1
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Chen R, Wang M, Keasling JD, Hu T, Yin X. Expanding the structural diversity of terpenes by synthetic biology approaches. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:699-713. [PMID: 38233232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids display chemical and structural diversities as well as important biological activities. Despite their extreme variability, the range of these structures is limited by the scope of natural products that canonically derive from interconvertible five-carbon (C5) isoprene units. New approaches have recently been developed to expand their structural diversity. This review systematically explores the combinatorial biosynthesis of noncanonical building blocks via the coexpression of the canonical mevalonate (MVA) pathway and C-methyltransferases (C-MTs), or by using the lepidopteran mevalonate (LMVA) pathway. Unnatural terpenoids can be created from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogs by chemobiological synthesis and terpene cyclopropanation by artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Advanced technologies to accelerate terpene biosynthesis are discussed. This review provides a valuable reference for increasing the diversity of valuable terpenoids and their derivatives, as well as for expanding their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen 518055, China; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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2
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Hampton JT, Liu WR. Diversification of Phage-Displayed Peptide Libraries with Noncanonical Amino Acid Mutagenesis and Chemical Modification. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6051-6077. [PMID: 38686960 PMCID: PMC11082904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Sitting on the interface between biologics and small molecules, peptides represent an emerging class of therapeutics. Numerous techniques have been developed in the past 30 years to take advantage of biological methods to generate and screen peptide libraries for the identification of therapeutic compounds, with phage display being one of the most accessible techniques. Although traditional phage display can generate billions of peptides simultaneously, it is limited to expression of canonical amino acids. Recently, several groups have successfully undergone efforts to apply genetic code expansion to introduce noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel reactivities and chemistries into phage-displayed peptide libraries. In addition to biological methods, several different chemical approaches have also been used to install noncanonical motifs into phage libraries. This review focuses on these recent advances that have taken advantage of both biological and chemical means for diversification of phage libraries with ncAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Trae Hampton
- Texas
A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, College
of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wenshe Ray Liu
- Texas
A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, College
of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Institute
of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Translational Medical
Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M
University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Korkmaz N, Kim M. Phage display selection of a Pb(II) specific peptide and its application as a biorecognition unit for colorimetric detection of Pb(II) ions. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300482. [PMID: 38009643 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology employs a library of engineered filamentous M13 viruses infecting only bacteria. In this study, the genuine phage display selection technique was applied to identify a Pb(II) specific peptide. After three rounds of positive selection against Pb(II) coated agarose-based beads and the consecutive negative screenings against interfering metal ions (Al(III), Co(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II)), a final phage library with enhanced Pb(II) binding was obtained. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analyses confirmed the selective Pb(II) binding of the enriched viruses. Twenty monoclonal phage plaques were randomly selected, single stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) were isolated and sequenced. Sequencing results revealed four different peptide sequences. Pb9 peptide (KASPYIT) showing the most specific Pb(II) binding was selected for detection studies. Pb9 was synthetically synthesized with additional three cysteine (3xCys) units at C-terminal. Twenty nanometers AuNPs were functionalized with Pb9-3xCys peptides through Au-thiol (Au-S) interaction. A colorimetric Pb(II) detection system was validated using the engineered peptide-AuNP complex at a calculated LOD of around 11 nM (3σ/k, n = 6) for the case study. The detection system was Pb(II) selective over various metal ions (Ag(II), Al(III), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr (III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). Such metal ion specific peptides can be further studied to develop simple, user friendly and cost-effective tools to design alternative detection and bioremediation systems for a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Korkmaz
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
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4
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Zheng M, Gao J. Phage Display of Two Distinct Warheads to Inhibit Challenging Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2259-2266. [PMID: 37682047 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Falling in between traditional small molecules and antibodies in size, peptides are emerging as a privileged therapeutic modality, one that can harness the benefits of both small molecule and antibody drugs. To discover potential peptide therapeutics, it is highly desirable to have high throughput screening platforms that can assess peptides with diverse and non-natural functional motifs. With this contribution, we present a novel phage library that incorporates two distinct designer groups. As an example, a pair of reversible covalent warheads was installed onto phage-displayed peptides to target a cysteine and a lysine. The double modification is realized by sequential modification of an N-terminal cysteine and then an internal cysteine using chemoselective chemistry. Screening of this double-warhead-presenting library against TEV protease readily revealed peptide inhibitors with single-digit micromolar potency. Importantly, our structure-activity studies demonstrate that both covalent warheads make important contributions to TEV protease inhibition. We envision that our strategy of double phage modification can be readily extended to build phage libraries with diverse structural motifs, allowing facile expansion of the chemical space coverable by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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5
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Allen GL, Grahn AK, Kourentzi K, Willson RC, Waldrop S, Guo J, Kay BK. Expanding the chemical diversity of M13 bacteriophage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961093. [PMID: 36003937 PMCID: PMC9393631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage M13 virions are very stable nanoparticles that can be modified by chemical and genetic methods. The capsid proteins can be functionalized in a variety of chemical reactions without loss of particle integrity. In addition, Genetic Code Expansion (GCE) permits the introduction of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into displayed peptides and proteins. The incorporation of ncAAs into phage libraries has led to the discovery of high-affinity binders with low nanomolar dissociation constant (K D) values that can potentially serve as inhibitors. This article reviews how bioconjugation and the incorporation of ncAAs during translation have expanded the chemistry of peptides and proteins displayed by M13 virions for a variety of purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sean Waldrop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Brian K. Kay
- Tango Biosciences, Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Vermeer B, Schmid S. Can DyeCycling break the photobleaching limit in single-molecule FRET? NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:9818-9830. [PMID: 35582137 PMCID: PMC9101981 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biomolecular systems, such as proteins, crucially rely on dynamic processes at the nanoscale. Detecting biomolecular nanodynamics is therefore key to obtaining a mechanistic understanding of the energies and molecular driving forces that control biomolecular systems. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique to observe in real-time how a single biomolecule proceeds through its functional cycle involving a sequence of distinct structural states. Currently, this technique is fundamentally limited by irreversible photobleaching, causing the untimely end of the experiment and thus, a narrow temporal bandwidth of ≤ 3 orders of magnitude. Here, we introduce "DyeCycling", a measurement scheme with which we aim to break the photobleaching limit in smFRET. We introduce the concept of spontaneous dye replacement by simulations, and as an experimental proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the intermittent observation of a single biomolecule for one hour with a time resolution of milliseconds. Theoretically, DyeCycling can provide > 100-fold more information per single molecule than conventional smFRET. We discuss the experimental implementation of DyeCycling, its current and fundamental limitations, and specific biological use cases. Given its general simplicity and versatility, DyeCycling has the potential to revolutionize the field of time-resolved smFRET, where it may serve to unravel a wealth of biomolecular dynamics by bridging from milliseconds to the hour range. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4420-5 and is accessible for authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vermeer
- NanoDynamicsLab, Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Schmid
- NanoDynamicsLab, Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Korkmaz N, Hwang C, Kessler KK, Silina YE, Müller L, Park J. A novel copper (II) binding peptide for a colorimetric biosensor system design. Talanta 2021; 232:122439. [PMID: 34074424 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages are viruses infecting only bacteria. In this study, phage display technique was applied to identify highly selective Cu(II) binding peptides. After five rounds of positive screening against Cu(II) and various rounds of negative screenings against competitive metal ions (Al(III), Co(II), Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), bacteriophages were enriched. Selective Cu(II) binding of final phages was confirmed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. 15 phage plaques were randomly selected and sequenced. Cu-5 peptide (HGFANVA) with the highest frequency of occurrence and the strongest Cu(II) affinity was chosen for further Cu(II) detection and removal tests. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed the strong Cu(II) binding potential of engineered viruses. Cu-5 peptides were synthetically synthesized with three Cysteine units at C-terminal and a AuNP-peptide biosensor system was developed based on aggregation behavior of AuNPs upon Cu(II) ion treatment. AuNP-based Cu(II) sensor was selective for Cu(II) and the LOD was 91.15 nM (ca. 5.8 × 10-3 mg/L; 3σ/k, n = 5, R2 = 0.992) for the case study which is considerably lower than the WHO's accepted guideline of 1.3 mg/L. This study provides an interdisciplinary approach to apply short peptides as recognition units for biosensor studies which are user friendly, not bulky and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Korkmaz
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft MbH, Campus E 7.1, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Changhyun Hwang
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft MbH, Campus E 7.1, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Kim Kristin Kessler
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft MbH, Campus E 7.1, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuliya E Silina
- Institute for Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Campus B 2.2, University of Saarland, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lisann Müller
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft MbH, Campus E 7.1, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jayoung Park
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft MbH, Campus E 7.1, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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8
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Sudha AJ, Aslam NA, Sandhu A, Yasuda M, Baba A, Babu SA. Synthesis of β-cyanoalanine and enantiomerically enriched aspartate derivatives via the Zn- or In-mediated nucleophilic addition to α-imino esters. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Oller‐Salvia B, Chin JW. Efficient Phage Display with Multiple Distinct Non‐Canonical Amino Acids Using Orthogonal Ribosome‐Mediated Genetic Code Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamí Oller‐Salvia
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - Jason W. Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
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10
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Oller-Salvia B, Chin JW. Efficient Phage Display with Multiple Distinct Non-Canonical Amino Acids Using Orthogonal Ribosome-Mediated Genetic Code Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10844-10848. [PMID: 31157495 PMCID: PMC6771915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful approach for evolving proteins and peptides with new functions, but the properties of the molecules that can be evolved are limited by the chemical diversity encoded. Herein, we report a system for incorporating non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins displayed on phage using the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. We improve the efficiency of ncAA incorporation using an evolved orthogonal ribosome (riboQ1), and encode a cyclopropene-containing ncAA (CypK) at diverse sites on a displayed single-chain antibody variable fragment (ScFv), in response to amber and quadruplet codons. CypK and an alkyne-containing ncAA are incorporated at distinct sites, enabling the double labeling of ScFv with distinct probes, through mutually orthogonal reactions, in a one-pot procedure. These advances expand the number of functionalities that can be encoded on phage-displayed proteins and provide a foundation to further expand the scope of phage display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamí Oller-Salvia
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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11
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Derda R, Ng S. Genetically encoded fragment-based discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Schönberger N, Braun R, Matys S, Lederer FL, Lehmann F, Flemming K, Pollmann K. Chromatopanning for the identification of gallium binding peptides. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:158-166. [PMID: 31040030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study is concerned with a chromatography-based approach (Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography) for the recovery of gallium binding peptide sequences from a recombinant phage display library. The here described methods apply the fundamental knowledge and methods of separation science and meet thereby the key requirement of the phage display technique of precise separation of target-binding bacteriophage clones from non-interacting bacteriophage during the biopanning. During the chromatopanning called process, a total of 101 bacteriophage clones were identified of which in subsequent binding experiments, phage clones expressing the peptide sequences TMHHAAIAHPPH, SQALSTSRQDLR and HTQHIQSDDHLA were characterized to bind >10 fold better to a target that presents immobilized gallium ions than control phage, displaying no peptide sequence. The performance of biopanning experiments in chromatographic systems is particularly suitable for demanding targets such as trivalent metal ions. We found, that the selection process benefits immensely from the stable immobilization of the target metal ions during the entire biopanning process as well as the complete recovery of well interacting bacteriophage clones. Among others, this was possible due to an enhanced monitoring of process conditions and fractionation of eluates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schönberger
- Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 32, 09599, Freiberg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Robert Braun
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Matys
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska L Lederer
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Lehmann
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Flemming
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Pollmann
- Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Kelemen RE, Erickson SB, Chatterjee A. Synthesis at the interface of virology and genetic code expansion. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:164-171. [PMID: 30086446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
How a virus efficiently invades its host cell and masterfully engineers its properties provides valuable lessons and resources for the emerging discipline of synthetic biology, which seeks to create engineered biological systems with novel functions. Recently, the toolbox of synthetic biology has also been enriched by the genetic code expansion technology, which has provided access to a large assortment of unnatural amino acids with novel chemical functionalities that can be site-specifically incorporated into proteins in living cells. The synergistic interplay of these two disciplines holds much promise to advance their individual progress, while creating new paradigms for synthetic biology. In this review we seek to provide an account of the recent advances at the interface of these two research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kelemen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Sarah B Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
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14
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McCarthy KA, Kelly MA, Li K, Cambray S, Hosseini AS, van Opijnen T, Gao J. Phage Display of Dynamic Covalent Binding Motifs Enables Facile Development of Targeted Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6137-6145. [PMID: 29701966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens poses an increasing threat to the wellbeing of our society and urgently calls for new strategies for infection diagnosis and antibiotic discovery. The antibiotic resistance problem at least partially arises from extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Ideally, for the treatment of infection, one would like to use a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that specifically targets and kills the disease-causing strain. This is particularly important considering the commensal bacterial species that are beneficial and sometimes even critical to the health of a human being. In this contribution, we describe a phage display platform that enables rapid identification of peptide probes for specific bacterial strains. The phage library described herein incorporates 2-acetylphenylboronic acid moieties to elicit dynamic covalent binding to the bacterial cell surface. Screening of the library against live bacterial cells yields submicromolar and highly specific binders for clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii that display antibiotic resistance. We further show that the identified peptide probes can be readily converted to bactericidal agents that deliver generic toxins to kill the targeted bacterial strain with high specificity. The phage display platform described here is applicable to a wide array of bacterial strains, paving the way to facile diagnosis and development of strain-specific antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Michael A Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Kaicheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Samantha Cambray
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Azade S Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Department of Biology , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
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15
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Zhao L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li W, Yue Q, Jin Y. Design, Preparation of 3-Hydroxy Isoindolinone Cyclotripeptides, and the In Vitro
Antitumor Activities Against Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Qunfeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Harbin Normal University; Harbin 150025 China
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16
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Rübsam K, Davari MD, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. KnowVolution of the Polymer-Binding Peptide LCI for Improved Polypropylene Binding. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E423. [PMID: 30966458 PMCID: PMC6415234 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of polymer surfaces by polymer-binding peptides offers tremendous opportunities for directed immobilization of enzymes, bioactive peptides, and antigens. The application of polymer-binding peptides as adhesion promoters requires reliable and stable binding under process conditions. Molecular modes of interactions between material surfaces, peptides, and solvent are often not understood to an extent that enables (semi-) rational design of polymer-binding peptides, hindering the full exploitation of their potential. Knowledge-gaining directed evolution (KnowVolution) is an efficient protein engineering strategy that facilitates tailoring protein properties to application demands through a combination of directed evolution and computational guided protein design. A single round of KnowVolution was performed to gain molecular insights into liquid chromatography peak I peptide, 47 aa (LCI)-binding to polypropylene (PP) in the presence of the competing surfactant Triton X-100. KnowVolution yielded a total of 8 key positions (D19, S27, Y29, D31, G35, I40, E42, and D45), which govern PP-binding in the presence of Triton X-100. The recombination of two of the identified amino acid substitutions (Y29R and G35R; variant KR-2) yielded a 5.4 ± 0.5-fold stronger PP-binding peptide compared to LCI WT in the presence of Triton X-100 (1 mM). The LCI variant KR-2 shows a maximum binding capacity of 8.8 ± 0.1 pmol/cm² on PP in the presence of Triton X-100 (up to 1 mM). The KnowVolution approach enables the development of polymer-binding peptides, which efficiently coat and functionalize PP surfaces and withstand surfactant concentrations that are commonly used, such as in household detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Rübsam
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Yu Y, Hu C, Xia L, Wang J. Artificial Metalloenzyme Design with Unnatural Amino Acids and Non-Native Cofactors. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Center
for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Abstract
Cyclic peptides are highly desired molecules not only for basic research but also for many biomedical and pharmacological applications. Due to their potentially superior physicochemical properties as compared to their linear counterparts, they are considered as ideal candidates for studying protein-protein interactions, among others. Most of the methods developed in recent years to prepare cyclic peptides focus either on a synthetic or a recombinant route. While the former provides access to diversified, noncanonical peptides, including unnatural and D-amino acid, for example, the latter can harness the power of genetic randomization to generate and select from large peptide libraries. Only few approaches have been reported to prepare semisynthetic macrocycles that would benefit from both the advantages associated with synthetic and genetically encoded parts. We describe in this chapter a chemo-enzymatic method to make semisynthetic cyclic peptides in vitro from two fragments using protein trans-splicing and bioorthogonal oxime ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhendu Palei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henning D Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Zhao L, Zhang H, Cui J, Zhao M, Wang Z, Yue Q, Jin Y. Photo-induced synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of Fenestin A analogs. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two bioactive Fenestin A analogs were synthesized by photo-induced cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Jianing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Qunfeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials
- Heilongjiang Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
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20
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Luo X, Wang TS, Zhang Y, Wang F, Schultz P. Stabilizing Protein Motifs with a Genetically Encoded Metal-Ion Chelator. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1098-1102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Sawada T, Asada M, Serizawa T. Selective Rare Earth Recovery Employing Filamentous Viruses with Chemically Conjugated Peptides. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Masaya Asada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Takeshi Serizawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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22
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Palei S, Mootz HD. Cyclic Peptides Made by Linking Synthetic and Genetically Encoded Fragments. Chembiochem 2016; 17:378-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhendu Palei
- International Graduate School of Chemistry (GSC-MS); Institute of Biochemistry; University of Muenster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Henning D. Mootz
- International Graduate School of Chemistry (GSC-MS); Institute of Biochemistry; University of Muenster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2 48149 Münster Germany
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23
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Rogers JM, Suga H. Discovering functional, non-proteinogenic amino acid containing, peptides using genetic code reprogramming. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9353-63. [PMID: 26280393 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01336d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The protein synthesis machinery of the cell, the ribosome and associated factors, is able to accurately follow the canonical genetic code, that which maps RNA sequence to protein sequence, to assemble functional proteins from the twenty or so proteinogenic amino acids. A number of innovative methods have arisen to take advantage of this accurate, and efficient, machinery to direct the assembly of non-proteinogenic amino acids. We review and compare these routes to 'reprogram the genetic code' including in vitro translation, engineered aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and RNA 'flexizymes'. These studies show that the ribosome is highly tolerant of unnatural amino acids, with hundreds of unusual substrates of varying structure and chemistries being incorporated into protein chains. We also discuss how these methods have been coupled to selection techniques, such as phage display and mRNA display, opening up an exciting new avenue for the production of proteins and peptides with properties and functions beyond that which is possible using proteins composed entirely of the proteinogenic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Lewis JC. Metallopeptide catalysts and artificial metalloenzymes containing unnatural amino acids. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 25:27-35. [PMID: 25545848 PMCID: PMC4380757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metallopeptide catalysts and artificial metalloenzymes built from peptide scaffolds and catalytically active metal centers possess a number of exciting properties that could be exploited for selective catalysis. Control over metal catalyst secondary coordination spheres, compatibility with library based methods for optimization and evolution, and biocompatibility stand out in this regard. A wide range of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) have been incorporated into peptide and protein scaffolds using several distinct methods, and the resulting UAAs containing scaffolds can be used to create novel hybrid metal-peptide catalysts. Promising levels of selectivity have been demonstrated for several hybrid catalysts, and these provide a strong impetus and important lessons for the design of and optimization of hybrid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Lewis
- University of Chicago, Department of Chemistry, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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25
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Jongkees SAK, Hipolito CJ, Rogers JM, Suga H. Model foldamers: applications and structures of stable macrocyclic peptides identified using in vitro selection. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A survey of crystal- and solution-structure information for macrocyclic peptides, illustrating common folding patterns and target binding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seino A. K. Jongkees
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | | | - Joseph M. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
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26
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Drienovská I, Rioz-Martínez A, Draksharapu A, Roelfes G. Novel artificial metalloenzymes by in vivo incorporation of metal-binding unnatural amino acids. Chem Sci 2015; 6:770-776. [PMID: 28936318 PMCID: PMC5590542 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes have emerged as an attractive new approach to enantioselective catalysis. Herein, we introduce a novel strategy for preparation of artificial metalloenzymes utilizing amber stop codon suppression methodology for the in vivo incorporation of metal-binding unnatural amino acids. The resulting artificial metalloenzymes were applied in catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions and up to 83% ee for the product was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Drienovská
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; http://roelfesgroup.nl
| | - Ana Rioz-Martínez
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; http://roelfesgroup.nl
| | - Apparao Draksharapu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; http://roelfesgroup.nl
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands . ; http://roelfesgroup.nl
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27
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Ng S, Tjhung KF, Paschal BM, Noren CJ, Derda R. Chemical posttranslational modification of phage-displayed peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1248:155-72. [PMID: 25616332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2020-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phage-displayed peptide library has fueled the discovery of novel ligands for diverse targets. A new type of phage libraries that displays not only linear and disulfide-constrained cyclic peptides but moieties that cannot be encoded genetically or incorporated easily by bacterial genetic machinery has emerged recently. Chemical posttranslational modification of phage library is one of the simplest approaches to encode nonnatural moieties. It confers the library with new functionality and makes it possible to select and evolve molecules with properties not found in the peptides, for instance, glycopeptides recognized by carbohydrate-binding protein and peptides with photoswitching capability. To this end, we describe the newly emerging techniques to chemically modify the phage library and quantify the efficiency of the reaction with a biotin-capture assay. Finally, we provide the methods to construct N-terminal Ser peptide library that allows site-selective modification of phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2G2
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28
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Abstract
Substantial efforts in the past decade have resulted in the systematic expansion of genetic codes, allowing for the direct ribosomal incorporation of ∼100 unnatural amino acids into bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and animals. Here, we illustrate the versatility of expanded genetic codes in biology and bioengineering, focusing on the application of expanded genetic codes to problems in protein, cell, synthetic, and experimental evolutionary biology. As the expanded genetic code field continues to develop, its place as a foundational technology in the whole of biological sciences will solidify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA)
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29
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Kang M, Light K, Ai HW, Shen W, Kim CH, Chen PR, Lee HS, Solomon EI, Schultz PG. Evolution of iron(II)-finger peptides by using a bipyridyl amino acid. Chembiochem 2014; 15:822-825. [PMID: 24591102 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering of zinc-finger-like motifs containing the unnatural amino acid (2,2'-bipyridin-5-yl)alanine (Bpy-Ala). A phage-display library was constructed in which five residues in the N-terminal finger of zif268 were randomized to include both canonical amino acids and Bpy-Ala. Panning of this library against a nine-base-pair DNA binding site identified several Bpy-Ala-containing functional Zif268 mutants. These mutants bind the Zif268 recognition site with affinities comparable to that of the wild-type protein. Further characterization indicated that the mutant fingers bind low-spin Fe(II) rather than Zn(II) . This work demonstrates that an expanded genetic code can lead to new metal ion binding motifs that can serve as structural, catalytic, or regulatory elements in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kenneth Light
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Hui-Wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weijun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Peng R Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
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30
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Michaels HA, Velosa DC, Nefzi A. Synthesis of trifunctional thiazolyl amino acids and their use for the solid-phase synthesis of small molecule compounds and cyclic peptidomimetics. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:1-4. [PMID: 24369098 DOI: 10.1021/co400114u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral thiazolyl amino acid building blocks for the solid-phase synthesis of small molecules, peptides, and cyclic peptides have been designed and synthesized starting from Fmoc protected asparagine and glutamine. In efforts to demonstrate the usefulness and validity of such building blocks, a small library of 16 new thiazole containing small molecules has been prepared and characterized. Additionally, we report the use of the newly prepared trifunctional thiazolyl glutamine for the on-resin, head-to-tail synthesis of cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Michaels
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34986, United States
| | - Diana C. Velosa
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34986, United States
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34986, United States
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