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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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2
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Ohtawa M. [Comprehensive Studies on the Synthetic Organic Chemistry of Unique Bioactive Natural Products; Total Synthesis, Drug Discovery, and Development of New Reactions]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1067-1075. [PMID: 36184441 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on natural product chemistry via organic chemistry ranges from isolation and structural elucidation to total synthesis, drug discovery, and chemical biology. Discoveries in organic chemistry, such as novel reactions and synthetic strategies, are enabled by the studies of total synthesis. Thus, organic (synthetic) chemistry and natural product chemistry are correlated. We conducted comprehensive studies, including structure-activity relationship, drug discovery, and total synthesis studies, on the synthetic organic chemistry of natural products with unique biological activities and the development of novel reactions discovered through these products. This review describes the total synthesis of simpotentin, a novel potentiator of amphotericin B, and the development of the novel lactonization reactions of homopropargyl alcohols via intramolecular ketene trapping.
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Yamazaki H. Exploration of marine natural resources in Indonesia and development of efficient strategies for the production of microbial halogenated metabolites. J Nat Med 2021; 76:1-19. [PMID: 34415546 PMCID: PMC8732978 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nature is a prolific source of organic products with diverse scaffolds and biological activities. The process of natural product discovery has gradually become more challenging, and advances in novel strategic approaches are essential to evolve natural product chemistry. Our focus has been on surveying untouched marine resources and fermentation to enhance microbial productive performance. The first topic is the screening of marine natural products isolated from Indonesian marine organisms for new types of bioactive compounds, such as antineoplastics, antimycobacterium substances, and inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, sterol O-acyl-transferase, and bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoblastic differentiation. The unique biological properties of marine organohalides are discussed herein and attempts to efficiently produce fungal halogenated metabolites are documented. This review presents an overview of our recent work accomplishments based on the MONOTORI study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.
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Structure-Activity Relationships of the Antimalarial Agent Artemisinin 10. Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Enantiomers of rac-5β-Hydroxy-d-Secoartemisinin and Analogs: Implications Regarding the Mechanism of Action. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144163. [PMID: 34299438 PMCID: PMC8304634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of rac-6-desmethyl-5β–hydroxy-d-secoartemisinin 2, a tricyclic analog of R-(+)-artemisinin 1, was accomplished and the racemate was resolved into the (+)-2b and (−)-2a enantiomers via their Mosher Ester diastereomers. Antimalarial activity resided with only the artemisinin-like enantiomer R-(−)-2a. Several new compounds 9–16, 19a, 19b, 22 and 29 were synthesized from rac-2 but the C-5 secondary hydroxyl group was surprisingly unreactive. For example, the formation of carbamates and Mitsunobu reactions were unsuccessful. In order to assess the unusual reactivity of 2, a single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed a close intramolecular hydrogen bond from the C-5 alcohol to the oxepane ether oxygen (O-11). All products were tested in vitro against the W-2 and D-6 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Several of the analogs had moderate activity in comparison to the natural product 1. Iron (II) bromide-promoted rearrangement of 2 gave, in 50% yield, the ring-contracted tetrahydrofuran 22, while the 5-ketone 15 provided a monocyclic methyl ketone 29 (50%). Neither 22 nor 29 possessed in vitro antimalarial activity. These results have implications in regard to the antimalarial mechanism of action of artemisinin.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhan Y, Li B, Lu W, Nan F. Design and synthesis of further simplified pyripyropene A based ACAT2 selective inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Ohtawa M, Arima S, Ichida N, Terayama T, Ohno H, Yamazaki T, Ohshiro T, Sato N, Omura S, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Design and Synthesis of A-Ring Simplified Pyripyropene A Analogues as Potent and Selective Synthetic SOAT2 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:411-421. [PMID: 29323466 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Currently, pyripyropene A, which is isolated from the culture broth of Aspergillus fumigatus FO-1289, is the only compound known to strongly and selectively inhibit the isozyme sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2). To aid in the development of new cholesterol-lowering or anti-atherosclerotic agents, new A-ring simplified pyripyropene A analogues have been designed and synthesized based on total synthesis, and the results of structure-activity relationship studies of pyripyropene A. Among the analogues, two A-ring simplified pyripyropene A analogues exhibited equally efficient SOAT2 inhibitory activity to that of natural pyripyropene A. These new analogues are the most potent and selective SOAT2 inhibitors to be used as synthetic compounds and attractive seed compounds for the development of drug for dyslipidemia, including atherosclerotic disease and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohtawa
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shiho Arima
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichida
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomiaki Terayama
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hironao Ohno
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takaya Yamazaki
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Omura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Department of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Sridharan GV, D'Alessandro M, Bale SS, Bhagat V, Gagnon H, Asara JM, Uygun K, Yarmush ML, Saeidi N. Multi-omic network-based interrogation of rat liver metabolism following gastric bypass surgery featuring SWATH proteomics. TECHNOLOGY 2017; 5:139-184. [PMID: 29780857 PMCID: PMC5956888 DOI: 10.1142/s233954781750008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Morbidly obese patients often elect for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), a form of bariatric surgery that triggers a remarkable 30% reduction in excess body weight and reversal of insulin resistance for those who are type II diabetic. A more complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive the complex metabolic reprogramming post-RYGB could lead to innovative non-invasive therapeutics that mimic the beneficial effects of the surgery, namely weight loss, achievement of glycemic control, or reversal of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). To facilitate these discoveries, we hereby demonstrate the first multi-omic interrogation of a rodent RYGB model to reveal tissue-specific pathway modules implicated in the control of body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. In this study, we focus on and evaluate liver metabolism three months following RYGB in rats using both SWATH proteomics, a burgeoning label free approach using high resolution mass spectrometry to quantify protein levels in biological samples, as well as MRM metabolomics. The SWATH analysis enabled the quantification of 1378 proteins in liver tissue extracts, of which we report the significant down-regulation of Thrsp and Acot13 in RYGB as putative targets of lipid metabolism for weight loss. Furthermore, we develop a computational graph-based metabolic network module detection algorithm for the discovery of non-canonical pathways, or sub-networks, enriched with significantly elevated or depleted metabolites and proteins in RYGB-treated rat livers. The analysis revealed a network connection between the depleted protein Baat and the depleted metabolite taurine, corroborating the clinical observation that taurine-conjugated bile acid levels are perturbed post-RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Vivek Sridharan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew D'Alessandro
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vicky Bhagat
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- Phenoswitch Bioscience, 3001 12e Avenue N, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - John M Asara
- Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle Rm 425, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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8
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Meguro T, Yoshida S, Hosoya T. Aromatic Azido-selective Reduction via the Staudinger Reaction Using Tri-n-butylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborate with Triethylamine. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.161159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Meguro
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
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9
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Qiao LS, Zhang XB, Jiang LD, Zhang YL, Li GY. Identification of potential ACAT-2 selective inhibitors using pharmacophore, SVM and SVR from Chinese herbs. Mol Divers 2016; 20:933-944. [PMID: 27329301 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) plays an important role in maintaining cellular and organismal cholesterol homeostasis. Two types of ACAT isozymes with different functions exist in mammals, named ACAT-1 and ACAT-2. Numerous studies showed that ACAT-2 selective inhibitors are effective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, as a typical endoplasmic reticulum protein, ACAT-2 protein has not been purified and revealed, so combinatorial ligand-based methods might be the optimal strategy for discovering the ACAT-2 selective inhibitors. In this study, selective pharmacophore models of ACAT-1 inhibitors and ACAT-2 inhibitors were built, respectively. The optimal pharmacophore model for each subtype was identified and utilized as queries for the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database screening. A total of 180 potential ACAT-2 selective inhibitors were obtained, which were identified using an ACAT-2 pharmacophore and not by our ACAT-1 model. Selective SVM model and bioactive SVR model were generated for further identification of the obtained ACAT-2 inhibitors. Ten compounds were finally obtained with predicted inhibitory activities toward ACAT-2. Hydrogen bond acceptor, 2D autocorrelations, GETAWAY descriptors, and BCUT descriptors were identified as key structural features for selectivity and activity of ACAT-2 inhibitors. This study provides a reasonable ligand-based approach to discover potential ACAT-2 selective inhibitors from Chinese herbs, which could help in further screening and development of ACAT-2 selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xian-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Lu-di Jiang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China.
| | - Gong-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
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10
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Kotoku N, Arai M, Kobayashi M. Search for Anti-angiogenic Substances from Natural Sources. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:128-34. [PMID: 26833441 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis, potent and selective anti-angiogenic agents with novel modes of action are highly needed for anti-cancer drug discovery. In this review, our studies focusing on the search for anti-angiogenic substances from natural sources, such as bastadins, globostellatic acid X methyl esters and cortistatins from marine sponges, and pyripyropenes from marine-derived fungus, together with senegasaponins from medicinal plant, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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11
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Warrier M, Zhang J, Bura K, Kelley K, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, Brown JM. Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2-Driven Cholesterol Esterification Opposes Liver X Receptor-Stimulated Fecal Neutral Sterol Loss. Lipids 2016; 51:151-7. [PMID: 26729489 PMCID: PMC5221701 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Statin drugs have proven a successful and relatively safe therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, even with the substantial low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering achieved with statin treatment, CVD remains the top cause of death in developed countries. Selective inhibitors of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol-O acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) hold great promise as effective CVD therapeutics. In mouse models, previous work has demonstrated that either antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or small molecule inhibitors of SOAT2 can effectively reduce CVD progression, and even promote regression of established CVD. Although it is well known that SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can alter both the packaging and retention of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins, here we set out to determine whether SOAT2-driven cholesterol esterification can also impact basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss. These studies demonstrate that SOAT2 is a negative regulator of LXR-stimulated fecal neutral sterol loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kanwardeep Bura
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kathryn Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Zhan Y, Zhang XW, Xiong Y, Li BL, Nan FJ. Design and synthesis of simple, yet potent and selective non-ring-A pyripyropene A-based inhibitors of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2). Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:747-751. [PMID: 26584338 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyripyropene A-based compounds were designed and synthesized by opening the upper section of the A-ring, which significantly simplifies the structure and synthesis from commercially available starting materials. Representative compound (-)-3 exhibited potent activity against ACAT2 and greater selectivity for ACAT2 than for ACAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ohshiro T, Ohtawa M, Nagamitsu T, Matsuda D, Yagyu H, Davis MA, Rudel LL, Ishibashi S, Tomoda H. New pyripyropene A derivatives, highly SOAT2-selective inhibitors, improve hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in atherogenic mouse models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:299-307. [PMID: 26338984 PMCID: PMC4613958 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.227348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2; also known as ACAT2) is considered as a new therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Fungal pyripyropene A (PPPA: 1,7,11-triacyl type), the first SOAT2-selective inhibitor, proved orally active in vivo using atherogenic mouse models. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that the PPPA derivatives (PRDs) prove more effective in the mouse models than PPPA. Among 196 semisynthetic PPPA derivatives, potent, SOAT2-selective, and stable PRDs were selected. In vivo antiatherosclerotic activity of selected PRDs was tested in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe(-/-)) mice or low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr(-/-)) mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (0.2% cholesterol and 21% fat) for 12 weeks. During the PRD treatments, no detrimental side effects were observed. Among three PRDs, Apoe(-/-) mice treated with PRD125 (1-,11-O-benzylidene type) at 1 mg/kg/day had significantly lower total plasma cholesterol concentration by 57.9 ± 9.3%; further, the ratio of cholesteryl oleate to cholesteryl linoleate in low-density lipoprotein was lower by 55.6 ± 7.5%, respectively. The hepatic cholesteryl ester levels and SOAT2 activity in the small intestines and livers of the PRD-treated mice were selectively lowered. The atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortae of PRD125-treated mice were significantly lower at 62.2 ± 13.1%, respectively. Furthermore, both PRDs were also orally active in atherogenic Ldlr(-/-) mice. Among the PRDs tested, PRD125 was the most potent in both mouse models. These results suggest that SOAT2-selective inhibitors such as PRD125 have a high potential as poststatin agents for treatment and/or prevention in patients with atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ohshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Daisuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan (T.O., M.O., T.N., D.M., H.T.); Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (T.O., H.Y., S.I.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (T.O., M.A.D., L.L.R.)
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Ding Z, Zhang L, Fu J, Che Q, Li D, Gu Q, Zhu T. Phenylpyropenes E and F: new meroterpenes from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium concentricum ZLQ-69. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:748-51. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fuse S, Ikebe A, Oosumi K, Karasawa T, Matsumura K, Izumikawa M, Johmoto K, Uekusa H, Shin-ya K, Doi T, Takahashi T. Asymmetric Total Synthesis ofent-Pyripyropene A. Chemistry 2015; 21:9454-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Matsuda D, Ohshiro T, Ohtawa M, Yamazaki H, Nagamitsu T, Tomoda H. In vitro metabolism of pyripyropene A and ACAT inhibitory activity of its metabolites. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:27-34. [PMID: 25005817 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pyripyropene A (PPPA, 1) of fungal origin, a selective inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), proved orally active in atherogenic mouse models. The in vitro metabolites of 1 in liver microsomes and plasma of human, rabbit, rat and mouse were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. In the liver microsomes from all species, successive hydrolysis occurred at the 1-O-acetyl residue, then at the 11-O-acetyl residue of 1, while the 7-O-acetyl residue was resistant to hydrolysis. Furthermore, dehydrogenation of the newly generated 11-alcoholic hydroxyl residue occurred in human and mouse-liver microsomes, while oxidation of the pyridine ring occurred in human and rabbit liver microsomes. On the other hand, hydrolysis of the 7-O-acetyl residue proceeded only in the mouse plasma. These data indicated that the in vitro metabolic profiles of 1 have subtle differences among animal species. All of the PPPA metabolites observed in liver microsomes and plasma markedly decreased ACAT2 inhibitory activity. These findings will help us to synthesize new PPPA derivatives more effective in in vivo study than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- 1] Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan [2] Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acyltransferase (AT) catalyzes the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to an acceptor. ATs play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body and have been linked to various diseases; therefore, several ATs have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment or prevention of such diseases. The AT family includes acyl-CoA:cholesterol AT (ACAT), diacylglycerol AT (DGAT), and monoacylglycerol AT (MGAT) for the metabolism of lipids. Furthermore, recent molecular biological studies revealed the existence of their isozymes with distinct functions in the body. AREAS COVERED This review summarized patent filings published between 2010 and the present date that claimed isozyme-selective inhibitors of ACAT, DGAT and MGAT, which are involved in neutral lipid metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Isozymes of ACAT, DGAT and MGAT play distinct functions in neutral lipid metabolism in the human body and have been considered as potential therapeutic targets. Accordingly, isozyme-selective inhibitors that could be used in the treatment or prevention of lipid metabolism disorders were searched for. Of these, pyripyropene A derivatives, ACAT2-selective inhibitors, may be potential therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ohshiro
- Kitasato University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
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Hu J, Furutani A, Yamamoto K, Oyama K, Mitomi M, Anzai H. Characterization of two acetyltransferase genes in the pyripyropene biosynthetic gene cluster from Penicillium coprobium. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:818-826. [PMID: 26019565 PMCID: PMC4434069 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.960140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyripyropenes potently and selectively inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT-2). Among multiple isomers of pyripyropene (A to R), pyripyropene A (PyA) has insecticidal properties in addition to its growth inhibition properties against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Based on the predicted biosynthetic gene cluster of pyripyropene A, two genes (ppb8 and ppb9) encoding two acetyltransferases (ATs) were separately isolated and introduced into the model fungus Aspergillus oryzae, using the protoplast–polyethylene glycol method. The bioconversion of certain predicted intermediates in the transformants revealed the manner by which acetylation occurred in the biosynthetic pathway by the products expressed by these two genes (AT-1 and AT-2). The acetylated products detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the extracts from AT-1 and AT-2 transformant clones were not present in the extract from the transformant clone with an empty vector. The HLPC charts of each bioconversion study exhibited high peaks at 12, 10.5 and 9 min, respectively. Further ultraviolet absorption and mass spectrometry analyses identified the products as PyE, PyO and PyA, respectively. AT-1 acetylated the C-1 of deacetyl-pyripyropene E (deAc-PyE), while AT-2 played an active role in acetylating the C-11 of 11-deAc-PyO and C-7 of deAc-PyA at two different steps of the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Ayako Furutani
- Gene Research Center, Ibaraki University , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Agricultural & Veterinary Research Laboratories, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oyama
- Agricultural & Veterinary Research Laboratories, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitomi
- Agricultural & Veterinary Research Laboratories, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Anzai
- Gene Research Center, Ibaraki University , Ibaraki , Japan
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Pandey RP, Kwon HJ, Ahn JS, Osada H, Sohng JK. The 7th Japan-Korea chemical biology symposium: chemical biology of natural bioactive molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1070-4. [PMID: 24831667 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural bioactive molecules possess supreme chemical diversity and drug-like properties and are an important source for drug lead compounds. At the seventh Japan-Korea Chemical Biology Symposium at Jeju Island, Korea, chemical biologists from Korea and Japan highlighted the remarkable features of natural products and their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute
of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Chemical
Genomics National Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Chemical
Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochangeup,
Cheongwongun, Chungcheongbukdo 363-883, Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology
Research Group, RIKEN Center
for Sustainable Resource Science, and Antibiotics Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute
of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Korea
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20
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Ohtawa M, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Regioselective Mono-Deprotection of Di-tert-butylsilylene Acetal Derived from 1,3-Diol with Ammonium Fluoride. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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21
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Ohtawa M, Yamazaki H, Ohte S, Matsuda D, Ohshiro T, Rudel LL, Ōmura S, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of pyripyropene A derivatives as potent and selective acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) inhibitors: part 3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3798-801. [PMID: 23711919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop potent and selective inhibitors toward ACAT2, structure-activity relationship studies were carried out using derivatives based on pyripyropene A (PPPA, 1). In particular, we investigated the possibility of introducing appropriate 1,11-O-benzylidene and 7-O-substituted benzoyl moieties into PPPA (1). The new o-substituted benzylidene derivatives showed higher selectivity for ACAT2 than PPPA (1). Among them, 1,11-O-o-methylbenzylidene-7-O-p-cyanobenzoyl PPPA derivative 7q and 1,11-O-o,o-dimethylbenzylidene-7-O-p-cyanobenzoyl PPPA derivative 7z proved to be potent ACAT2 inhibitors with unprecedented high isozyme selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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22
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Ohtawa M, Yamazaki H, Matsuda D, Ohshiro T, Rudel LL, Ōmura S, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of pyripyropene A derivatives as potent and selective acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) inhibitors: part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2659-62. [PMID: 23535327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-O-p-cyanobenzoyl pyripyropene A derivatives with modification at C1 and 11 are described. Regioselective mono-deprotection of di-tert-butylsilylene acetal was critical in their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohtawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Tokyo 108 8641, Japan
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23
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Ohtawa M, Omura S, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Structure-Activity Relationship Study and Total Synthesis of Pyripyropene A as a Potent ACAT2-Selective Inhibitor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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