1
|
Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J. Clovamide and Its Derivatives-Bioactive Components of Theobroma cacao and Other Plants in the Context of Human Health. Foods 2024; 13:1118. [PMID: 38611422 PMCID: PMC11011365 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Clovamide (N-caffeoyl-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, N-caffeoyldopamine, N-caffeoyl-L-DOPA) is a derivative of caffeic acid, belonging to phenolamides (hydroxycinnamic acid amides). Despite a growing interest in the biological activity of natural polyphenolic substances, studies on the properties of clovamide and related compounds, their significance as bioactive components of the diet, as well as their effects on human health are a relatively new research trend. On the other hand, in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates the considerable potential of these substances in the context of maintaining human health or using them as pharmacophores. The name "clovamide" directly derives from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), being the first identified source of this compound. In the human diet, clovamides are mainly present in chocolate and other cocoa-containing products. Furthermore, their occurrence in some medicinal plants has also been confirmed. The literature reports deal with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiplatelet/antithrombotic and anticancer properties of clovamide-type compounds. This narrative review summarizes the available data on the biological activity of clovamides and their potential health-supporting properties, including prospects for the use of these compounds for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao P, Liu Y, Dong S, Fan G, Li G, Xie M, Liu Q. Enhanced peroxidase-like activity of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-octamethoxyphthalocyanine modified CoFe LDH for a sensor array for reducing substances with catechol structure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:289-301. [PMID: 36352035 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Improving the catalytic activity of artificial nanozymes to realize the real-time detection of small molecules becomes an important task. Herein, a highly active nanozyme, 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-octamethoxyphthalocyanine (Pc(OH)8) modified CoFe LDH microspheres (Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH) have been prepared by the two-step hydrothermal method. The 3,3',5,5'-tetramylbenzidine (TMB), a chromogenic substrate, was fast oxidized into blue oxTMB by H2O2 in the presence of Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH, indicating that Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH possesses high peroxidase-like activity rather than pure CoFe LDH. The enhancement peroxidase-like activity of the Pc(OH)8-CoFe LDH is ascribed to the synergistic action between Pc(OH)8 and CoFe LDH. Experimental results of radical scavenger and fluorescence probe verify that superoxide radical (•O2-) plays an important role during the catalytic reaction. Interestingly, the absorption intensity of reaction system has been enhanced largely, due to adding of the reducing substances containing catechol structure. Based on this, the three reducing substances (dopamine, procyanidin B2, catechins) containing catechol structure were distinguished from other reducing substances without catechol structure. Thus, a colorimetric array has been constructed using reaction time as the sensing element to realize the sensitive and selective recognition of catechol structures at a certain concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Hao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanmin Dong
- Shandong Hualu-Hengsheng Chemical Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 253024, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaochao Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijiang Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xie
- Community Health Service Center (University Hospital), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong Z, He X, Ge J, Zhu J, Yao C, Cai H, Ye XY, Xie T, Bai R. Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Feng JH, Hu XL, Lv XY, Hong Y, Zhang YH, Long H, Wang R, Wang JJ, Xiong F, Wang H. 4-Trifluoromethyl-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-4-F-phenylalanine acid exerts its effects on the prevention, post-therapeutic and prolongation of the thrombolytic window in ischemia-reperfusion rats through multiple mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106182. [PMID: 35304259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The severe sequelae caused by ischemic thrombolysis and the narrow time window are now the main clinical challenges. Our previous study has reported 4-Trifluoromethyl-(E)-cinnamoyl]-L-4-F-phenylalanine Acid (AE-18) was a promising candidate for Parkinson's Disease. In this study, the preventive and therapeutic effects of AE-18 on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanisms are explored. In oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced well-differentiated PC12 cells model, AE-18 (10 or 20 μM) can significantly reduce nerve damage when administered before or after molding. In middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model, pre-modelling, or post-modelling administration of AE-18 (5 or 10 mg/kg) was effective in reducing neurological damage, decreasing infarct volume and improving motor disturbances. In addition, AE-18 (5 mg/kg) given by intravenous injection immediately after occlusion significantly reduce the infarct volume caused by reperfusion for different durations, indicating that AE-18 could extend the time window of thrombolytic therapy. Further studies demonstrate that AE-18 exerts the effects in the prevention, treatment, and prolongation of the time window of cerebral ischemic injury mainly through inhibiting excitotoxicity and improving BBB permeability, VEGF and BDNF. These results suggest that AE-18 is a good candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hao Zhang
- Department of Biological sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mirabile S, Vittorio S, Paola Germanò M, Adornato I, Ielo L, Rapisarda A, Gitto R, Pintus F, Fais A, De Luca L. Evaluation of 4-(4-Fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-Based Compounds as Competitive Tyrosinase Inhibitors Endowed with Antimelanogenic Effects. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3083-3093. [PMID: 34223697 PMCID: PMC8518915 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable attention for the development of inhibitors of tyrosinase (TYR) as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders in humans. Continuing in our efforts to identify TYR inhibitors, we describe the design, synthesis and pharmacophore exploration of new small molecules structurally characterized by the presence of the 4-fluorobenzylpiperazine moiety as key pharmacophoric feature for the inhibition of TYR from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). Our investigations resulted in the discovery of the competitive inhibitor [4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-(3-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)methanone 26 (IC50 =0.18 μM) that proved to be ∼100-fold more active than reference compound kojic acid (IC50 =17.76 μM). Notably, compound 26 exerted antimelanogenic effect on B16F10 cells in absence of cytotoxicity. Docking analysis suggested its binding mode into AbTYR and into modelled human TYR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Ilenia Adornato
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia P. Giuria 710125TurinItaly
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| | - Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of ChemicalBiological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Palatucci 1398168MessinaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Clovamide and Its Derivatives: In Silico Studies. BIOPHYSICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biophysica1040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) is an internally encoded enzyme that hydrolyzes the translated polyproteins at designated sites. The protease directly mediates viral replication processes; hence, a promising target for drug design. Plant-based natural products, especially polyphenols and phenolic compounds, provide the scaffold for many effective antiviral medications, and have recently been shown to be able to inhibit Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, polyphenolic compounds found in cacao and chocolate products have been shown by recent experimental studies to have strong inhibitory effects against Mpro activities. This work aims to uncover the inhibition processes of Mpro by a natural phenolic compound found in cacao and chocolate products, clovamide. Clovamide (caffeoyl-DOPA) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate that is found in the phenolic fraction of Theobroma Cacao L. and a potent radical-scavenging antioxidant as suggested by previous studies of our group. Here, we propose inhibitory mechanisms by which clovamide may act as a Mpro inhibitor as it becomes oxidized by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, or becomes oxidized as a result of enzymatic browning. We use molecular docking, annealing-based molecular dynamics, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study the interactions between clovamide with its derivatives and Mpro catalytic and allosteric sites. Our molecular modelling studies provide mechanistic insights of clovamide inhibition of Mpro, and indicate that clovamide may be a promising candidate as a drug lead molecule for COVID-19 treatments.
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng JH, Dong XW, Yu HL, Shen W, Lv XY, Wang R, Cheng XX, Xiong F, Hu XL, Wang H. Cynaroside protects the blue light-induced retinal degeneration through alleviating apoptosis and inducing autophagy in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153604. [PMID: 34130054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blue light can directly penetrate the lens and reach the retina to induce retinal damage, causing dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD). Cynaroside (Cyn), a flavonoid glycoside, was proved to alleviate the oxidative damage of retinal cells in vitro. However, whether or not Cyn also exerts protective effect on blue light-induced retinal degeneration and its mechanisms of action are unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of Cyn against blue-light induced retinal degeneration and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Blue light-induced N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E)-laden adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) cell damage and retinal damage in SD rats were respectively used to evaluate the protective effects of Cyn on retinal degeneration in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and AnnexinV-PI double staining assay were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy. Histological analysis, TUNEL assay, and fundus imaging were conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy. ELISA assay, western blot, and immunostaining were performed to investigate the mechanisms of action of Cyn. RESULTS Cyn decreased the blue light-induced A2E-laden ARPE-19 cell damage and oxidative stress. Intravitreal injection of Cyn (2, 4 μg/eye) reversed the retinal degeneration induced by blue light in SD rats. Furthermore, Cyn inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and induced autophagy, which led to the clearance of overactivated pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Cyn protects against blue light-induced retinal degeneration by modulating autophagy and decreasing the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Xiang Cheng
- Hubei Fenghuang Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Macheng 438300, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santi MD, Arredondo F, Carvalho D, Echeverry C, Prunell G, Peralta MA, Cabrera JL, Ortega MG, Savio E, Abin-Carriquiry JA. Neuroprotective effects of prenylated flavanones isolated from Dalea species, in vitro and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Roumani M, Duval RE, Ropars A, Risler A, Robin C, Larbat R. Phenolamides: Plant specialized metabolites with a wide range of promising pharmacological and health-promoting interests. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110762. [PMID: 33152925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolamides constitute a family of metabolites, widely represented in the plant kingdom, that can be found in all plant organs with a predominance in flowers and pollen grains. They represent a large and structurally diverse family, resulting from the association of phenolic acids with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Initially revealed as active compounds in several medicinal plant extracts, phenolamides have been extensively studied for their health-promoting and pharmacological properties. Indeed, phenolamides have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties, but also protective effects against metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarise this large body of literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, by describing the diversity of their biological properties and our actual knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind them. With regard to their considerable pharmacological interest, the question of industrial production is also tackled through chemical and biological syntheses in engineered microorganisms. The diversity of biological activities already described, together with the active discovery of the broad structural diversity of this metabolite family, make phenolamides a promising source of new active compounds on which future studies should be focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Roumani
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | | | - Armelle Ropars
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Risler
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan Y, Jin W, Nazir Y, Fercher C, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA, Barnard RT, Ziora ZM. Tyrosinase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Knowing Your Beans in Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Assessment of Current Knowledge about Different Beans and Their Compounds in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and in Animal Models. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 2019:1349509. [PMID: 31781363 PMCID: PMC6875167 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1349509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review contains a critical appraisal of current knowledge about the use of beans in both animal models and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The potential beneficial effects of beans in PD are increasingly being touted, not only in scientific journals but also by the lay media. While there is a long tradition in Ayurvedic medicine of prescribing extracts from Mucuna pruriens (MP), whose seeds contain 5% L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanin (L-DOPA), many other beans also contain L-DOPA (broad beans, common beans, and soybeans) or have other ingredients (coffee and cocoa) that may benefit PD patients. Indeed, bean-derived compounds can elicit neuroprotective effects in animal models of PD, while several studies in human PD patients have shown that motor performance can improve after ingestion of bean extracts. However, there are several arguments countering the view that beans serve as a natural therapy for PD: (i) the results from animal PD models are not necessarily directly applicable to humans; (ii) beans have many bioactive ingredients, some of which can be harmful in large doses; (iii) studies in human PD patients are scarce and only report on the effects of single doses or the administration of bean extract over short periods of time; and (iv) no data on long-term efficacy or side effects of bean therapy are available. Therefore, reservations about the use of beans as a "natural" therapy for PD seem to be justified.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tosato M, Di Marco V. Metal Chelation Therapy and Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review on the Thermodynamics of Complex Formation between Relevant Metal Ions and Promising or Established Drugs. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E269. [PMID: 31324037 PMCID: PMC6681387 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review reports a list of approximately 800 compounds which have been used, tested or proposed for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy in the year range 2014-2019 (April): name(s), chemical structure and references are given. Among these compounds, approximately 250 have possible or established metal-chelating properties towards Cu(II), Cu(I), Fe(III), Fe(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II), which are considered to be involved in metal dyshomeostasis during PD. Speciation information regarding the complexes formed by these ions and the 250 compounds has been collected or, if not experimentally available, has been estimated from similar molecules. Stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes have been reported; values of the cologarithm of the concentration of free metal ion at equilibrium (pM), and of the dissociation constant Kd (both computed at pH = 7.4 and at total metal and ligand concentrations of 10-6 and 10-5 mol/L, respectively), charge and stoichiometry of the most abundant metal-ligand complexes existing at physiological conditions, have been obtained. A rigorous definition of the reported amounts is given, the possible usefulness of this data is described, and the need to characterize the metal-ligand speciation of PD drugs is underlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tosato
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|