1
|
Xie X, Lin M, Xiao G, Liu H, Wang F, Liu D, Ma L, Wang Q, Li Z. Phenolic amides ( avenanthramides) in oats - an update review. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2305029. [PMID: 38258524 PMCID: PMC10807472 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2305029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are one of the worldwide cereal crops. Avenanthramides (AVNs), the unique plant alkaloids of secondary metabolites found in oats, are nutritionally important for humans and animals. Numerous bioactivities of AVNs have been investigated and demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Despite all these, researchers from all over the world are taking efforts to learn more knowledge about AVNs. In this work, we highlighted the recent updated findings that have increased our understanding of AVNs bioactivity, distribution, and especially the AVNs biosynthesis. Since the limits content of AVNs in oats strictly hinders the demand, understanding the mechanisms underlying AVN biosynthesis is important not only for developing a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source in both plants and microorganisms but also for designing effective strategies for enhancing their production via induction and metabolic engineering. Future directions for improving AVN production in native producers and heterologous systems for food and feed use are also discussed. This summary will provide a broad view of these specific natural products from oats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaoyan Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengsheng Xiao
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongjie Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lukai Ma
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jágr M, Hofinger-Horvath A, Ergang P, Čepková PH, Schönlechner R, Pichler EC, D Amico S, Grausgruber H, Vagnerová K, Dvořáček V. Comprehensive study of the effect of oat grain germination on the content of avenanthramides. Food Chem 2024; 437:137807. [PMID: 37871428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical profile and the levels of AVNs in oat varieties after germination have been examinated. In the present study, 12 distinct oat varieties were germinated for 0-192 h and a total of 28 AVNs and 3 AVN-hexosides were determined in these samples. Among them, three novel AVNs were synthesized (AVN 1a, AVN 2a, and AVN 2ad), characterized using NMR techniques (1D- and 2D-NMR), and assessed in real samples for the first time. The most abundant AVNs in the samples were AVN 2c, AVN 2p, AVN 2f, and their long-chained analogues AVN 2 cd, AVN 2pd, AVN 2fd, together representing 75-85 % of the total AVNs content. The highest total AVN level was observed on average after 48-72 h of germination time and it reached a value 1-1.2 mg/g. Out of 12 investigated oat varieties, CDC Boyer, Diadem, and Rozmar have proved to be the most suitable genotypes for germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jágr
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic.
| | - Andreas Hofinger-Horvath
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academic of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hlásná Čepková
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Regine Schönlechner
- Institute of Food Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleonora Charlotte Pichler
- Institute of Food Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano D Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety GmbH, Spargelfeldstr. 192, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Institute of Plant Breeding, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academic of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Quality of Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nkhata Malunga L, Ames N, Mitchell Fetch J, Netticadan T, Joseph Thandapilly S. Genotypic and environmental variations in phenolic acid and avenanthramide content of Canadian oat (Avena sativa). Food Chem 2022; 388:132904. [PMID: 35460963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PC) in oat may possess health promoting properties. This study evaluated the effect of genotype, environment, and their interaction on the phenolic acid and avenanthramide (AVN) concentration in Canadian oat. Six cultivars were grown at eight locations across Canada in a randomised complete block design with three field replicates. Free PCs were extracted from oat groat flour and analysed using a UPLC-PDA system. The cumulative concentration of free PCs and AVN ranged from 58 to 350 and 9 to 244 µg/g, respectively. The effect of environment was significant (p < 0.0001) for the concentration of all PCs. Cultivar differences significantly influenced the concentration of all PCs but AVNs A and B. The growing location explained > 68% of the variation in the concentration of AVN. Thus understanding the genotypic and environmental triggers of individual PCs may help agronomists and breeders strategize in selecting and growing oat cultivars of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovemore Nkhata Malunga
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nancy Ames
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Mitchell Fetch
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Development Center, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Sijo Joseph Thandapilly
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 6C5, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roumani M, Duval RE, Ropars A, Risler A, Robin C, Larbat R. Phenolamides: Plant specialized metabolites with a wide range of promising pharmacological and health-promoting interests. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110762. [PMID: 33152925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolamides constitute a family of metabolites, widely represented in the plant kingdom, that can be found in all plant organs with a predominance in flowers and pollen grains. They represent a large and structurally diverse family, resulting from the association of phenolic acids with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Initially revealed as active compounds in several medicinal plant extracts, phenolamides have been extensively studied for their health-promoting and pharmacological properties. Indeed, phenolamides have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties, but also protective effects against metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarise this large body of literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, by describing the diversity of their biological properties and our actual knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind them. With regard to their considerable pharmacological interest, the question of industrial production is also tackled through chemical and biological syntheses in engineered microorganisms. The diversity of biological activities already described, together with the active discovery of the broad structural diversity of this metabolite family, make phenolamides a promising source of new active compounds on which future studies should be focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Roumani
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | | | - Armelle Ropars
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Risler
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang T, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Liu T, Gagnon G, Ebrahim J, Johnson J, Chu YF, Ji LL. Avenanthramide supplementation reduces eccentric exercise-induced inflammation in young men and women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:41. [PMID: 32711519 PMCID: PMC7382060 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avenanthramides (AVA) are a group of di-phenolic acids found only in oats and have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Eccentric muscle contraction is intimately involved in rigorous exercise that activates systemic and local inflammatory responses. The objective of the study is to evaluate whether chronic AVA supplementation could attenuate peripheral inflammatory and immunological markers in human subjects in response to an acute bout of downhill running (DR). Methods Eleven male and thirteen female subjects voluntarily participated in this double-blinded, randomized controlled study and were randomly divided into AVA-supplemented (AVA) or control (C) groups. All subjects conducted a DR protocol at − 10% grade with an intensity equivalent to 75% of their maximal heart rate. Blood samples were collected at rest and various time points (0-72 h) after DR (PRE). After an 8-week washout period, participants received two cookies daily containing either 206 mg/kg (AVA) or 0 mg/kg (C) AVA for 8 weeks. Following the oat supplementation regimen, the DR and blood sampling protocols were repeated (POST). Plasma inflammatory and immunological markers were measured using Multiplex immunoassay and muscle soreness was evaluated with pain rating scale. Results DR increased plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity (P < 0.01) during PRE, but the response was reduced at 24 and 48 h during POST vs. PRE regardless of AVA status (P < 0.05). Neutrophil respiratory burst (NRB) levels were elevated at 4 and 24 h (P < 0.05) during PRE but were significantly decreased at 0–48 h during POST vs. PRE (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), the neutrophil stimulating cytokine, was also increased in response to DR but showed lower levels in AVA compared to C during POST vs. PRE (P < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) content showed an increase at 0 and 4 h during PRE and 0 h during POST (P < 0.01), whereas during POST there was a trend toward a lower IL-6 level in AVA vs. C (P = 0.082). Plasma levels of anti-inflammatory agent interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) showed an increase at 4 h during PRE, and was significantly elevated in AVA vs. C during POST. Both soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) contents increased at 0 and 24 h post DR during PRE as well as POST sessions, however, sVCAM-1 content was lower in AVA vs. C during POST (P < 0.05) and MCP-1 levels were below resting level at 24, 48 and 72 h during POST (P < 0.05). DR increased muscle pain at all post-DR time points (P < 0.01), but the pain level was alleviated by oat supplementation at 48 and 72 h during POST regardless of AVA treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions Oat AVA supplementation reduced circulatory inflammatory cytokines and inhibited expression of chemokines and cell adhesion molecules induced by DR. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02584946. Registered 23 October 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianou Zhang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Sports Nutrition (LESN), Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Tong Zhao
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Fang Chu
- PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Li Li Ji
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science (LPHES), School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walsh J, Haddock J, Blumberg JB, McKay DL, Wei X, Dolnikowski G, Chen CYO. Identification of methylated metabolites of oat avenanthramides in human plasma using UHPLC QToF-MS. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:377-383. [PMID: 28889763 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1371116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oat avenanthramides (AVAs) are a group of phenolic alkaloids, consisting of an anthranilic acid and a hydroxycinnamic acid linked by a pseudo-peptide bond. Bioavailability of AVA is poor in humans, suggesting transformations for rapid excretion. Thus, we aim to identify metabolites of AVA isomers in plasma of humans after consuming AVA-enriched oats. After lipid removal, AVA and their metabolites in plasma were extracted with ethyl acetate and analysed using an Agilent UHPLC-QToF-MS. Pharmacokinetics of AVA-O showed a bimodal distribution with Cmax1 and 2 for AVA-O at 5.9 ± 5.2 and 7.9 ± 7.0 ng/mL and Tmax1 and 2 at 1.7 ± 0.7 and 3.1 ± 1.2 h, respectively. Only the methyl-AVA-O showed a single Cmax at 14 ± 9.9 ng/mL AVA-O equivalents and a Tmax of 2.4 ± 2.7 h. This analysis is the first to identify methylated metabolites of AVAs and AVA aglycones in human blood after acute AVA consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Walsh
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jordan Haddock
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane L McKay
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA.,b Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , PR China
| | - Gregory Dolnikowski
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|