1
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Grimster NP, Gingipalli L, Balazs A, Barlaam B, Boiko S, Boyd S, Dry H, Goldberg FW, Ikeda T, Johnson T, Kawatkar S, Kemmitt P, Lamont S, Lorthioir O, Mfuh A, Patel J, Pike A, Read J, Romero R, Sarkar U, Sha L, Simpson I, Song K, Su Q, Wang H, Watson D, Wu A, Zehnder TE, Zheng X, Li S, Dong Z, Yang D, Song Y, Wang P, Liu X, Dowling JE, Edmondson SD. Optimization of a series of novel, potent and selective Macrocyclic SYK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 91:129352. [PMID: 37270074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor cytoplasmic kinase. Due to its pivotal role in B cell receptor and Fc-receptor signalling, inhibition of SYK has been a target of interest in a variety of diseases. Herein, we report the use of structure-based drug design to discover a series of potent macrocyclic inhibitors of SYK, with excellent kinome selectivity and in vitro metabolic stability. We were able to remove hERG inhibition through the optimization of physical properties, and utilized a pro-drug strategy to address permeability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Boyd
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Dry
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | | | - Tim Ikeda
- Discovery Sciences R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joe Patel
- Discovery Sciences R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | - Andy Pike
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon Read
- Discovery Sciences R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Li Sha
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | | | - Kun Song
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | - Qibin Su
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | | | | | - Allan Wu
- Discovery Sciences R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | | | | | - Shaolu Li
- Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Dejian Yang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yanwei Song
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
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2
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Cui B, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Fan L, Jiao Y, Li H, Feng J, Tang W, Lu T, Chen Y. Discovery of 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4 -amine derivatives as novel and potent syk inhibitors for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115597. [PMID: 37423126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an important oncogene and signal transduction mediator that is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Syk plays a key role in the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal activation of Syk is closely related to the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies. Therefore, Syk is a potential target for the treatment of various hematologic cancers. Starting from compound 6(Syk, IC50 = 15.8 μM), we performed fragment-based rational drug design for structural optimization based on the specific solvent-accessible region, hydrophobic region, and ribose region of Syk. This resulted in the discovery of a series of novel 3-(1H-benzo [d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine Syk inhibitors, which led to the identification of 19q, a highly potent Syk inhibitor that exhibited excellent inhibitory activity on Syk enzyme (IC50 = 0.52 nM) and showed potency against several other kinases. In addition, compound 19q effectively reduced phosphorylation of downstream PLCγ2 level in Romos cells. And it also exhibited antiproliferative activity in multiple hematological tumour cells. More gratifyingly, 19q showed impressive efficacy at a low dosage (1 mg/kg/day) in the MV4-11 mouse xenograft model without affecting the body weight of the mice. These findings suggest that 19q is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Cui
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Lu Fan
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yu Jiao
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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3
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Kost-Alimova M, Sidhom EH, Satyam A, Chamberlain BT, Dvela-Levitt M, Melanson M, Alper SL, Santos J, Gutierrez J, Subramanian A, Byrne PJ, Grinkevich E, Reyes-Bricio E, Kim C, Clark AR, Watts AJ, Thompson R, Marshall J, Pablo JL, Coraor J, Roignot J, Vernon KA, Keller K, Campbell A, Emani M, Racette M, Bazua-Valenti S, Padovano V, Weins A, McAdoo SP, Tam FW, Ronco L, Wagner F, Tsokos GC, Shaw JL, Greka A. A High-Content Screen for Mucin-1-Reducing Compounds Identifies Fostamatinib as a Candidate for Rapid Repurposing for Acute Lung Injury. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100137. [PMID: 33294858 PMCID: PMC7691435 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing has the advantage of identifying potential treatments on a shortened timescale. In response to the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, we took advantage of a high-content screen of 3,713 compounds at different stages of clinical development to identify FDA-approved compounds that reduce mucin-1 (MUC1) protein abundance. Elevated MUC1 levels predict the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and correlate with poor clinical outcomes. Our screen identifies fostamatinib (R788), an inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) approved for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia, as a repurposing candidate for the treatment of ALI. In vivo, fostamatinib reduces MUC1 abundance in lung epithelial cells in a mouse model of ALI. In vitro, SYK inhibition by the active metabolite R406 promotes MUC1 removal from the cell surface. Our work suggests fostamatinib as a repurposing drug candidate for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eriene-Heidi Sidhom
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhigyan Satyam
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Moran Dvela-Levitt
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Seth L. Alper
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Santos
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juan Gutierrez
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Choah Kim
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abbe R. Clark
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J.B. Watts
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jamie Marshall
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Juliana Coraor
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Roignot
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A. Vernon
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Keller
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alissa Campbell
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Silvana Bazua-Valenti
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Astrid Weins
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen P. McAdoo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Frederick W.K. Tam
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Luciene Ronco
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - George C. Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anna Greka
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Grimster NP, Gingipalli L, Barlaam B, Su Q, Zheng X, Watson D, Wang H, Simpson I, Pike A, Balazs A, Boiko S, Ikeda TP, Impastato AC, Jones NH, Kawatkar S, Kemmitt P, Lamont S, Patel J, Read J, Sarkar U, Sha L, Tomlinson RC, Wang H, Wilson DM, Zehnder TE, Wang L, Wang P, Goldberg FW, Shao W, Fawell S, Dry H, Dowling JE, Edmondson SD. Optimization of a series of potent, selective and orally bioavailable SYK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Alimova M, Sidhom EH, Satyam A, Dvela-Levitt M, Melanson M, Chamberlain BT, Alper SL, Santos J, Gutierrez J, Subramanian A, Grinkevich E, Bricio ER, Kim C, Clark A, Watts A, Thompson R, Marshall J, Pablo JL, Coraor J, Roignot J, Vernon KA, Keller K, Campbell A, Emani M, Racette M, Bazua-Valenti S, Padovano V, Weins A, McAdoo SP, Tam FW, Ronco L, Wagner F, Tsokos GC, Shaw JL, Greka A. A High Content Screen for Mucin-1-Reducing Compounds Identifies Fostamatinib as a Candidate for Rapid Repurposing for Acute Lung Injury during the COVID-19 pandemic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.30.180380. [PMID: 32637960 PMCID: PMC7337390 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.30.180380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is the only method capable of delivering treatments on the shortened time-scale required for patients afflicted with lung disease arising from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mucin-1 (MUC1), a membrane-bound molecule expressed on the apical surfaces of most mucosal epithelial cells, is a biochemical marker whose elevated levels predict the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and correlate with poor clinical outcomes. In response to the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, we took advantage of a high content screen of 3,713 compounds at different stages of clinical development to identify FDA-approved compounds that reduce MUC1 protein abundance. Our screen identified Fostamatinib (R788), an inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) approved for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia, as a repurposing candidate for the treatment of ALI. In vivo , Fostamatinib reduced MUC1 abundance in lung epithelial cells in a mouse model of ALI. In vitro , SYK inhibition by Fostamatinib promoted MUC1 removal from the cell surface. Our work reveals Fostamatinib as a repurposing drug candidate for ALI and provides the rationale for rapidly standing up clinical trials to test Fostamatinib efficacy in patients with COVID-19 lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alimova
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eriene-Heidi Sidhom
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhigyan Satyam
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moran Dvela-Levitt
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Melanson
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Seth L. Alper
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Santos
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan Gutierrez
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Choah Kim
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abbe Clark
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Watts
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Thompson
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Marshall
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Juliana Coraor
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Roignot
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A. Vernon
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith Keller
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alissa Campbell
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Matthew Racette
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Silvana Bazua-Valenti
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valeria Padovano
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Astrid Weins
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen P. McAdoo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Frederick W.K. Tam
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lucienne Ronco
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florence Wagner
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian L. Shaw
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Mei H, Han J, Fustero S, Medio-Simon M, Sedgwick DM, Santi C, Ruzziconi R, Soloshonok VA. Fluorine-Containing Drugs Approved by the FDA in 2018. Chemistry 2019; 25:11797-11819. [PMID: 31099931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, fluorine substitution has become one of the essential structural traits in modern pharmaceuticals. Thus, about half of the most successful drugs (blockbuster drugs) contain fluorine atoms. In this review, we profile 17 fluorine-containing drugs approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) in 2018. The newly approved pharmaceuticals feature several types of aromatic F and CF3 , as well as aliphatic (CF2 ) substitution, offering advances in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, HIV, malarial and smallpox infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Medio-Simon
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel M Sedgwick
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Phrmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renzo Ruzziconi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Thoma G, Veenstra S, Strang R, Blanz J, Vangrevelinghe E, Berghausen J, Lee CC, Zerwes HG. Orally bioavailable Syk inhibitors with activity in a rat PK/PD model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4642-7. [PMID: 26320624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design and optimization of benzo- and pyrido-thiazoles/isothiazoles are reported leading to the discovery of the potent, orally bioavailable Syk inhibitor 5, which was found to be active in a rat PK/PD model. Compound 5 showed acceptable overall kinase selectivity. However, in addition to Syk it also inhibited Aurora kinase in enzymatic and cellular settings leading to findings in the micronucleus assay. As a consequence, compound 5 was not further pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Thoma
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Siem Veenstra
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ross Strang
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Blanz
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vangrevelinghe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Berghausen
- Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Lee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hans-Günter Zerwes
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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