phytochemicals (MIC value ≤10 μg/mL) and assessed the drug-ability profiles using bioinformatics and combinatorial chemistry tools, systematically. Primarily, the molecular docking study was done against two putative drug targets, catalase-peroxidase enzyme (katG) and RNA polymerase subunit-β (rpoB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) using AutoDock 4.2 software. Further, assessed the drug-ability score from Molsoft, toxicity profiles from ProTox, pharmacokinetics from SwisADME, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) by ChemMine tools and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) with Avogadro and structural activity relationships (SAR) analysis with ChemDraw 18.0 software. Above analyses indicated that, lower MIC exhibited anti-TB phytochemicals, abietane, 12-demethylmulticaulin exhibited poor docking and drug-ability scores, while tiliacorinine, 2-nortiliacorinine showed higher binding energy and drug-ability profiles. Overall, tiliacorinine, 2-nortiliacorinine, 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone (AHR), (2S)-naringenin and isovachhalcone were found as the most active and drug-able anti-TB candidates from 73 candidates. Phytochemicals are always a vital source of mainstream drugs, but the MIC value of a phytochemical is not sufficient for it to be promoted. An ideal drug-ability profile is therefore essential for achieving clinical success, where advanced bioinformatics tools help to assess and analyse that profile. Additionally, several natural pharmacophores found in existing anti-TB drugs in SAR analyses also provide crucial information for developing potential anti-TB drug. As a conclusion, combined bioinformatics and combinatorial chemistry are the most effective strategies to locate potent-cum-drug-able candidates in the current drug-development module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
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2
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Al-Wahaibi LH, Ghabbour HA, Al-Omary FAM, Tiekink ERT, El-Emam AA. Crystal structure of 5-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-[(4-trifluoromethylanilino)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione, C 20H 22F 3N 3OS. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2022-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C20H22F3N3OS, triclinic, P1 (no. 1), a = 6.9678(8) Å, b = 10.7614(14) Å, c = 13.0503(14) Å, α = 76.870(3)°, β = 88.004(4)°, γ = 87.275(4)°, V = 951.60(19) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0629, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1626, T = 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh 11671 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
| | - Fatmah A. M. Al-Omary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University , 47500 Bandar Sunway , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
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3
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Kuang W, Zhang H, Wang X, Yang P. Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis through small molecule inhibitors to break down cell wall synthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3201-3214. [PMID: 35967276 PMCID: PMC9366312 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) utilizes multiple mechanisms to obtain antibiotic resistance during the treatment of infections. In addition, the biofilms, secreted by MTB, can further protect the latter from the contact with drug molecules and immune cells. These self-defending mechanisms lay a formidable challenge to develop effective therapeutic agents against chronic and recurring antibiotic-tolerant MTB infections. Although several inexpensive and effective drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) have been discovered for the treatment regimen, MTB continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Antibiotic resistance and tolerance remain major global issues, and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to address the challenges associated with pathogenic bacteria. Gratifyingly, the cell wall synthesis of tubercle bacilli requires the participation of many enzymes which exclusively exist in prokaryotic organisms. These enzymes, absent in human hepatocytes, are recognized as promising targets to develop anti-tuberculosis drug. In this paper, we discussed the critical roles of potential drug targets in regulating cell wall synthesis of MTB. And also, we systematically reviewed the advanced development of novel bioactive compounds or drug leads for inhibition of cell wall synthesis, including their discovery, chemical modification, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Abstract
About half of the world's population and 80% of the world's biodiversity can be found in the tropics. Many diseases are specific to the tropics, with at least 41 diseases caused by endemic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Such diseases are of increasing concern, as the geographic range of tropical diseases is expanding due to climate change, urbanization, change in agricultural practices, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. While traditional medicines have been used for centuries in the treatment of tropical diseases, the active natural compounds within these medicines remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe infectious diseases specific to the tropics, including their causative pathogens, modes of transmission, recent major outbreaks, and geographic locations. We further review current treatments for these tropical diseases, carefully consider the biodiscovery potential of the tropical biome, and discuss a range of technologies being used for drug development from natural resources. We provide a list of natural products with antimicrobial activity, detailing the source organisms and their effectiveness as treatment. We discuss how technological advancements, such as next-generation sequencing, are driving high-throughput natural product screening pipelines to identify compounds with therapeutic properties. This review demonstrates the impact natural products from the vast tropical biome have in the treatment of tropical infectious diseases and how high-throughput technical capacity will accelerate this discovery process.
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5
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Kumar A, Karkara BB, Panda G. Novel candidates in the clinical development pipeline for TB drug development and their Synthetic Approaches. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:787-827. [PMID: 34397161 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Mtb has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence, new antitubercular agents are required to overcome problems in the treatment of multidrug resistant-Tb (MDR-Tb) and extensively drug resistant-Tb (XDR-Tb) along with shortening the treatment time. Several efforts are being made to develop very effective new drugs for Tb, within the pharmaceutical industry, the academia, and through public private partnerships. This review will address the anti-tubercular activities, biological target, mode of action, synthetic approaches and thoughtful concept for the development of several new drugs currently in the clinical trial pipeline (up to October 2019) for tuberculosis. The aim of this review may be very useful in scheming new chemical entities (NCEs) for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Bidhu Bhusan Karkara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Guntur, 522213, AP, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
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6
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Chauhan A, Kumar M, Kumar A, Kanchan K. Comprehensive review on mechanism of action, resistance and evolution of antimycobacterial drugs. Life Sci 2021; 274:119301. [PMID: 33675895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest infectious diseases existing in the world since ancient times and still possesses serious threat across the globe. Each year the number of cases increases due to high drug resistance shown by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Available antimycobacterial drugs have been classified as First line, Second line and Third line antibiotics depending on the time of their discoveries and their effectiveness in the treatment. These antibiotics have a broad range of targets ranging from cell wall to metabolic processes and their non-judicious and uncontrolled usage in the treatment for years has created a significant problem called multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. In this review, we have summarized the mechanism of action of all the classified antibiotics currently in use along with the resistance mechanisms acquired by Mtb. We have focused on the new drug candidates/repurposed drugs, and drug in combinations, which are in clinical trials for either treating the MDR tuberculosis more effectively or involved in reducing the time required for the chemotherapy of drug sensitive TB. This information is not discussed very adequately on a single platform. Additionally, we have discussed the recent technologies that are being used to discover novel resistance mechanisms acquired by Mtb and for exploring novel drugs. The story of intrinsic resistance mechanisms and evolution in Mtb is far from complete. Therefore, we have also discussed intrinsic resistance mechanisms of Mtb and their evolution with time, emphasizing the hope for the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs for effective therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Bio Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Kajal Kanchan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
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7
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Vanhaelewyn L, Van Der Straeten D, De Coninck B, Vandenbussche F. Ultraviolet Radiation From a Plant Perspective: The Plant-Microorganism Context. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:597642. [PMID: 33384704 PMCID: PMC7769811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly affects plants and microorganisms, but also alters the species-specific interactions between them. The distinct bands of UV radiation, UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C have different effects on plants and their associated microorganisms. While UV-A and UV-B mainly affect morphogenesis and phototropism, UV-B and UV-C strongly trigger secondary metabolite production. Short wave (<350 nm) UV radiation negatively affects plant pathogens in direct and indirect ways. Direct effects can be ascribed to DNA damage, protein polymerization, enzyme inactivation and increased cell membrane permeability. UV-C is the most energetic radiation and is thus more effective at lower doses to kill microorganisms, but by consequence also often causes plant damage. Indirect effects can be ascribed to UV-B specific pathways such as the UVR8-dependent upregulated defense responses in plants, UV-B and UV-C upregulated ROS accumulation, and secondary metabolite production such as phenolic compounds. In this review, we summarize the physiological and molecular effects of UV radiation on plants, microorganisms and their interactions. Considerations for the use of UV radiation to control microorganisms, pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic, are listed. Effects can be indirect by increasing specialized metabolites with plant pre-treatment, or by directly affecting microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Barbara De Coninck
- Plant Health and Protection Laboratory, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Tetali SR, Kunapaeddi E, Mailavaram RP, Singh V, Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Hourani W, Tekade RK. Current advances in the clinical development of anti-tubercular agents. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 125:101989. [PMID: 32957054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable airborne infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that primarily affects the lungs, and can disseminate to other parts of the body. MTB is one of the most dangerous pathogens, killing about 1.4 million people annually worldwide. Although the standard treatment of TB is comprised of four anti-TB drugs, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains in the recent past and associated side effects have affected the tailor-made regimens. Notably, existing therapies approved by the World Health Organisation (WHO) can only treat less than 50% of drug-resistant TB. Therefore, an expeditious pace in the TB research is highly needed in search of effective, affordable, least toxic novel drugs with shorter regimens to reach the goals viz. 2020 milestones End TB strategy set by the WHO. Currently, twenty-three drug-like molecules are under investigation in different stages of clinical trials. These newer agents are expected to be effective against the resistant strains. This article summarizes the properties, merits, demerits, and the probability of their success as novel potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanvai Reddy Tetali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswar Kunapaeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raghu Prasad Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, 781026, Assam, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman, 19392, Jordan.
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Wafa Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman, 19392, Jordan
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air Force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
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9
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Structural Modifications of 3-Triazeneindoles and Their Increased Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060356. [PMID: 32599854 PMCID: PMC7344711 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized 100 novel indole-based compounds with polyaza-functionalities, including 3-triazeneindoles, and tested their activity in vitro against laboratory M. tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical izoniazid-resistant CN-40 isolates, using gross and fine titration approaches. Here we present a few 3-triazeneindoles with the highest anti-mycobacterial activity. Introduction of short lipid tails into the 3-triazeneindole core additionally increased their activity against mycobacteria engulfed by murine macrophages. We also demonstrate that the compound TU112, one of the most active in our previous study, being not bioavailable after administration in mice per os, manifests prominent anti-mycobacterial activity after intravenous or aerosol delivery, as assessed by the mouse serum and lung supernatant titration assays.
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10
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Makarov V, Salina E, Reynolds RC, Kyaw Zin PP, Ekins S. Molecule Property Analyses of Active Compounds for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8917-8955. [PMID: 32259446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to claim the lives of around 1.7 million people per year. Most concerning are the reports of multidrug drug resistance. Paradoxically, this global health pandemic is demanding new therapies when resources and interest are waning. However, continued tuberculosis drug discovery is critical to address the global health need and burgeoning multidrug resistance. Many diverse classes of antitubercular compounds have been identified with activity in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses of over 100 active leads are representative of thousands of active compounds generated over the past decade, suggests that they come from few chemical classes or natural product sources. We are therefore repeatedly identifying compounds that are similar to those that preceded them. Our molecule-centered cheminformatics analyses point to the need to dramatically increase the diversity of chemical libraries tested and get outside of the historic Mtb property space if we are to generate novel improved antitubercular leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena Salina
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Robert C Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, United States
| | - Phyo Phyo Kyaw Zin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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11
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Bhat ZS, Rather MA, Ul Lah H, Hussain A, Maqbool M, Yousuf SK, Jabeen Z, Wani MA, Ahmad Z. In vitro bactericidal activity of 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (CHP) against drug-susceptible, drug-resistant and drug-tolerant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 22:57-62. [PMID: 31809940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis (TB) poses a serious global threat to humans. New bactericidal agents that can shorten treatment duration and target drug resistance still remain a top priority in the discovery of anti-TB drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the bactericidal potential of 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (CHP) against drug-susceptible, drug-resistant clinical isolates and drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration. The kill curve analysis was done at different concentrations spanning over 16 days. Drug combination studies with antituberculosis drugs were done to investigate possible synergy. The potential against drug- resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis was done by broth dilution assay. CFU enumeration was done to determine its activity against nutrient-starved drug tolerants, and its feasibility for oral administration was tested by serum inhibitory titre. RESULTS CHP displayed bactericidal activity with an MBC of 4 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The kill curve analysis exhibited a biphasic pattern of killing. CHP showed synergy with rifampicin, isoniazid and amikacin but was indifferent towards ethambutol and levofloxacin. CHP retained its full activity against drug-susceptible, monoresistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. CHP showed very strong bactericidal activity against nondividing, drug-tolerant M. tuberculosis that on comparison was highly superior to rifampicin. Furthermore, CHP significantly improved the bactericidal activity of rifampicin and isoniazid in a combination study. The serum inhibitory titre in mice indicated its high oral bioavailability. CONCLUSION Our results show strong bactericidal potential of CHP against M. tuberculosis that warrant its immediate mechanistic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Shanib Bhat
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Hafiz Ul Lah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Aehtesham Hussain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India
| | - Mubashir Maqbool
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Zuhra Jabeen
- State Training Demonstration Centre and Intermediate Reference Lab (STDC-IRL), Dalgate Srinagar Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- State Training Demonstration Centre and Intermediate Reference Lab (STDC-IRL), Dalgate Srinagar Kashmir, 190001, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India.
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12
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Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Novel 4-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-arylidene-3-thiosemicarbazides, 4-Arylmethyl N'-(Adamantan-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbothioimidates, and Related Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234308. [PMID: 31779091 PMCID: PMC6930481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-thiosemicarbazide 3 with various aromatic aldehydes yielded the corresponding thiosemicarbazones 4a–g. 1-Adamantyl isothiocyanate 2 was reacted with 1-methylpiperazine or piperidine to yield the corresponding N-(adamantan-1-yl)carbothioamides 5 and 6, respectively. The latter was reacted with benzyl or substituted benzyl bromides to yield the S-arylmethyl derivatives 7a–c. Attempted cyclization of 1,3-bis(adamantan-1-yl)thiourea 8 with chloroacetic acid via prolonged heating to the corresponding thiazolidin-4-one 9 resulted in desulfurization of 8 to yield its urea analogue 10. The thiazolidin-4-one 9 and its 5-arylidene derivatives 11a,b were obtained via microwave-assisted synthesis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Compounds 7a–c displayed marked broad spectrum antibacterial activities (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 0.5–32 μg/mL) and compounds 4a and 4g showed good activity against Candida albicans. Nine representative compounds were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity towards three human tumor cell lines. Compounds 7a–c displayed significant generalized anti-proliferative activity against all the tested cell lines with IC50 < 10 μM.
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13
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The Biological Activity of Natural Alkaloids against Herbivores, Cancerous Cells and Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110656. [PMID: 31717922 PMCID: PMC6891610 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of microorganisms that resist antimicrobials is a constant concern for the scientific community, while the development of new antimicrobials from new chemical entities has become more and more expensive, time-consuming, and exacerbated by emerging drug-resistant strains. In this regard, many scientists are conducting research on plants aiming to discover possible antimicrobial compounds. The secondary metabolites contained in plants are a source of chemical entities having pharmacological activities and intended to be used for the treatment of different diseases. These chemical entities have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial agents. Among these pharmacologically active entities are the alkaloids which are classified into a number of classes, including pyrrolizidines, pyrrolidines, quinolizidines, indoles, tropanes, piperidines, purines, imidazoles, and isoquinolines. Alkaloids that have antioxidant properties are capable of preventing a variety of degenerative diseases through capturing free radicals, or through binding to catalysts involved indifferent oxidation processes occurring within the human body. Furthermore, these entities are capable of inhibiting the activity of bacteria, fungi, protozoan and etc. The unique properties of these secondary metabolites are the main reason for their utilization by the pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of different diseases. Generally, these alkaloids are extracted from plants, animals and fungi. Penicillin is the most famous natural drug discovery deriving from fungus. Similarly, marines have been used as a source for thousands of bioactive marine natural products. In this review, we cover the medical use of natural alkaloids isolated from a variety of plants and utilized by humans as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents. An example for such alkaloids is berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, found in roots and stem-bark of Berberis asculin P. Renault plant and used to kill a variety of microorganisms.
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Sert Y, Al-Wahaibi LH, Gökce H, Hassan HM, Alsfouk A, El-Emam AA. Molecular docking, Hirshfeld surface analysis and spectroscopic investigations of 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiourea: A potential bioactive agent. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Yathursan S, Wiles S, Read H, Sarojini V. A review on anti-tuberculosis peptides: Impact of peptide structure on anti-tuberculosis activity. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3213. [PMID: 31515916 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem globally. Particularly concerning amongst drug-resistant human pathogens is Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes the deadly infectious tuberculosis (TB) disease. Significant issues associated with current treatment options for drug-resistant TB and the high rate of mortality from the disease makes the development of novel treatment options against this pathogen an urgent need. Antimicrobial peptides are part of innate immunity in all forms of life and could provide a potential solution against drug-resistant TB. This review is a critical analysis of antimicrobial peptides that are reported to be active against the M tuberculosis complex exclusively. However, activity on non-TB strains such as Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, whenever available, have been included at appropriate sections for these anti-TB peptides. Natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides of diverse sequences, along with their chemical structures, are presented, discussed, and correlated to their observed antimycobacterial activities. Critical analyses of the structure allied to the anti-mycobacterial activity have allowed us to draw important conclusions and ideas for research and development on these promising molecules to realise their full potential. Even though the review is focussed on peptides, we have briefly summarised the structures and potency of the various small molecule drugs that are available and under development, for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutharsana Yathursan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Read
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vijayalekshmi Sarojini
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Drug targets exploited in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pitfalls and promises on the horizon. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1733-1747. [PMID: 29864964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ever evolving infectious disease that still claims about 1.8 million human lives each year around the globe. Although modern chemotherapy has played a pivotal role in combating TB, the increasing emergence of drug-resistant TB aligned with HIV pandemic threaten its control. This highlights both the need to understand how our current drugs work and the need to develop new and more effective drugs. TB drug discovery is revisiting the clinically validated drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using whole-cell phenotypic assays in search of better therapeutic scaffolds. Herein, we review the promises of current TB drug regimens, major pitfalls faced, key drug targets exploited so far in M. tuberculosis along with the status of newly discovered drugs against drug resistant forms of TB. New antituberculosis regimens that use lesser number of drugs, require shorter duration of treatment, are equally effective against susceptible and resistant forms of disease, have acceptable toxicity profiles and behave friendly with anti-HIV regimens remains top most priority in TB drug discovery.
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Drug development against tuberculosis: Past, present and future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:252-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Bhat ZS, Rather MA, Maqbool M, Lah HU, Yousuf SK, Ahmad Z. Cell wall: A versatile fountain of drug targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1520-1534. [PMID: 28946393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease responsible for an estimated one and a half million human deaths each year around the globe. HIV-TB coinfection and rapid increase in the emergence of drug resistant forms of TB is a dangerous scenario. This underlines the urgent need for new drugs with novel mechanism of action. A plethora of literature exist that highlight the importance of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall responsible for its survival, growth, permeability, virulence and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, assembly of cell wall components is an attractive target for the development of chemotherapeutics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this review is to highlight novel sets of enzyme inhibitors that disrupt its cell wall biosynthetic pathway. These include the currently approved first and second line drugs, candidates in clinical trials and current structure activity guided endeavors of scientific community to identify new potent inhibitors with least cytotoxicity and better efficacy against emergence of drug resistance till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Shanib Bhat
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Maqbool
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Hafiz Ul Lah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Syed Khalid Yousuf
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and PK/PD Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Campus, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190005, India.
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Barthod L, Lopez JG, Curti C, Bornet C, Roche M, Montana M, Vanelle P. News on therapeutic management of MDR-tuberculosis: a literature review. J Chemother 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2017.1338845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christophe Curti
- APHM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
| | | | - Manon Roche
- APHM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Montana
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone, Oncopharma, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- APHM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
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AlMatar M, AlMandeal H, Var I, Kayar B, Köksal F. New drugs for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:546-558. [PMID: 28482292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis presents a grave challenge to health, globally instigating 1.5 million mortalities each year. Following the breakthrough of first-line anti-TB medication, the number of mortalities reduced greatly; nonetheless, the swift appearance of tuberculosis which was drug-resistant, as well as the capability of the bacterium to survive and stay dormant are a considerable problem for public health. In order to address this issue, several novel possible candidates for tuberculosis therapy have been subjected to clinical trials of late. The novel antimycobacterial agents are acquired from different categories of medications, operate through a range of action systems, and are at various phases of advancement. We therefore talk about the present methods of treating tuberculosis and novel anti-TB agents with their action method, in order to advance awareness of these new compounds and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü), Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Gebäude 90, Kirrberger Straße, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Santos P, López-Vallejo F, Soto CY. In silico approaches and chemical space of anti-P-type ATPase compounds for discovering new antituberculous drugs. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:175-187. [PMID: 28111912 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important public health problems around the world. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has driven the finding of alternative anti-TB targets. In this context, P-type ATPases are interesting therapeutic targets due to their key role in ion homeostasis across the plasma membrane and the mycobacterial survival inside macrophages. In this review, in silico and experimental strategies used for the rational design of new anti-TB drugs are presented; in addition, the chemical space distribution based on the structure and molecular properties of compounds with anti-TB and anti-P-type ATPase activity is discussed. The chemical space distribution compared to public compound libraries demonstrates that natural product libraries are a source of novel chemical scaffolds with potential anti-P-type ATPase activity. Furthermore, compounds that experimentally display anti-P-type ATPase activity belong to a chemical space of molecular properties comparable to that occupied by those approved for oral use, suggesting that these kinds of molecules have a good pharmacokinetic profile (drug-like) for evaluation as potential anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Santos
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian López-Vallejo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos-Y Soto
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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23
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New tuberculosis drug leads from naturally occurring compounds. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:212-220. [PMID: 28062229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. An estimated 2 billion individuals are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and annually there are approximately 10 million new cases of clinical TB and 1.5 million deaths. Currently available drugs and vaccines have had no significant impact on TB control. In addition, the emergence of drug resistant TB is considered a public health crisis, with some strains now resistant to all available drugs. Unfortunately, the growing burden of antibiotic resistance is coupled with decreased effort in the development of new antibiotics. Natural sources are attractive starting points in the search for anti-tubercular drugs because they are extremely rich in chemical diversity and have privileged antimicrobial activity. This review will discuss recent advances in the development of TB drug leads from natural products, with a particular focus on anti-mycobacterial compounds in late-stage preclinical and clinical development.
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Lu X, Tang J, Cui S, Wan B, Franzblauc SG, Zhang T, Zhang X, Ding K. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide hybrids: Design, synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Recent advancements in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:370-386. [PMID: 28017531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern chemotherapy has significantly improved patient outcomes against drug-sensitive tuberculosis. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, together with the bacterium's ability to persist and remain latent present a major public health challenge. To overcome this problem, research into novel anti-tuberculosis targets and drug candidates is thus of paramount importance. This review article provides an overview of tuberculosis highlighting the recent advances and tools that are employed in the field of anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. The predominant focus is on anti-tuberculosis agents that are currently in the pipeline, i.e. clinical trials.
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da Silva PB, Campos DL, Ribeiro CM, da Silva IC, Pavan FR. New antimycobacterial agents in the pre-clinical phase or beyond: recent advances in patent literature (2001-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:269-282. [PMID: 27796146 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1253681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, has caused more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious disease, killing more than 1.5 million people each year; equating to 4,100 deaths a day. In the past 60 years, no new drugs have been added to the first line regimen, in spite of the fact that thousands of papers have been published on drugs against tuberculosis and hundreds of drugs have received patents as new potential products. Thus, there is undoubtedly an urgent need for the deployment of new effective drugs against tuberculosis. Areas covered: This review brings to the reader the opportunity to understand the chemical and biological characteristics of all patented anti-tuberculosis drugs in North America, Europe, Japan, and Russia. The 116 patents discussed here concern new molecules in the early or advanced phase of development in the last 16 years. Expert opinion: Of all 116 patents, only one developed drug, bedaquiline, is used, and then, only in specific cases. Another three drugs are in clinical studies. However, many other compounds, for which there are in vitro and in vivo studies, seem to fulfil the requisite criteria to be a new anti-tuberculosis agent. However, why are they not in use? Why were so many studies interrupted? Why is there no more news for many of these drugs?
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bento da Silva
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Débora Leite Campos
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Camila Maríngolo Ribeiro
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristiane da Silva
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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In Vitro Activity of 3-Triazeneindoles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6422-4. [PMID: 27503657 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00998-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 230 target-synthesized indole-based compounds, seven 3-triazenoindoles showed MICs of 0.2 to 0.5 μg/ml against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and isoniazid-resistant human isolate CN-40. The TU112 compound was active also against a dormant form of M. tuberculosis Some of these triazenoindoles were active against Mycobacterium avium, with MICs of 0.05 to 0.5 μg/ml. The selectivity indices (SI) for M. tuberculosis and M. avium were significantly higher than 10, making these compounds acceptable for the next testing step.
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Swaminathan S, Sundaramurthi JC, Palaniappan AN, Narayanan S. Recent developments in genomics, bioinformatics and drug discovery to combat emerging drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:31-40. [PMID: 27865394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a big challenge in TB control. The delay in diagnosis of DR-TB leads to its increased transmission, and therefore prevalence. Recent developments in genomics have enabled whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) from 3-day-old liquid culture and directly from uncultured sputa, while new bioinformatics tools facilitate to determine DR mutations rapidly from the resulting sequences. The present drug discovery and development pipeline is filled with candidate drugs which have shown efficacy against DR-TB. Furthermore, some of the FDA-approved drugs are being evaluated for repurposing, and this approach appears promising as several drugs are reported to enhance efficacy of the standard TB drugs, reduce drug tolerance, or modulate the host immune response to control the growth of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Recent developments in genomics and bioinformatics along with new drug discovery collectively have the potential to result in synergistic impact leading to the development of a rapid protocol to determine the drug resistance profile of the infecting strain so as to provide personalized medicine. Hence, in this review, we discuss recent developments in WGS, bioinformatics and drug discovery to perceive how they would transform the management of tuberculosis in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chetpet, Chennai, 600031, India.
| | - Jagadish Chandrabose Sundaramurthi
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chetpet, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Alangudi Natarajan Palaniappan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chetpet, Chennai, 600031, India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chetpet, Chennai, 600031, India
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Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel ethyl 2-(2-(4-substituted)acetamido)-4-subtituted-thiazole-5-carboxylate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3525-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Silva JP, Appelberg R, Gama FM. Antimicrobial peptides as novel anti-tuberculosis therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:924-940. [PMID: 27235189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has recently joined HIV/AIDS as the world's deadliest infectious disease, affecting around 9.6 million people worldwide in 2014. Of those, about 1.2 million died from the disease. Resistance acquisition to existing antibiotics, with the subsequent emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant mycobacteria strains, together with an increasing economic burden, has urged the development of new anti-TB drugs. In this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small, cationic and amphipathic peptides that make part of the innate immune system, now arise as promising candidates for TB treatment. In this review, we analyze the potential of AMPs for this application. We address the mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages over conventional antibiotics and how problems associated with its use may be overcome to boost their therapeutic potential. Additionally, we address the challenges of translational development from benchside to bedside, evaluate the current development pipeline and analyze the expected global impact from a socio-economic standpoint. The quest for more efficient and more compliant anti-TB drugs, associated with the great therapeutic potential of emerging AMPs and the rising peptide market, provide an optimal environment for the emergence of AMPs as promising therapies. Still, their pharmacological properties need to be enhanced and manufacturing-associated issues need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
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31
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The anti-tuberculosis agents under development and the challenges ahead. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1981-2003. [PMID: 26505682 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health problem causing 1.5 million deaths worldwide. After the discovery of first-line anti-TB drugs, the mortality rate declined sharply, however, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and HIV co-infection have led to increased incidence of this disease. A number of new potential antitubercular drug candidates with novel modes of action have entered clinical trials in recent years. Compounds such as gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and linezolid, the already known antibiotics are currently being evaluated for their anti-TB activity. OPC-67683 and TMC207 have been approved for the treatment of MDR-TB patients recently, while PA-824, SQ109, PNU-100480, AZD5847, LL3858, SQ609, SQ641, BTZ043, DC-159a, CPZEN-45, Q-203, DNB1, TBA-354 are in various phases of clinical and preclinical developments. This review evaluates the current status of TB drug development and future aspects.
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Revathi R, Venkatesha Perumal R, Pai KSR, Arunkumar G, Sriram D, Kini SG. Design, development, drug-likeness, and molecular docking studies of novel piperidin-4-imine derivatives as antitubercular agents. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3779-87. [PMID: 26229439 PMCID: PMC4516184 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s83047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the major grievous diseases worldwide. The emergence of resistance to antituberculosis drugs emphasize the necessity to discover new therapeutic agents for preferential tuberculosis therapy. In this study, various novel 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl) piperidin-4-imine derivatives were developed and checked for favorable pharmacokinetic parameters based on drug-likeness explained by Lipinski’s rule of five. All 20 of the novel chemical entities were found to possess a favorable pharmacokinetic profile since they were not violating Lipinski’s rule of five. The title compounds were also synthesized, characterized, and tested for ex vivo antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC27294). The results revealed that four compounds (2-[1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylidene] hydrazinecarbothioamide, 2-[1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylidene]-N-hydroxy-hydrazinecarbo-thioamide, 1-[1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylidene]guanidine, and 2-[1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylidene]hydrazinecarboxamide) were the most potent (minimum inhibitory concentration 6.25 µg/mL) antitubercular agents, with less toxicity (selectivity index more than 10). The molecules were also subjected to three-dimensional molecular docking on the crystal structure of enoyl-acyl carrier protein (EACP) reductase enzyme (code 1ZID, Protein Data Bank), which represents a good prediction of the interactions between the molecules and EACP reductase with minimum binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajappan Revathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suvarna Ganesh Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Li K, Wang Y, Yang G, Byun S, Rao G, Shoen C, Yang H, Gulati A, Crick DC, Cynamon M, Huang G, Docampo R, No JH, Oldfield E. Oxa, Thia, Heterocycle, and Carborane Analogues of SQ109: Bacterial and Protozoal Cell Growth Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:215-221. [PMID: 26258172 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a library of 48 analogs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell growth inhibitor SQ109 in which the ethylene diamine linker was replaced by oxa-, thia- or heterocyclic species, and in some cases, the adamantyl group was replaced by a 1,2-carborane or the N-geranyl group by another hydrophobic species. Compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv and/or Erdman), Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trypanosoma brucei and two human cell lines (human embryonic kidney, HEK293T, and the hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2). Most potent activity was found against T. brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, and involved targeting of the mitochondrial membrane potential with 15 SQ109 analogs being more active than was SQ109 in cell growth inhibition, having IC50 values as low as 12 nM (5.5 ng/mL) and a selectivity index of ~300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gyongseon Yang
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 463-400
| | - Sooyoung Byun
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 463-400
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Carolyn Shoen
- Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Hongliang Yang
- CVMBS Microbiology,
Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, 1682
Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1601, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- CVMBS Microbiology,
Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, 1682
Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1601, United States
| | - Michael Cynamon
- Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global
Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global
Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea 463-400
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Cai W, Goswami A, Yang Z, Liu X, Green KD, Barnard-Britson S, Baba S, Funabashi M, Nonaka K, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Spork AP, Ducho C, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Thorson JS, Van Lanen SG. The Biosynthesis of Capuramycin-type Antibiotics: IDENTIFICATION OF THE A-102395 BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER, MECHANISM OF SELF-RESISTANCE, AND FORMATION OF URIDINE-5'-CARBOXAMIDE. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13710-24. [PMID: 25855790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A-500359s, A-503083s, and A-102395 are capuramycin-type nucleoside antibiotics that were discovered using a screen to identify inhibitors of bacterial translocase I, an essential enzyme in peptidoglycan cell wall biosynthesis. Like the parent capuramycin, A-500359s and A-503083s consist of three structural components: a uridine-5'-carboxamide (CarU), a rare unsaturated hexuronic acid, and an aminocaprolactam, the last of which is substituted by an unusual arylamine-containing polyamide in A-102395. The biosynthetic gene clusters for A-500359s and A-503083s have been reported, and two genes encoding a putative non-heme Fe(II)-dependent α-ketoglutarate:UMP dioxygenase and an l-Thr:uridine-5'-aldehyde transaldolase were uncovered, suggesting that C-C bond formation during assembly of the high carbon (C6) sugar backbone of CarU proceeds from the precursors UMP and l-Thr to form 5'-C-glycyluridine (C7) as a biosynthetic intermediate. Here, isotopic enrichment studies with the producer of A-503083s were used to indeed establish l-Thr as the direct source of the carboxamide of CarU. With this knowledge, the A-102395 gene cluster was subsequently cloned and characterized. A genetic system in the A-102395-producing strain was developed, permitting the inactivation of several genes, including those encoding the dioxygenase (cpr19) and transaldolase (cpr25), which abolished the production of A-102395, thus confirming their role in biosynthesis. Heterologous production of recombinant Cpr19 and CapK, the transaldolase homolog involved in A-503083 biosynthesis, confirmed their expected function. Finally, a phosphotransferase (Cpr17) conferring self-resistance was functionally characterized. The results provide the opportunity to use comparative genomics along with in vivo and in vitro approaches to probe the biosynthetic mechanism of these intriguing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Anwesha Goswami
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Zhaoyong Yang
- the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 1000050, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Keith D Green
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Sandra Barnard-Britson
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Satoshi Baba
- the New Modality Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8426, Japan
| | - Masanori Funabashi
- the Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- the Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8426, Japan
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Gill Heart Institute, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and
| | - Andrew J Morris
- the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Gill Heart Institute, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and
| | - Anatol P Spork
- the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Ducho
- the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Jon S Thorson
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506,
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Poce G, Cocozza M, Consalvi S, Biava M. SAR analysis of new anti-TB drugs currently in pre-clinical and clinical development. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:335-51. [PMID: 25173852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts have been made in the hunt for new drugs, tuberculosis (TB) still remains the first bacterial cause of mortality worldwide, causing an estimated 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths in 2012. Multi-drug resistant-TB strains no longer respond to first-line drugs and are inexorably spreading with an estimated 650,000 cases as well as extensively-drug resistant-TB strains, which are resistant to any fluoroquinolone and at least one of the second-line drugs, with 60,000 cases. Thus the discovery and development of new medicines is a major keystone for tuberculosis treatment and control. After decades of dormancy in the field of TB drug development, recent efforts from various groups have generated a promising TB drug pipeline. Several new therapeutic agents are concurrently studied in clinical trials together with much activity in the hittolead and lead optimization stages. In this article we will review the recent advances in TB drug discovery with a special focus on structure activity relationship studies of the most advanced compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Poce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Cocozza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Consalvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Biava
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:377-86. [PMID: 25130096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With reports of pandrug-resistant bacteria causing untreatable infections, the need for new antibacterial therapies is more pressing than ever. Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of compounds that have served as scaffolds for important antibacterial drugs such as metronidazole and the quinolones. In this review, we highlight other alkaloids with development potential. Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic alkaloids of all classes are considered, looking first at those with direct antibacterial activity and those with antibiotic-enhancing activity. Potent examples include CJ-13,136, a novel actinomycete-derived quinolone alkaloid with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.1 ng/mL against Helicobacter pylori, and squalamine, a polyamine alkaloid from the dogfish shark that renders Gram-negative pathogens 16- to >32-fold more susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Where available, information on toxicity, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action and in vivo activity is presented. The effects of alkaloids on virulence gene regulatory systems such as quorum sensing and virulence factors such as sortases, adhesins and secretion systems are also described. The synthetic isoquinoline alkaloid virstatin, for example, inhibits the transcriptional regulator ToxT in Vibrio cholerae, preventing expression of cholera toxin and fimbriae and conferring in vivo protection against intestinal colonisation. The review concludes with implications and limitations of the described research and directions for future research.
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Jackson M, McNeil MR, Brennan PJ. Progress in targeting cell envelope biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:855-75. [PMID: 23841633 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the newly discovered compounds showing promise for the treatment of TB, notably multidrug-resistant TB, inhibit aspects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope metabolism. This review reflects on the evolution of the knowledge that many of the front-line and emerging products inhibit aspects of cell envelope metabolism and in the process are bactericidal not only against actively replicating M. tuberculosis, but contrary to earlier impressions, are effective against latent forms of the disease. While mycolic acid and arabinogalactan synthesis are still primary targets of existing and new drugs, peptidoglycan synthesis, transport mechanisms and the synthesis of the decaprenyl-phosphate carrier lipid all show considerable promise as targets for new products, older drugs and new combinations. The advantages of whole cell- versus target-based screening in the perpetual search for new targets and products to counter multidrug-resistant TB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
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38
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Current status and future trends in the diagnosis and treatment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Public Health 2013; 7:75-91. [PMID: 24216518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is still large. The increasing incidence of drug-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) (resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid), and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) (additionally resistant to a fluoroquinolone and kanamycin/amikacin/capreomycin) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the association of active disease with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection pose a major threat to TB control efforts. The rapid detection of M. tuberculosis strains and drug susceptibility testing (DST) for anti-TB drugs ensure the provision of effective treatment. Rapid molecular diagnostic and DST methods have been developed recently. Treatment of drug-susceptible TB is effective in ≥95% of disease cases; however, supervised therapy for ≥6 months is challenging. Non-adherence to treatment often results in the evolution of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis due to mutations in the genes encoding drug targets. Sequential accumulation of mutations results in the evolution of MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. Effective treatment of MDR-TB involves therapy with 5-7 less effective, expensive, and toxic second-line and third-line drugs for ≥24 months and is difficult in most developing countries. XDR-TB is generally an untreatable disease in developing countries. Some currently existing drugs and several new drugs with novel modes of action are in various stages of development to shorten the treatment duration of drug-susceptible TB and to improve the outcome of MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
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Abstract
New antimicrobial agents are always needed to counteract the resistant pathogens that continue to be selected by current therapeutic regimens. This review provides a survey of known antimicrobial agents that were currently in clinical development in the fall of 2012 and spring of 2013. Data were collected from published literature primarily from 2010 to 2012, meeting abstracts (2011 to 2012), government websites, and company websites when appropriate. Compared to what was reported in previous surveys, a surprising number of new agents are currently in company pipelines, particularly in phase 3 clinical development. Familiar antibacterial classes of the quinolones, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, and cephalosporins are represented by entities with enhanced antimicrobial or pharmacological properties. More importantly, compounds of novel chemical structures targeting bacterial pathways not previously exploited are under development. Some of the most promising compounds include novel β-lactamase inhibitor combinations that target many multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, a critical medical need. Although new antimicrobial agents will continue to be needed to address increasing antibiotic resistance, there are novel agents in development to tackle at least some of the more worrisome pathogens in the current nosocomial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Bush
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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40
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Darandale SN, Mulla NA, Pansare DN, Sangshetti JN, Shinde DB. A novel amalgamation of 1,2,3-triazoles, piperidines and thieno pyridine rings and evaluation of their antifungal activity. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:527-32. [PMID: 23807083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is the first report of the novel amalgamation of 1,2,3-triazoles, piperidines, thieno pyridine rings and evaluation of their antifungal activity. The synthesized compounds showed interesting moderate to good antifungal activity, wherein they were able to discriminate between the two species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger of the same genus. In addition, the main highlight of this series is the sensitivity of the fungal strain Cryptococcus neoformans to the compounds having p-chlorobenzoyl (9h), methane sulfonyl (9i) and p-methylbenzene sulfonyl (9j) attached to the piperazine nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil N Darandale
- Department of Chemical Technology, Dr. Babasaheb AMedian Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India
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Sacksteder KA, Protopopova M, Barry CE, Andries K, Nacy CA. Discovery and development of SQ109: a new antitubercular drug with a novel mechanism of action. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:823-37. [PMID: 22827305 PMCID: PMC3480206 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing drugs have limited efficacy against the rising threat of drug-resistant TB, have significant side effects, and must be given in combinations of four to six drugs for at least 6 months for drug-sensitive TB and up to 24 months for drug-resistant TB. The long treatment duration has led to increased patient noncompliance with therapy. This, in turn, drives the development of additional drug resistance in a spiral that has resulted in some forms of TB being currently untreatable by existing drugs. New antitubercular drugs in development, particularly those with mechanisms of action that are different from existing first- and second-line TB drugs, are anticipated to be effective against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. SQ109 is a new TB drug candidate with a novel mechanism of action that was safe and well tolerated in Phase I and early Phase II clinical trials. We describe herein the identification, development and characterization of SQ109 as a promising new antitubercular drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Koen Andries
- Antimicrobial Research, Janssen Infectious Diseases, Beerse, Belgium
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42
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Shakya N, Garg G, Agrawal B, Kumar R. Chemotherapeutic interventions against tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:690-718. [PMID: 24281707 PMCID: PMC3763665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of infectious deaths globally. Many effective conventional antimycobacterial drugs have been available, however, emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has overshadowed the effectiveness of the current first and second line drugs. Further, currently available agents are complicated by serious side effects, drug interactions and long-term administration. This has prompted urgent research efforts in the discovery and development of new anti-tuberculosis agent(s). Several families of compounds are currently being explored for the treatment of tuberculosis. This review article presents an account of the existing chemotherapeutics and highlights the therapeutic potential of emerging molecules that are at different stages of development for the management of tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Shakya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 728-Heritage Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Villemagne B, Crauste C, Flipo M, Baulard AR, Déprez B, Willand N. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:1-16. [PMID: 22421275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major disease causing every year 1.8 million deaths worldwide and represents the leading cause of mortality resulting from a bacterial infection. Introduction in the 60's of first-line drug regimen resulted in the control of the disease and TB was perceived as defeating. However, since the progression of HIV leading to co-infection with AIDS and the emergence of drug resistant strains, the need of new anti-tuberculosis drugs was not overstated. However in the past 40 years any new molecule did succeed in reaching the market. Today, the pipeline of potential new treatments has been fulfilled with several compounds in clinical trials or preclinical development with promising activities against sensitive and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Compounds as gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, metronidazole or linezolid already used against other bacterial infections are currently evaluated in clinical phases 2 or 3 for treating tuberculosis. In addition, analogues of known TB drugs (PA-824, OPC-67683, PNU-100480, AZD5847, SQ609, SQ109, DC-159a) and new chemical entities (TMC207, BTZ043, DNB1, BDM31343) are under development. In this review, we report the chemical synthesis, mode of action when known, in vitro and in vivo activities and clinical data of all current small molecules targeting tuberculosis.
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44
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Dover LG, Coxon GD. Current Status and Research Strategies in Tuberculosis Drug Development. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6157-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200305q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G. Dover
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey D. Coxon
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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