Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-tumor activities of matrine derivatives

Research Progress of Natural Matrine Compounds and Synthetic Matrine Derivatives

Matrine is a quinoline alkaloid extracted and separated from the dried root, fruit, and other parts of the plant Sophora flavescens using an organic solvent. Matrine exhibits a variety of biological activities and is widely used in pharmacy, agronomy, and other fields. Due to its low bioavailability, poor chemical stability, and toxicity to the central nervous system, a large number of researchers have searched for matrine derivatives with higher biological activity and safety by modifying its structure. In this review article, the research progress of matrine derivatives obtained using two methods (extraction from Sophora flavescens and structural modifications) from 2018 to 2022 in terms of pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship are presented. The modification of matrine over the past five years has been mainly on the D-ring. Many new matrine alkaloids have been extracted from natural products, some of which have good pharmacological activity, which broadens the strategy for matrine structural modification in the future.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of matrine-dithiocarbamate hybrids as potential anticancer agents

A series of novel matrine-dithiocarbamate (DTC) hybrids were efficiently synthesised from matrine through a three-step sequence involving basic hydrolysis, esterification, and DTC formation. They were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic potency on several human cancer and normal cells. All matrine-DTC hybrids were much more toxic against the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 than the parent matrine. Hybrid 4l (IC₅₀ = 31.39 μM) was the most potent compound against HepG2 cells, being 156- and 3-fold more toxic than matrine (IC₅₀ > 4900 μM) and the reference vincristine (VCR, IC₅₀ = 93.67 μM), respectively. Moreover, hybrid 4l was less toxic to normal human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T, with a higher selectivity index (SI, HEK-293T/HepG2 ≈ 6) than matrine (SI ≈ 1) and VCR (SI ≈ 1). The structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that selectivity was greatly boosted when 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl was incorporated into the hybrids (4f and 4l). In addition, the hybrid 4l was also highly toxic to the other five types of human cancer cells (Calu-1, SK-BR-3, HUH-7, 786-O and SK-OV-3; IC₅₀ = 44.18-112.19 μM), whereas it was relatively less toxic to the corresponding normal cells (WI-38, LX-2, HEK-293T and KGN; IC₅₀ = 81.48-195.17 μM). Further mechanistic studies showed that hybrid 4l induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. Our results demonstrate that the cytotoxic activity of matrine can be highly enhanced by hybridisation with DTC. Hybrid 4l has promising applications in anticancer drug development.

Novel matrinic acid derivatives bearing 2-anilinothiazole structure for non-small cell lung cancer treatment with improved Hsp90 targeting effect

Involved in mediating the folding and maturation of more than 300 client proteins, many of which are oncoproteins, Hsp90 has emerged as a promising drug target for cancer therapy. In particular, inhibiting Hsp90 plays a vital role in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Owing to undesirable outcomes of Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trials, a series of matrinic acid compounds bearing 2-anilinothiazole moiety were designed based on the structural features allocation shared among Hsp90 inhibitors within the ATP-binding pocket. Most of the compounds showed potent anticancer activities validated by MTT assay. Among them, the most potent compound C4 (IC₅₀  < 10 μM against four cell lines) was chosen for further mechanism study. Notably, C4 showed a better safety profile than 17AAG with a higher SI value. Thermal shift assay data indicated C4 exhibited a strong binding affinity with Hsp90 (-18.85 ± 0.56°C) comparable to radicicol. Mechanism studies verified that C4 significantly inhibited proliferation and migration activities of A549 cells. Besides, C4 can induce a prolonged G1-phase and cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis results indicated C4 could moderately suppress Hsp90 and upregulate Hsp70 expression. Furthermore, the downregulated trend of the client proteins of Hsp90, such as β-Catenin and Bcl-2, were consistent with the cellular effect of C4, suggesting that C4 could exert anticancer activity via targeting Hsp90. In the xenograft model in vivo, C4 effectively inhibited lung cancer growth without obvious side effects. Collectively, C4 could be a promising therapeutic agent for lung cancer and the novel scaffold provided new insights into the design of Hsp90 inhibitors.

Research Advances on Anti-Cancer Natural Products

Malignant tumors seriously threaten people's health and life worldwide. Natural products, with definite pharmacological effects and known chemical structures, present dual advantages of Chinese herbs and chemotherapeutic drug. Some of them exhibit favorable anti-cancer activity. Natural products were categorized into eight classes according to their chemical structures, including alkaloids, terpenoids and volatile oils, inorganic salts, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and isoflavones, quinone, saponins and polysaccharides. The review focused on the latest advances in anti-cancer activity of representative natural products for every class. Additionally, anti-cancer molecular mechanism and derivatization of natural products were summarized in detail, which would provide new core structures and new insights for anti-cancer new drug development.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Study of Ring-Opening Amide Analogs of Matrine as Antitumor Agents

In this article, we designed and synthesized two series of matrine analogs with ring-opening in the lactam portion of the molecule. Our in vitro cytotoxicity study showed that analog N-(3-bromophenyl)-4-[(1R,3aS,10aR,10bS)-decahydro-1H,4H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,6]naphthyridin-1-yl]butanamide (B11) with a meta-bromide on the phenyl ring displayed the best antiproliferative activity. Moreover, B11 induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells. Molecular modeling revealed that B11 achieved a higher docking score compared to its precursor tert-butyl (1R,3aS,10aR,10bS)-1-[4-(3-bromoanilino)-4-oxobutyl]octahydro-1H,4H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,6]naphthyridine-2(3H)-carboxylate (A11, an analog of B11 with a Boc group) and parent compound matrine, possibly because B11 formed a hydrogen bond with SER91 and a halogen bond with GLN320 on the binding site of annexin A2. Overall, we discovered the potential anticancer lead compound B11, which can be used for further study both in vitro and in vivo.

Matrine-Family Alkaloids: Versatile Precursors for Bioactive Modifications

Matrine-family alkaloids as tetracycloquinolizindine analogues from Traditional Chinese Medicine Sophora flavescens Ait, Sophora subprostrata and Sophora alopecuroides L possess various pharmacological activities and have aroused great interests over the past decades. Especially, a lot of matrine derivatives have been designed and synthesized and their biological activities investigated, and encouraging results have continuously been achieved in recent several years. These studies are helpful to develop more potent candidates or therapeutic agents and disclose their molecular targets and mechanisms. This paper reviews recent advances in the bioactive modifications of matrine-family alkaloids from derivatization of the C-13, C-14 or C-15 position, opening D ring, fusing D ring and structural simplification.

Phytochemical Information and Biological Activities of Quinolizidine Alkaloids in Sophora: A Comprehensive Review

Quinolizidine alkaloids, a main form of alkaloids found in the genus Sophora, have been shown to have many pharmacological effects. This review aims to summarize the photochemical reports and biological activities of quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora. The collected information suggested that a total of 99 quinolizidine alkaloids were isolated and detected from different parts of Sophora plants, represented by lupinine-type, cytisine-type, sparteine-type, and matrine-type. However, quality control needs to be monitored because it could provide basic information for the reasonable and efficient use of quinolizidine alkaloids as medicines and raw materials. The nonmedicinal parts may be promising to be used as a source of quinolizidine alkaloid raw materials and to reduce the waste of resources and environmental pollution. In addition, the diversity of chemical compounds based on the alkaloid scaffold to make a biological compound library needs to be extended, which may reduce toxicity and find new bioactivities of quinolizidine alkaloids. The bioactivities most reported are in the fields of antitumor activity along with the effects on the cardiovascular system. However, those studies rely on theoretical research, and novel drugs based on quinolizidine alkaloids are expected.

Semi-synthesis and characterization of some new matrine derivatives as insecticidal agents

BACKGROUND

Matrine is an important traditional plant-derived insecticide with broad-spectrum activity. However, due to its moderate activity, matrine is mainly applied in combination with other pesticides. In order to discover new potential natural-product-based crop protection agents, a series of matrine derivatives characterized by cyclohexylamine group were synthesized to screen their insecticidal activity against seven typically agricultural pests.

RESULTS

The structural configurations of compounds were characterized by IR, ¹ H NMR, ¹³ C NMR, MS and XRD, with the pure yields of 42%, 65% and 71%, respectively. Although all compounds showed poor insecticidal activity against five lepidoptera pests, the compounds 2 and 4 displayed remarkable insecticidal activities against Lipaphis erysimi and Mulberry Root-Knot Nematode with a concentration-dependent manner within 0.5~1.5 mg/ mL. Compared with matrine (60%), compounds 2 and 4 exhibited potent insecticidal activities against L. erysimi, with a corrected mortality of 83.3% and 89.7%, respectively. They also showed excellent control effects on Mulberry Root-Knot Nematode, with corrected mortality as high as 88% and 80%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

All four synthesized matrine derivatives showed poor insecticidal activity against five lepidoptera pests, but the compounds 2 and 4 exhibited much stronger insecticidal activities against L. erysimi and Mulberry Root-Knot Nematode than matrine. Combined with the structural characteristics of compounds 1~4, we conclude that 4-methylcyclohexylamine, not the carbon disulfide group or cyclohexylamine group alone, mainly contributed to the improvement of insecticidal activities of matrine derivatives against these two agricultural pests. This work provides a direction and foundation for structural optimization of the matrine pesticides in the future. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quinolizidine alkaloids derivatives from Sophora alopecuroides Linn: Bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and preliminary molecular mechanisms

Quinolizidine alkaloids, as essential active ingredients extracted from Sophora alopecuroides Linn, have been well concerned in the past several decades owing to the unique structural features and numerous pharmacological activities. Quinolizidine alkaloids consist of matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine, sophocarpine and aloperine etc. Additionally, quinolizidine alkaloids exert various excellent activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, anti-virus and anti-arrhythmia regulations. In this review, we comprehensively clarify the pharmacological activities of quinolizidine alkaloids, as well as the relationship between biological function and structure-activity of substituted quinolizidine alkaloids. We believe that biological agents based on the pharmacological functions of quinolizidine alkaloids could be well applied in clinical practice.

Preparation of Matrinic/Oxymatrinic Amide Derivatives as Insecticidal/Acaricidal Agents and Study on the Mechanisms of Action against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

In continuation of our program to develop natural-product-based pesticidal candidates, matrinic/oxymatrinic amides were obtained through structural optimization of matrine. N'-(4-Fluoro)phenyl-N-(4-bromo)phenylsulfonyloxymatrinic amide (IIm) showed potent insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata. N-(Un)substituted phenylsulfonylmatrinic acids (3a-c) exhibited promising acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. By qRT-PCR analysis of nAChR subunits and AChE genes and determination of AChE activity of (un)treated T. cinnabarinus, it suggested that the open lactam ring of matrine and carboxyl group and (4-methyl)phenylsulfonyl of N-(4-methyl)phenylsulfonylmatrinic acid (3b) were necessary for action with α2, α4, α5, and β3 nAChR subunits; compound 3b was an inhibitor of AChE in T. cinnabarinus, and AChE was one possible target of action in T. cinnabarinus against 3b; and compound 3b may be an antagonist of nAChR and AChE in T. cinnabarinus.

The crystal structure of a matrine derivative, 13-(4-Cl-pyrrole)-matrine, C18H26ClN4O

C18H26ClN4O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 5.3476(1) Å, b = 14.4068(2) Å, c = 22.3285(4) Å, V = 1720.23(5) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0328, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0774, T = 100 K.

Semisynthesis of Matrinic Acid/Alcohol/Ester Derivatives, Their Pesticidal Activities, and Investigation of Mechanisms of Action against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

To discover new natural-product-based potential pesticides, 85 matrinic acid/alcohol/ester derivatives were synthesized by structural modifications of a quinolizidine alkaloid matrine. N-(4-Methyl)benzylmatrinyl n-decylate (76) and N-(2-chloro)benzylmatrinyl n-undecylate (86) exhibited greater than seven-fold more pronounced acaricidal activity than matrine against Tetranychus cinnabarinus; N-(2-chloro)benzylmatrinyl benzoate (80) showed the most promising insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata. The carboxyl group of matrinic acids and introduction of n-decyl/ n-undecylcarbonyl into matrinic alcohols were important for the acaricidal activity; introduction of alkyloxy into the carboxyl of matrinic acids and introduction of the electron-withdrawing groups on the N-benzyl of matrinic esters were necessary for the insecticidal activity. Through RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analysis, it was shown that the lactam ring of matrine was vital for action on VGSC; opening the lactam ring of matrine and the alkylcarbonyl of side-chain were two important factors for acting with α1, α2, and α4 nAChR subunits; α1, α2, α4, and β3 subunits may be the target of action of compound 86 against T. cinnabarinus.

Synthesis and biological activities of novel pyrazolomatrine derivatives

In continuation of our program aimed at the development of new natural product-based pesticides, a series of novel pyrazolomatrine derivatives were prepared by structural modifications of matrine, isolated as a quinolizidine alkaloid from the roots of Sophora flave. Their structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR, HRMS, etc. Moreover, the steric structures of three compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Among all derivatives, 19-(naphthyl-2-oyl)pyrazolomatrine (5y) showed 3.13-fold more potent acaricidal activity than its precusor matrine against Tetranychus cinnabarinus; 19-(4-methylbenzoyl)pyrazolomatrine (5j) and 19-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)pyrazolomatrine (5k) displayed the promising aphicidal activity against Aphis citricola van der. Their structure-activity relationships were also observed.

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of two matrine derivatives

Matrine is a traditional Chinese medicine and botanical pesticide with broad biological activities, including pharmacological and agricultural activities. In present work, two matrine derivatives have been successfully synthesized via introducing indole and cyclohexylamino to 13 position of matrine, respectively, with sophocarpine as starting material, and structurally characterized via infrared spectroscopy(IR), MS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and X-ray crystal diffraction. The results of the in vitro biological activity tests showed that these two matrine derivatives exhibited even better activities against human cancer cells Hela229 and insect cell line Sf9 from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) than that of parent matrine, suggesting that the heterocyclic or cyclic group can dramatically increase the biological activity of matrine. It is worth to mention that 13-indole-matrine could possibly inhibit the growth of insect cells or human cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis. The results of the present study provide useful information for further structural modifications of these compounds and for exploring new, potent anti-cancer agents and environment friendly pesticides.

Research advances on anticancer activities of matrine and its derivatives: An updated overview

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality, only overcome by cardiovascular diseases, and has caused more than 8.7 million deaths in 2015 all over the world. This figure is expected to rise to about 13.1 million by 2030. In order to prevent or cure this fatal illness, substantial efforts have been devoted to develop and discover new anticancer drugs with same or better antitumor activity but lesser toxicity. Matrine is an alkaloid isolated from Sophora flavescens Ait. For decades, matrine and its derivatives have been studied as antineoplastic agents which predominantly work by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. The mechanism responsible for the anticancer activity of matrine can be recognized via up-regulating or down-regulating expression of the cancer related molecules, eventually causing tumor cell death. This review summarizes research developments of matrine and its derivatives as anticancer agents. A few possible research directions, suggestions and clues for future work on the development of novel matrine-based anticancer agents with improved expected activities and lesser toxicity have also been provided.

An Extra-Large-Pore Zeolite with 24×8×8-Ring Channels Using a Structure-Directing Agent Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine

Extra-large-pore zeolites have attracted much interest because of their important applications for processing larger molecules. Although great progress has been made in academic science and industry, it is challenging to synthesize these materials. A new extra-large-pore zeolite SYSU-3 (Sun Yat-sen University no. 3) has been synthesized by using a novel sophoridine derivative as an organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The framework structure was solved and refined using continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED) data from nanosized crystals. SYSU-3 exhibits a new zeolite framework topology, which has the first 24×8×8-ring extra-large-pore system and a framework density (FD) as low as 11.4 T/1000 ų . The unique skeleton of the OSDA plays an essential role in the formation of the distinctive zeolite structure. This work provides a new perspective for developing new zeolitic materials by using alkaloids as cost-effective OSDAs.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of matrine derivatives as potential anticancer agents

Using matrine (1) as the lead compound, a series of new 14-(N-substituted-2-pyrrolemethylene) matrine and 14-(N-substituted-indolemethylene) matrine derivatives was designed and synthesized for their potential application as anticancer agents. The structure of these compounds was characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ESI-MS spectral analyses. The target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (SMMC-7721, A549 and CNE2). The results revealed that compound A6 and B21 displayed the most significant anticancer activity against three cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values in range of 3.42-8.05 μM, which showed better activity than the parent compound (Matrine) and positive control Cisplatin. Furthermore, the Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining assay revealed that compound A6 and B21 could significantly induce the apoptosis of SMMC-7721 and CNE2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis also revealed that compound A6 could cause cell cycle arrest of SMMC-7721 and CNE2 cells at G2/M phase.

Novel α, β-Unsaturated Sophoridinic Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Anti-Cancer Activities

Using sophoridine 1 and chalcone 3 as the lead compounds, a series of novel α, β-unsaturated sophoridinic derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that introduction of α, β-unsaturated ketone moiety and heterocyclic group might significantly enhance anticancer activity. Among the compounds, 2f and 2m exhibited potential effects against HepG-2 and CNE-2 human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed to understand possible docking sites of the molecules on the target proteins and the mode of binding. This work provides a theoretical basis for structural optimizations and exploring anticancer pathways of this kind of compound.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanism studies of matrine derivatives as anticancer agents

A total of five matrine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-proliferation activity using a panel of four human cancer cell lines, including A549 lung, BT20 breast, MCF-7 breast and U2OS osteosarcoma cells. The YF3-5, YF3-7 and YF3-9, three novel compounds, demonstrated increased anti-proliferation activity compared with matrine, of which YF3-5 revealed the strongest anti-proliferation activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 15.49-16.67 µM against the four human cancer cell lines. The anti-proliferation mechanism underlying YF3-5 was investigated in the A549 human lung cancer cell line and the results demonstrated that YF3-5 exerted its anti-proliferation activity through the induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress, in addition to arresting the cell cycle at the G₁ phase in a dose-dependent manner.

Semisynthesis of some matrine ether derivatives as insecticidal agents

Compounds 4i and 4k exhibited more potent insecticidal activities than matrine against Plutella xylostella and Mythimna separata. These matrine derivatives may be considered as promising insecticidal candidates.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of matrine derivatives containing benzo-α-pyrone structure as potent anti-lung cancer agents

Matrine, an active component of root extracts from Sophora flavescens Ait, is the main chemical ingredient of Fufang Kushen injection which was approved by Chinese FDA (CFDA) in 1995 as an anticancer drug to treat non-small cell lung cancer and liver cancer in combination with other anticancer drugs. Owning to its druggable potential, matrine is considered as an ideal lead compound for modification. We delineate herein the synthesis and anticancer effects of 17 matrine derivatives bearing benzo-α-pyrone structures. The results of cell viability assays indicated that most of the target compounds showed improved anticancer effects. Further studies showed that compound 5i could potently inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo with no obvious side effects. Moreover, compound 5i could induce G1 cell cycle arrest and autophagy in lung cancer cells through up-regulating P27, down-regulating CDK4 and cyclinD1 and attenuating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Suppression of autophagy attenuated 5i induced proliferation inhibition. Collectively, our results infer that matrine derivative 5i bears therapeutic potentials for lung cancer.

Ochrocephalamine A, a new quinolizidine alkaloid from Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge

One dimeric matrine-type alkaloid, ochrocephalamine A (1), was isolated from the poisonous plant Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of 1 were evaluated.

Alkaloids from Oxytropis ochrocephala and antiproliferative activity of sophoridine derivatives against cancer cell lines

Ten alkaloids (1-10), with sophoridine (1) as the most abundant component, were obtained from the whole plants of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge. Furthermore, eight new sophoridine derivatives (11-16, 20, 21), with modification on the C-14 position of 1 were synthesized. All compounds (1-16, 20, 21) were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against five human tumor cell lines. Among them, the newly synthesized derivative 20 exhibited the best inhibitory activity against the tested cell lines. Its activity was increased by more than fourfold as compared with parent compound 1.

Anti-tumor effect of matrine combined with cisplatin on rat models of cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

To observe the anti-tumor effect of matrine combined with cisplatin on U14 rat models of cervical cancer.

METHODS

A total of 80 female Kunming rats were used to establish U14 rat models of cervical cancer and then divided into groups I, II, III, IV, with 20 rats in each. For Group I, the control group, injection of normal saline was given around the tumors. For Group II, injection of 2 mg/kg cisplatin was given around the tumors. For Group III, injection of 75 mg/kg matrine was given around the tumors while the combined injection of matrine and cisplatin was given for Group IV with the same doses as Groups II and III. The animals were sacrificed 10 d after the injection and tumors were taken out for the comparisons of tumor weights after injection and calculation of anti-tumor rates, while thymus and spleen were taken for thymus index and spleen index. Blood in eyeball was collected for determination of changes in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels. Sections of tumor issue were prepared and morphological changes in tumor tissue cells were observed by using immunohistochemistry technique.

RESULTS

After injection, the thymus index and spleen index in Groups III and IV were significantly higher than those in Groups I and II (P < 0.05) while the two indexes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I (P < 0.05). The tumor weights in Groups II and IV were significantly smaller than those in Groups I and III (P < 0.05) with significantly higher anti-tumor rates than Groups I and III (P < 0.05). The serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in Groups III and IV were significantly lower than Group II (P < 0.05) and the two indicators in Group III were significantly lower than those in Group IV (P < 0.05). The observation under the histological microscope showed densely arranged tumor cells in Group I, growing as a crumby structure and diffuse appearance, with hyperchromatic and large nuclei, and abundant cytoplasm. In the case of Group II, it showed less tumor cells, with extensive degenerative necrosis, sparse arrangement and karyopyknosis as well as karyoclasis. For Group III, necrosis of tumor cells in different sizes and heterogeneous color in nuclei were observed. For Group IV, the number of tumor cells was significantly smaller than Groups I and III and the tumor cells presented an appearance of crumby structure as cancer nests, with more proliferation of connective tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of matrine combined with cisplatin can significantly improve the anti-tumor effect on U14 rats with cervical cancer, which can be a new option for the treatment for cervical cancer.

Matrine reduces yeast-to-hypha transition and resistance of a fluconazole-resistant strain of Candida albicans

AIMS

To evaluate the potential effect of matrine on reducing the growth of hypha and lowering the resistance of a fluconazole-resistant colony of Candida albicans.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Candida albicans SC5314 and a fluconazole-resistant C. albicans 215 were used. As for C. albicans SC5314, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC(80)) and effective concentration (EC(50)) were determined, 1 mg ml(-1) matrine could inhibit nearly 80% of planktonic growth by inverted microscope, 2 mg ml(-1) matrine suppressed 50% of metabolic activity of biofilm by XTT assay, vanishing hypha could be observed on spider agar containing 2 mg ml(-1) matrine, the expressions of three hypha-related genes, namely ALS 3, SUN 41 and PBS 2, were suppressed by 29, 45 and 61% by 2 mg ml(-1) matrine. Also, matrine could lower the resistance of C. albicans 215, in either the free-floating form or the biofilm phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Matrine had favourable antifungal potential and might be able to reverse the fluconazole resistance of clinical isolates at relatively high concentration. The anti-candidal performance of matrine could be tightly associated with yeast-to-hypha transition proved by spider agar test and qRT-PCR.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY

More efforts are needed to find new antifungal agents. Matrine could be a potential candidate to fight against Candida-related infections by regulating yeast-to-hypha transition.

Anti-tumor activities of matrine and oxymatrine: literature review

Matrine (MT) and oxymatrine (OMT), two kinds of alkaloid components found in the roots of Sophora species, have various pharmacological activities and are demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-virus, anti-fibrotic, and cardiovascular protective effects. They are recently proved to have anti-cancer potentials, such as inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, accelerating apoptosis, restraining angiogenesis, inducing cell differentiation, inhibiting cancer metastasis and invasion, reversing multidrug resistance, and preventing or reducing chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced toxicity when combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we summarize the recent investigations regarding the anti-cancer activities and possible molecular targets of MT and OMT for cancer prevention and treatment in order to provide clues and references for further study.

Effect of matrine on primary human hepatocytes in vitro

Matrine is a bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medical herb Sophora flavescens that has been used in China to treat various kinds of diseases including virus hepatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective effects remains elusive. In the present study, primary human hepatocytes were employed to elucidate the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of matrine. We observed that low concentrations of matrine had no significant impact on albumin secretion, but high concentrations (>140 mg/L) of matrine decreased the albumin secretion in hepatocytes. Western blot data indicated that matrine at 140 mg/L at 72 h induced protein expression of CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. Furthermore, high concentrations of matrine reduced LDH and AST levels and were cytotoxic to hepatocytes, leading to a decreased cell viability and total protein amount. Moreover, low concentrations of matrine, enhanced the ECOD activity and decreased the level of NO2 (-) induced by cytokines in human hepatocytes. Taken together, the present study sheds novel light on the molecular mechanisms of matrine and potential application of matrine in hepatic diseases.

Synthesis, characterization and activity evaluation of matrinic acid derivatives as potential antiproliferative agents

A series of new matrinic acid derivatives 5a–e was synthesized. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The anti-tumor activities were also investigated in vitro by evaluating the effect of synthesized compounds on the proliferation of A375, A549, HeLa, and HepG2 cells. Compound 5e was found to be the most potent against A375 and HeLa cells, with IC₅₀ values of 37 and 75.5 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 5b, 5c, 5g, and 5h also exhibited antiproliferative activities against A549 cells, with IC₅₀ values within the 36.2–47 μg/mL range. For HepG2 cells, 5e and 5i, with IC₅₀ values of 78.9 and 61 μg/mL, respectively, showed higher antiproliferative activity than taxol.

Antiviral effect of matrine against human enterovirus 71

Human enterovirus 71, a member of the Picornaviridae family, is one of the major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease in children less than six years old. This illness has caused mortalities in large-scale outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. No vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. In this study, antiviral effect of matrine against enterovirus 71 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Matrine could suppress the viral RNA copy number on rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Moreover, matrine treatment of mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71 reduced the mortality and relieved clinical symptoms. The results showed that matrine may represent a potential therapeutic agent for enterovirus 71 infection.