1
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Jones SP, Firth JD, Wheldon MC, Atobe M, Hubbard RE, Blakemore DC, De Fusco C, Lucas SCC, Roughley SD, Vidler LR, Whatton MA, Woolford AJA, Wrigley GL, O'Brien P. Exploration of piperidine 3D fragment chemical space: synthesis and 3D shape analysis of fragments derived from 20 regio- and diastereoisomers of methyl substituted pipecolinates. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1614-1620. [PMID: 36545433 PMCID: PMC9749955 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery is now widely adopted for lead generation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, fragment screening collections are often predominantly populated with flat, 2D molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis of piperidine-based 3D fragment building blocks - 20 regio- and diastereoisomers of methyl substituted pipecolinates using simple and general synthetic methods. cis-Piperidines, accessed through a pyridine hydrogenation were transformed into their trans-diastereoisomers using conformational control and unified reaction conditions. Additionally, diastereoselective lithiation/trapping was utilised to access trans-piperidines. Analysis of a virtual library of fragments derived from the 20 cis- and trans-disubstituted piperidines showed that it consisted of 3D molecules with suitable molecular properties to be used in fragment-based drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Paul Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - James D. Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Mary C. Wheldon
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Masakazu Atobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK,Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation632-1 Mifuku, IzunokuniShizuoka 410-2321Japan
| | - Roderick E. Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK,Vernalis (R&D) Ltd.Granta Park, AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6GBUK
| | | | - Claudia De Fusco
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Synthetic Modalities13353BerlinGermany
| | - Simon C. C. Lucas
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeCB4 0WGUK
| | | | - Lewis R. Vidler
- Amphista TherapeuticsThe Cori Building, Granta Park, Great AbingtonCambridge CB21 6GQUK
| | - Maria Ann Whatton
- Evotec (UK) LtdDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Campus, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, AbingdonOxonOX14 4RZUK
| | | | | | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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2
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Maudsley S, Walter D, Schrauwen C, Van Loon N, Harputluoğlu İ, Lenaerts J, McDonald P. Intersection of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR19, with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113598. [PMID: 36362387 PMCID: PMC9653598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological process. They also constitute nearly 40% of the current pharmacopeia as direct targets of remedial therapies. Hence, their place as a functional nexus in the interface between physiological and pathophysiological processes suggests that GPCRs may play a central role in the generation of nearly all types of human disease. Perhaps one mechanism through which GPCRs can mediate this pivotal function is through the control of the molecular aging process. It is now appreciated that, indeed, many human disorders/diseases are induced by GPCR signaling processes linked to pathological aging. Here we discuss one such novel member of the GPCR family, GPR19, that may represent an important new target for novel remedial strategies for the aging process. The molecular signaling pathways (metabolic control, circadian rhythm regulation and stress responsiveness) associated with this recently characterized receptor suggest an important role in aging-related disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Julia Lenaerts
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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3
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Zhao W, Chen KZ, Li AZ, Li BJ. Remote Stereocenter through Amide-Directed, Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroboration of Unactivated Internal Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13071-13078. [PMID: 35830595 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the frequent occurrence of γ-branched amines in bioactive molecules, the direct catalytic asymmetric synthesis of this structural motif containing a remote stereocenter remains an important synthetic challenge. Here, we report an amide-directed, rhodium-catalyzed highly diastereo- and enantioselective hydroboration of unactivated internal alkenes. This method provided facile access to enantioenriched amines containing β,γ-vicinal stereocenters. The application of this strategy to the synthesis of bioactive molecules was demonstrated. Computational studies indicated that migratory insertion of the alkene into rhodium hydride controls the enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Chen
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - An-Zhen Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bi-Jie Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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4
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An efficient synthesis of cis-4-hydroxyphosphonic and cis-4-hydroxyphosphinic analogs of pipecolic acid from cyclic enaminones. Amino Acids 2022; 54:299-310. [PMID: 35037098 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An expedient synthetic entry to cis-4-hydroxyphosphonic and cis-4-hydroxyphosphinic analogs of cis-4-hydroxypipecolic acid is presented in this paper. The main feature of this methodology is the highly regioselective addition of silyl phosphites or phosphonites to cyclic 1-benzyloxycarbonyl enaminones. Interestingly, the hydride reduction of the resulting 2-phospho-4-oxopiperidine proceeds with high diastereofacial preference using NaBH4. In the last step, the cleavage of N-Cbz group under hydrogenolysis followed by the hydrolysis of the phosphonate or phosphinate functionalities, led to the target cis-4-hydroxyphosphonic and cis-4-hydroxyphosphinic acids, respectively.
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5
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Liu J, Han J, Izawa K, Sato T, White S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112736. [PMID: 32966895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made AAs are indispensable components of modern medicinal chemistry and are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs. In fact, about 30% of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain residues of tailor-made AAs or structurally related diamines and amino-alcohols. Cyclic tailor-made AAs present a particular value to rational structural design by virtue of their local conformational constraints and are widely used in lead optimization programs. The present review article highlights 34 compounds, all of which are derived from cyclic AAs, representing recently-approved, small-molecule pharmaceuticals as well as promising drug candidates currently in various phases of clinical study. For each compound, the discussion includes the discovery, therapeutic profile and optimized synthesis, with a focus on the preparation of cyclic tailor-made AA as the principal structural feature. The present review article is intended to serve as a reference source for organic, medicinal and process chemists along with other professionals working in the fields of drug design and pharmaceutical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc, 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box, 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543 4000, United States
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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6
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Mittapalli RR, Guesné SJJ, Parker RJ, Klooster WT, Coles SJ, Skidmore J, Dobbs AP. The Asymmetric Aza-silyl-Prins Reaction: Synthesis of Enantiopure Piperidines. Org Lett 2019; 21:350-355. [PMID: 30592613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of the first asymmetric aza-silyl-Prins reaction is reported, giving rise to valuable and diverse piperidines and pipecolic acid derivatives in both high yields and as single enantiomers. The creation of a novel chiral auxiliary-homoallylic amine for the aza-silyl-Prins reaction is essential to its success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramana R Mittapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences , University of Greenwich , Central Avenue , Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB , United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien J J Guesné
- School of Chemistry , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Parker
- School of Chemistry , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Wim T Klooster
- UK National Crystallography Service , University of Southampton , University Road , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service , University of Southampton , University Road , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - John Skidmore
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery , GlaxoSmithKline , New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue , Harlow CM19 5AW , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Dobbs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences , University of Greenwich , Central Avenue , Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB , United Kingdom
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7
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Abreu AR, Molosh AI, Johnson PL, Shekhar A. Role of medial hypothalamic orexin system in panic, phobia and hypertension. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145942. [PMID: 30205108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety, fear, panic, and cardiovascular control. In this review, we will highlight research focused on orexin system in the medial hypothalamic regions of perifornical (PeF) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and describe the role of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the behavioral expression of panic and consequent fear and avoidance responses, as well as sympathetic regulation and possible development of chronic hypertension. We will also outline recent data highlighting the clinical potential of single and dual orexin receptor antagonists for neuropsychiatric conditions including panic, phobia, and cardiovascular conditions, such as in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Abreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Perrey DA, Zhang Y. Therapeutics development for addiction: Orexin-1 receptor antagonists. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145922. [PMID: 30148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system includes the neuropeptides orexin A and B and the cognate receptors of orexin-1 (OX1) and -2 (OX2) and has been indicated in a number of important physiological processes. It is generally accepted that the OX1 receptor is mainly involved in motivation and reward and the OX2 receptor in the modulation of sleep/wake cycle and energy homeostasis. A variety of OX1 selective antagonists (1-SORAs) have been disclosed in the literature and some of them have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for addiction treatment. In this review we summarize all OX1 antagonists reported thus far based on their core structure. Several dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and OX2 selective antagonist (2-SORAs) have also been recently evaluated in reward and addiction models. While DORAs may seem pharmacologically advantageous for alcohol addiction given the recent findings on the OX2 receptor in reward and alcohol consumption, 1-SORAs are the better options for other drugs of addiction such as cocaine due to the absence of the sedative effects inherently associated with dual antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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9
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Perrey DA, Decker AM, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonists with Improved Solubility and CNS Permeability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:587-602. [PMID: 29129052 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides playing important roles in many functions including the motivation of addictive behaviors. Blockade of the orexin-1 receptor has been suggested as a potential strategy for the treatment of drug addiction. We have previously reported OX1 receptor antagonists based on the tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold with excellent OX1 potency and selectivity; however, these compounds had high lipophilicity (clogP > 5) and low to moderate solubility. In an effort to improve their properties, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues where the 7-position substituents known to favor OX1 potency and selectivity were retained, and groups of different nature were introduced at the 1-position where substitution was generally tolerated as demonstrated in previous studies. Compound 44 with lower lipophilicity (clogP = 3.07) displayed excellent OX1 potency ( Ke = 5.7 nM) and selectivity (>1,760-fold over OX2) in calcium mobilization assays. In preliminary ADME studies, 44 showed excellent kinetic solubility (>200 μM), good CNS permeability ( Papp = 14.7 × 10-6 cm/sec in MDCK assay), and low drug efflux (efflux ratio = 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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10
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Recent trends in orexin research—2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2875-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Perrey DA, German NA, Decker AM, Thorn D, Li JX, Gilmour BP, Thomas BF, Harris DL, Runyon SP, Zhang Y. Effect of 1-substitution on tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:599-614. [PMID: 25643283 DOI: 10.1021/cn500330v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective blockade of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1) has been suggested as a potential approach to drug addiction therapy because of its role in modulating the brain's reward system. We have recently reported a series of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based OX1 selective antagonists. Aimed at elucidating structure-activity relationship requirements in other regions of the molecule and further enhancing OX1 potency and selectivity, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues bearing a variety of substituents at the 1-position of the tetrahydroisoquinoline. The results show that an optimally substituted benzyl group is required for activity at the OX1 receptor. Several compounds with improved potency and/or selectivity have been identified. When combined with structural modifications that were previously found to improve selectivity, we have identified compound 73 (RTIOX-251) with an apparent dissociation constant (Ke) of 16.1 nM at the OX1 receptor and >620-fold selectivity over the OX2 receptor. In vivo, compound 73 was shown to block the development of locomotor sensitization to cocaine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda A. German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Thorn
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Danni L. Harris
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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12
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Yu YY, Ranade AR, Georg GI. Transition Metal-Free Direct Trifluoromethylation of 2,3-Dihydropyridin-4(1H)-ones at Room Temperature. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Merlo Pich E, Melotto S. Orexin 1 receptor antagonists in compulsive behavior and anxiety: possible therapeutic use. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:26. [PMID: 24592206 PMCID: PMC3923148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after the discovery of hypocretin/orexin a large body of evidence has been collected supporting its critical role in the modulation of several regulatory physiological functions. While reduced levels of hypocretin/orexin were initially associated with narcolepsy, increased levels have been linked in recent years to pathological states of hypervigilance and, in particular, to insomnia. The filing to FDA of the dual-activity orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) suvorexant for the indication of insomnia further corroborates the robustness of such evidences. However, as excessive vigilance is also typical of anxiety and panic episodes, as well as of abstinence and craving in substance misuse disorders. In this review we briefly discuss the evidence supporting the development of hypocretin/orexin receptor 1 (OX1) antagonists for these indications. Experiments using the OX1 antagonist SB-334867 and mutant mice have involved the OX1 receptor in mediating the compulsive reinstatement of drug seeking for ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, cannabinoids and morphine. More recently, data have been generated with the novel selective OX1 antagonists GSK1059865 and ACT-335827 on behavioral and cardiovascular response to stressors and panic-inducing agents in animals. Concluding, while waiting for pharmacologic data to become available in humans, risks and benefits for the development of an OX1 receptor antagonist for Binge Eating and Anxiety Disorders are discussed.
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14
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Mercer SP, Roecker AJ, Garson S, Reiss DR, Meacham Harrell C, Murphy KL, Bruno JG, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Cui D, Cabalu TD, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6620-4. [PMID: 24215892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (or hypocretin) system has been identified as a novel target for the treatment of insomnia due to the wealth of biological and genetic data discovered over the past decade. Recently, clinical proof-of-concept was achieved for the treatment of primary insomnia using dual (OX1R/OX2R) orexin receptor antagonists. However, elucidation of the pharmacology associated with selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) has been hampered by the lack of orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule probes. Herein, the discovery and optimization of a novel series of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as potent and orally bioavailable orexin-2 receptor selective antagonists is described. A compound from this series demonstrated potent sleep promotion when dosed orally to EEG telemetrized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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15
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Perrey DA, German NA, Gilmour BP, Li JX, Harris DL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective antagonists for the orexin 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6901-16. [PMID: 23941044 DOI: 10.1021/jm400720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates the orexin 1 (OX1) receptor in reward processes, suggesting OX1 antagonism could be therapeutic in drug addiction. In a program to develop an OX1 selective antagonist, we designed and synthesized a series of substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines and determined their potency in OX1 and OX2 calcium mobilization assays. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed limited steric tolerance and a preference for electron deficiency at the 7-position. Pyridylmethyl groups were shown to be optimal for activity at the acetamide position. Computational studies resulted in a pharmacophore model and confirmed the SAR results. Compound 72 significantly attenuated the development of place preference for cocaine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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16
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Lebold TP, Bonaventure P, Shireman BT. Selective orexin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4761-9. [PMID: 23891187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The orexin, or hypocretin, neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) are produced on neurons in the hypothalamus which project to key areas of the brain that control sleep-wake states, modulation of food intake, panic, anxiety, emotion, reward and addictive behaviors. These neuropeptides exert their effects on a pair of G-protein coupled receptors termed the orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptors. Emerging biology suggests the involvement of these receptors in psychiatric disorders as they are thought to play a key role in the regulation of multiple systems. This review is intended to highlight key selective OX1 or OX2 small-molecule antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Lebold
- Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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17
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Karch SB. Possible Strategies for the Diagnosis of Fatal Excited Delirium Syndrome. Acad Forensic Pathol 2012. [DOI: 10.23907/2012.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) is a term traditionally used in forensic literature to describe the symptoms and signs seen in a subgroup of patients with delirium who die in an agitated state. Components of this syndrome are altered mental status, combativeness and/or aggressiveness, increased tolerance to significant pain, tachypnea, profuse sweating, severe agitation, elevated temperature, delirium, and noncompliance with law enforcement and medical personnel. The individual may display “superhuman” strength and wear clothing inappropriate for the environment. Patients with this presentation are almost guaranteed to cause difficulties for law enforcement officers and medical staff. This review is written in hopes of minimizing some of these difficulties by 1) increasing general awareness and specific knowledge about this condition, 2) explaining the neurochemical and neuroanatomical alterations that have been shown to cause those symptoms, and 3) by suggesting new lines of research that might identify easily measured biomarkers for the disease. If the disease mechanism can be deciphered, then it should be possible to devise effective strategies for treatment. It would also be of enormous value to the legal system. When defending a diagnosis before the court, physical evidence always trumps knowledge and experience. It would be far better to be able to present physical proof than to opine that the decedent's behavior was typical for the disease. In this aspect, ExDS is analogous to myocardial infarction: if a man dies suddenly, it is much easier to prove the cardiac origin of the event if an occlusive thrombus is found in a major coronary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Karch
- (Royal College of Physicians, London). Royal London Hospital and Cardiac Pathology at the Stanford Transplant Laboratory. San Francisco Medical Examiner
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