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Wu Z, Li L, Xu T, Hu Y, Peng X, Zhang Z, Yao X, Peng Q. Elucidating the multifaceted roles of GPR146 in non-specific orbital inflammation: a concerted analytical approach through the prisms of bioinformatics and machine learning. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1309510. [PMID: 38903815 PMCID: PMC11188444 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1309510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specific Orbital Inflammation (NSOI) is a chronic idiopathic condition marked by extensive polymorphic lymphoid infiltration in the orbital area. The integration of metabolic and immune pathways suggests potential therapeutic roles for C-peptide and G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) in diabetes and its sequelae. However, the specific mechanisms through which GPR146 modulates immune responses remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the utility of GPR146 as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for NSOI has not been conclusively demonstrated. Methods We adopted a comprehensive analytical strategy, merging differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE58331 and GSE105149 with immune-related genes from the ImmPort database. Our methodology combined LASSO regression and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) for feature selection, followed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) to explore gene sets co-expressed with GPR146, identifying a significant enrichment in immune-related pathways. The tumor microenvironment's immune composition was quantified using the CIBERSORT algorithm and the ESTIMATE method, which confirmed a positive correlation between GPR146 expression and immune cell infiltration. Validation of GPR146 expression was performed using the GSE58331 dataset. Results Analysis identified 113 DEGs associated with GPR146, with a significant subset showing distinct expression patterns. Using LASSO and SVM-RFE, we pinpointed 15 key hub genes. Functionally, these genes and GPR146 were predominantly linked to receptor ligand activity, immune receptor activity, and cytokine-mediated signaling. Specific immune cells, such as memory B cells, M2 macrophages, resting mast cells, monocytes, activated NK cells, plasma cells, and CD8+ T cells, were positively associated with GPR146 expression. In contrast, M0 macrophages, naive B cells, M1 macrophages, activated mast cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, naive CD4+ T cells, and gamma delta T cells showed inverse correlations. Notably, our findings underscore the potential diagnostic relevance of GPR146 in distinguishing NSOI. Conclusion Our study elucidates the immunological signatures associated with GPR146 in the context of NSOI, highlighting its prognostic and diagnostic potential. These insights pave the way for GPR146 to be a novel biomarker for monitoring the progression of NSOI, providing a foundation for future therapeutic strategies targeting immune-metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wu
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Dongying People’s Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Dongying People’s Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheyuan Zhang
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolei Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Tharehalli U, Rimbert A. G protein-coupled receptor 146: new insights from genetics and model systems. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:162-169. [PMID: 38465903 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases continue to be a significant global cause of death. Despite the availability of efficient treatments, there is an ongoing need for innovative strategies to lower lipid levels, especially for individuals experiencing refractory dyslipidemias or intolerable adverse effects. Based on human genetic findings and on mouse studies, the G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) emerges as a promising target against hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The present review aims at providing a thorough summary of the latest information acquired regarding GPR146, encompassing genetic evidence, functional insights, and its broader implications for cardiometabolic health. RECENT FINDINGS Human genetic studies uncovered associations between GPR146 variants, plasma lipid levels and metabolic parameters. Additionally, GPR146's influence extends beyond lipid regulation, impacting adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, and inflammation pathways. Despite GPR146's orphan status, ongoing efforts to deorphanize it, suggest a potential ligand with downstream effects involving Gαi coupling. SUMMARY Here, we outline and deliberate on recent progress focused on: enhancing comprehension of the effects of inhibiting GPR146 in humans through genetic instruments, evaluating the extra-hepatic functions of GPR146, and discovering its natural ligand(s). Grasping these biological parameters and mechanisms is crucial in the exploration of GPR146 as a prospective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
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3
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Dakroub A, Dbouk A, Asfour A, Nasser SA, El-Yazbi AF, Sahebkar A, Eid AA, Iratni R, Eid AH. C-peptide in diabetes: A player in a dual hormone disorder? J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31212. [PMID: 38308646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
C-peptide, a byproduct of insulin synthesis believed to be biologically inert, is emerging as a multifunctional molecule. C-peptide serves an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic role in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and early T2DM. C-peptide protects endothelial cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase α, thus suppressing the activity of NAD(P)H oxidase activity and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. It also prevents apoptosis by regulating hyperglycemia-induced p53 upregulation and mitochondrial adaptor p66shc overactivation, as well as reducing caspase-3 activity and promoting expression of B-cell lymphoma-2. Additionally, C-peptide suppresses platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta receptor and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation. It also diminishes leukocyte adhesion by virtue of its capacity to abolish nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, a major pro-inflammatory cascade. Consequently, it is envisaged that supplementation of C-peptide in T1DM might ameliorate or even prevent end-organ damage. In marked contrast, C-peptide increases monocyte recruitment and migration through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase)-mediated pathways, induces lipid accumulation via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ upregulation, and stimulates VSMC proliferation and CD4+ lymphocyte migration through Src-kinase and PI-3K dependent pathways. Thus, it promotes atherosclerosis and microvascular damage in late T2DM. Indeed, C-peptide is now contemplated as a potential biomarker for insulin resistance in T2DM and linked to increased coronary artery disease risk. This shift in the understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes from being a single hormone deficiency to a dual hormone disorder warrants a careful consideration of the role of C-peptide as a unique molecule with promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dakroub
- St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, Roslyn, New York, USA
| | - Ali Dbouk
- Department of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University Medical School, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aref Asfour
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University (AIU), Alamein City, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Zheng YS, Liu YL, Xu ZG, He C, Guo ZY. Is myeloid-derived growth factor a ligand of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 706:149766. [PMID: 38484568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Secretory myeloid-derived growth factor (MYDGF) exerts beneficial effects on organ repair, probably via a plasma membrane receptor; however, the identity of the expected receptor has remained elusive. In a recent study, MYDGF was reported as an agonist of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), an A-class G protein-coupled receptor that mediates the functions of the signaling lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In the present study, we conducted living cell-based functional assays to test whether S1PR2 is a receptor for MYDGF. In the NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT)-based β-arrestin recruitment assay and the cAMP-response element (CRE)-controlled NanoLuc reporter assay, S1P could efficiently activate human S1PR2 overexpressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells; however, recombinant human MYDGF, overexpressed either from Escherichia coli or HEK293 cells, had no detectable effect. Thus, the results demonstrated that human MYDGF is not a ligand of human S1PR2. Considering the high conservation of MYDGF and S1PR2 in evolution, MYDGF is also probably not a ligand of S1PR2 in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Shan Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng He
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Kaczmarek I, Wower I, Ettig K, Kuhn CK, Kraft R, Landgraf K, Körner A, Schöneberg T, Horn S, Thor D. Identifying G protein-coupled receptors involved in adipose tissue function using the innovative RNA-seq database FATTLAS. iScience 2023; 26:107841. [PMID: 37766984 PMCID: PMC10520334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate the function of adipose tissue (AT) in general and of adipocytes, specifically. Although it is well-established that GPCRs are widely expressed in AT, their repertoire as well as their regulation and function in (patho)physiological conditions (e.g., obesity) is not fully resolved. Here, we established FATTLAS, an interactive public database, for improved access and analysis of RNA-seq data of mouse and human AT. After extracting the GPCRome of non-obese and obese individuals, highly expressed and differentially regulated GPCRs were identified. Exemplarily, we describe four receptors (GPR146, MRGPRF, FZD5, PTGER2) and analyzed their functions in a (pre)adipocyte cell model. Besides all receptors being involved in adipogenesis, MRGPRF is essential for adipocyte viability and regulates cAMP levels, while GPR146 modulates adipocyte lipolysis via constitutive activation of Gi proteins. Taken together, by implementing and using FATTLAS we describe four hitherto unrecognized GPCRs associated with AT function and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Wower
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Ettig
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Katharina Kuhn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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San Juan JA, Chakarawet K, He Z, Fernandez RL, Stevenson MJ, Harder NHO, Janisse SE, Wang LP, Britt RD, Heffern MC. Copper(II) Affects the Biochemical Behavior of Proinsulin C-peptide by Forming Ternary Complexes with Serum Albumin. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules with therapeutic importance. Identifying regulatory factors that drive their activity gives important insight into their mode of action and clinical development. In this work, we demonstrate the combined impact of Cu(II) and the serum protein albumin on the activity of C-peptide, a 31-mer peptide derived from the same prohormone as insulin. C-peptide exhibits beneficial effects, particularly in diabetic patients, but its clinical use has been hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding. We show that Cu(II) mediates the formation of ternary complexes between albumin and C-peptide and that the resulting species depend on the order of addition. These ternary complexes notably alter peptide activity, showing differences from the peptide or Cu(II)/peptide complexes alone in redox protection as well as in cellular internalization of the peptide. In standard clinical immunoassays for measuring C-peptide levels, the complexes inflate the quantitation of the peptide, suggesting that such adducts may affect biomarker quantitation. Altogether, our work points to the potential relevance of Cu(II)-linked C-peptide/albumin complexes in the peptide's mechanism of action and application as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A San Juan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhecheng He
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rebeca L Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael J Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Nathaniel H O Harder
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Samuel E Janisse
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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7
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Shpakov AO, Zorina II, Derkach KV. Hot Spots for the Use of Intranasal Insulin: Cerebral Ischemia, Brain Injury, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disorders and Postoperative Delirium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3278. [PMID: 36834685 PMCID: PMC9962062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the activity of the insulin signaling system of the brain, due to both central insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, leads to neurodegeneration and impaired regulation of appetite, metabolism, endocrine functions. This is due to the neuroprotective properties of brain insulin and its leading role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the brain, as well as in the regulation of the brain signaling network responsible for the functioning of the nervous, endocrine, and other systems. One of the approaches to restore the activity of the insulin system of the brain is the use of intranasally administered insulin (INI). Currently, INI is being considered as a promising drug to treat Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. The clinical application of INI is being developed for the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases and improve cognitive abilities in stress, overwork, and depression. At the same time, much attention has recently been paid to the prospects of using INI for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injuries, and postoperative delirium (after anesthesia), as well as diabetes mellitus and its complications, including dysfunctions in the gonadal and thyroid axes. This review is devoted to the prospects and current trends in the use of INI for the treatment of these diseases, which, although differing in etiology and pathogenesis, are characterized by impaired insulin signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Wensvoort G. Human C-peptide is a ligand of the elastin-receptor-complex and therewith central to human vascular remodelling and disease in metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Rimbert A, Yeung MW, Dalila N, Thio CHL, Yu H, Loaiza N, Oldoni F, van der Graaf A, Wang S, Said MA, Blauw LL, Girardeau A, Bray L, Caillaud A, Bloks VW, Marrec M, Moulin P, Rensen PCN, van de Sluis B, Snieder H, Di Filippo M, van der Harst P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Zimmerman P, Cariou B, Kuivenhoven JA. Variants in the GPR146 Gene Are Associated With a Favorable Cardiometabolic Risk Profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1262-1271. [PMID: 36047410 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, GPR146 (G-protein-coupled receptor 146) deficiency reduces plasma lipids and protects against atherosclerosis. Whether these findings translate to humans is unknown. METHODS Common and rare genetic variants in the GPR146 gene locus were used as research instruments in the UK Biobank. The Lifelines, The Copenhagen-City Heart Study, and a cohort of individuals with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia were used to find and study rare GPR146 variants. RESULTS In the UK Biobank, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele present with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo (apolipoprotein) B, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoAI, CRP (C-reactive protein), and plasma liver enzymes compared with noncarriers. Carriers of the common rs1997243-G allele, associated with higher GPR146 expression, present with the exact opposite phenotype. The associations with plasma lipids of the above alleles are allele dose-dependent. Heterozygote carriers of a rare coding variant (p.Pro62Leu; n=2615), predicted to be damaging, show a stronger reductions in the above parameters compared with carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele. The p.Pro62Leu variant is furthermore shown to segregate with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a family with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Compared with controls, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele show a marginally reduced risk of coronary artery disease (P=0.03) concomitant with a small effect size on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (average decrease of 2.24 mg/dL in homozygotes) of this variant. Finally, mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between GPR146 gene expression and plasma lipid and liver enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that carriers of new genetic GPR146 variants have a beneficial cardiometabolic risk profile, but it remains to be shown whether genetic or pharmaceutical inhibition of GPR146 protects against atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Ming W Yeung
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (M.W.Y., P.v.d.H.)
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Section for Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haojie Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (H.Y.).,Precision Medicine Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (H.Y.)
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (F.O.)
| | - Adriaan van der Graaf
- Department of Genetics (A.v.d.G.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Abdullah Said
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne L Blauw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (L.L.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Aurore Girardeau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Lise Bray
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Sections of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics (V.W.B.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Marrec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (P.M., M.D.F.).,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Bron, France (P.M.)
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (L.L.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (P.M., M.D.F.).,Hospices Civils de Lyon, UF Dyslipidémies Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Bron, France (M.D.F.)
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (M.W.Y., P.v.d.H.)
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Section for Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.).,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.T.-H.).,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark (A.T.-H.)
| | | | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Wilkins BP, Finch AM, Wang Y, Smith NJ. Orphan GPR146: an alternative therapeutic pathway to achieve cholesterol homeostasis? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:481-492. [PMID: 35550855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes to myriad cardiovascular complications, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Statins have revolutionised cholesterol management but they do not work for all patients, particularly those with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). Genome-wide association studies have linked SNPs at orphan G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) to human atherosclerosis but how GPR146 influences serum cholesterol homeostasis was only recently described. Gpr146 deletion in mice reduces serum cholesterol and atherosclerotic plaque burden, confirming GPR146 as a potential therapeutic target for managing circulating cholesterol. Critically, this effect was independent of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. While still an orphan, the activation of GPR146 by serum suggests identification of its endogenous ligand is tantalisingly close. Herein, we discuss the evidence for GPR146 inhibition as a treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Wilkins
- Orphan Receptor Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela M Finch
- Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Orphan Receptor Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Webber T, Ronacher K, Conradie-Smit M, Kleynhans L. Interplay Between the Immune and Endocrine Systems in the Lung: Implications for TB Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829355. [PMID: 35273609 PMCID: PMC8901994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the endocrine system on the immune response, especially in the lung, remains poorly understood. Hormones play a crucial role in the development, homeostasis, metabolism, and response to the environment of cells and tissues. Major infectious and metabolic diseases, such as tuberculosis and diabetes, continue to converge, necessitating the development of a clearer understanding of the immune and endocrine interactions that occur in the lung. Research in bacterial respiratory infections is at a critical point, where the limitations in identifying and developing antibiotics is becoming more profound. Hormone receptors on alveolar and immune cells may provide a plethora of targets for host-directed therapy. This review discusses the interactions between the immune and endocrine systems in the lung. We describe hormone receptors currently identified in the lungs, focusing on the effect hormones have on the pulmonary immune response. Altered endocrine responses in the lung affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses and play a role in the response to infection in the lung. While some hormones, such as leptin, resistin and lipocalin-2 promote pro-inflammatory responses and immune cell infiltration, others including adiponectin and ghrelin reduce inflammation and promote anti-inflammatory cell responses. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes as a major endocrine disease presents with altered immune responses leading to susceptibility to lung infections, such as tuberculosis. A better understanding of these interactions will expand our knowledge of the mechanisms at play in susceptibility to infectious diseases and may reveal opportunities for the development of host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Webber
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marli Conradie-Smit
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signaling molecules in metazoans. They occur in all animals with a nervous system and also in neuron-less placozoans. However, their origin has remained unclear because no neuropeptide shows deep homology across lineages, and none have been found in sponges. Here, we identify two neuropeptide precursors, phoenixin (PNX) and nesfatin, with broad evolutionary conservation. By database searches, sequence alignments, and gene-structure comparisons, we show that both precursors are present in bilaterians, cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges. We also found PNX and a secreted nesfatin precursor homolog in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. PNX, in particular, is highly conserved, including its cleavage sites, suggesting that prohormone processing occurs also in choanoflagellates. In addition, based on phyletic patterns and negative pharmacological assays, we question the originally proposed GPR-173 (SREB3) as a PNX receptor. Our findings revealed that secreted neuropeptide homologs derived from longer precursors have premetazoan origins and thus evolved before neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Thiel
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
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13
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Abdul Khaliq S, Umair Z, Baek MO, Chon SJ, Yoon MS. C-Peptide Promotes Cell Migration by Controlling Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 Activity Through Direct Regulation of β-Catenin in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:800181. [PMID: 35127683 PMCID: PMC8814361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The motility of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) contributes to the restoration of the endometrial functional layer and subsequently supports the trophoblast invasion during early pregnancy. Following ESCs differentiation through decidualization in response to progesterone during the menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, decidualized ESCs (D-ESCs) have greater motility and invasive activity. The human proinsulin-connecting peptide (C-peptide) is produced in equimolar amounts during the proteolysis of insulin in pancreatic β-cells. However, the function of C-peptide in the cellular motility of the human endometrium remains unexamined. In the present study, C-peptide was identified as a determinant of undecidualized human endometrial stromal cells (UnD-ESCs) migration. C-peptide promoted the migration and invasion of UnD-ESCs and trophoblast-derived Jeg3 cells, but not that of ESCs post decidualization, a functional and biochemical differentiation of UnD-ESCs. Both Akt and protein phosphatase 1 regulated β-catenin phosphorylation in UnD-ESCs, not D-ESCs, thereby promoting β-catenin nuclear translocation in C-peptide-treated UnD-ESCs. C-peptide was also observed to increase matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9) activity by increasing MMP9 expression and decreasing the expression of metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1) and TIMP3. Their expression was modulated by the direct binding of β-catenin in the regulatory region of the promoter of MMP9, TIMP1, and TIMP3. Inhibition of either β-catenin or MMP9 dampened C-peptide-enhanced migration in UnD-ESCs. Together, these findings suggest that C-peptide levels are critical for the regulation of UnD-ESC migration, providing evidence for the association between C-peptide levels and the failure rate of trophoblast invasion by inducing abnormal migration in UnD-ESCs in hyperinsulinemia or PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abdul Khaliq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Mee-Sup Yoon,
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14
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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Biological Activity of c-Peptide in Microvascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes-Time for Translational Studies or Back to the Basics? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249723. [PMID: 33419247 PMCID: PMC7766542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of developing microvascular complications, which have a negative impact on the quality of life and reduce life expectancy. Numerous studies in animals with experimental diabetes show that c-peptide supplementation exerts beneficial effects on diabetes-induced damage in peripheral nerves and kidneys. There is substantial evidence that c-peptide counteracts the detrimental changes caused by hyperglycemia at the cellular level, such as decreased activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and sodium potassium ATPase, and increase in formation of pro-inflammatory molecules mediated by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells: cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta. However, despite positive results from cell and animal studies, no successful c-peptide replacement therapies have been developed so far. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the impact of c-peptide on the pathophysiology of microvascular complications to develop novel c-peptide-based treatments. This article aims to review current knowledge on the impact of c-peptide on diabetic neuro- and nephropathy and to evaluate its potential therapeutic role.
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Khaliq SA, Baek MO, Cho HJ, Chon SJ, Yoon MS. C-Peptide Inhibits Decidualization in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells via GSK3β-PP1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:609551. [PMID: 33330513 PMCID: PMC7734312 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidualization refers to the functional differentiation of endometrial stromal cells and plays a significant role in embryo implantation and pregnancy. C-peptide is excreted in equimolar concentrations as that of insulin during the metabolism of proinsulin in pancreatic beta-cells. High levels of C-peptide are correlated with hyperinsulinemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome, which show a defect in decidualization. However, the role of C-peptide in decidualization has not yet been studied. Here, we identified C-peptide as an endogenous antideciduogenic factor. This inhibitory function was confirmed by the reduced expression of decidual markers, including prolactin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, and Forkhead box protein O1 as well as by the fibroblastic morphological change in the presence of C-peptide. C-peptide also enhanced cellular senescence and decreased the proportion of apoptotic cells during decidualization. In addition, C-peptide potentiated the inhibitory effects of both insulin and palmitic acid in an AKT- and autophagy-independent manner, respectively. Furthermore, C-peptide augmented protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity, leading to a reduction in the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, which resulted in enhanced cellular senescence and decreased apoptosis during decidualization. Taken together, our findings suggest that C-peptide is an antideciduogenic factor acting via the regulation between PP1 and GSK3β in patients with hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abdul Khaliq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Cho
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Biological activity versus physiological function of proinsulin C-peptide. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1131-1138. [PMID: 32959070 PMCID: PMC7897624 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proinsulin C-peptide (C-peptide) has drawn much research attention. Even if the peptide has turned out not to be important in the treatment of diabetes, every phase of C-peptide research has changed our view on insulin and peptide hormone biology. The first phase revealed that peptide hormones can be subject to processing, and that their pro-forms may involve regulatory stages. The second phase revealed the possibility that one prohormone could harbor more than one activity, and that the additional activities should be taken into account in the development of hormone-based therapies. In the third phase, a combined view of the evolutionary patterns in hormone biology allowed an assessment of C-peptide´s role in physiology, and of how biological activities and physiological functions are shaped by evolutionary processes. In addition to this distinction, C-peptide research has produced further advances. For example, C-peptide fragments are successfully administered in immunotherapy of type I diabetes, and plasma C-peptide levels remain a standard for measurement of beta cell activity in patients. Even if the concept of C-peptide as a hormone is presently not supported, some of its bioactivities continue to influence our understanding of evolutionary changes of also other peptides.
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