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Thomson K, Thompson AR. The experiences of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Body Image 2024; 50:101727. [PMID: 38797069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a distressing psychological condition where an individual is preoccupied by a perceived issue with their appearance. Qualitative studies enable nuanced aspects of BDD phenomenology to be investigated. The current systematic review used thematic synthesis to integrate the findings from the extant qualitative studies. Searches were run on six databases to identify studies that had sought to describe the experience of individuals with BDD. PRISMA guidance was followed and ten articles were identified for inclusion. The quality of each article was appraised and thematic synthesis was conducted to generate novel and summative themes. Three superordinate themes were created: 'self-objectification and the view of self'; 'control and protecting the self'; and 'sociocultural influences and the impact of others in BDD'. Shame and self-disgust emerged as key experiential elements of BDD. The findings of the review suggest that self-objectification theory and possibly models of self-compassion are theoretically relevant to understanding the experience of individuals presenting with BDD. Current interventions may benefit from consideration of these theoretical models when seeking to improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Thomson
- Clinical Psychology Training, School of Psychology, Cardiff University/Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, 11th Floor, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Psychological Health Services, Level 6, Bristol Children's Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Andrew R Thompson
- Clinical Psychology Training, School of Psychology, Cardiff University/Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, 11th Floor, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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2
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Rahman E, Rao P, Webb WR, Garcia PE, Ioannidis S, Tam E, Sayed K, Philipp-Dormston WG, Mosahebi A, Carruthers JDA. Integrating Psychological Insights into Aesthetic Medicine: A Cross-Generational Analysis of Patient Archetypes (IMPACT Study). Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04330-5. [PMID: 39187591 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aesthetic medicine has evolved significantly, accommodating diverse demographics and motivations influenced by societal shifts and technological advancements. The IMPACT (integrative multigenerational psychological analysis for cosmetic treatment) study refines patient archetypes, integrating psychological theories to tailor treatments, especially for younger demographics and LGBTQIA + communities. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized a comprehensive, validated survey with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 and a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.92, distributed across a globally diverse, generationally stratified sample. Techniques like regression analysis, ANOVA, Bayesian modelling, and factor analysis were employed to analyse the data, focusing on developing nuanced patient archetypes. RESULTS Among 5645 participants, 5340 complete responses highlighted significant generational differences in aesthetic preferences. Millennials showed a strong preference for non-invasive procedures (β = 0.65, p < 0.001). ANOVA results confirmed significant variances across generations [F (3, 5118) = 157.6, p < 0.001], with post-hoc analyses delineating specific inter-group differences. Bayesian modelling provided insights into the probability of non-invasive preferences among younger cohorts at over 92% certainty. Factor analysis revealed key dimensions such as 'Generational Influence' and 'Technological Adoption,' which helped in defining archetypes including Dynamic Self-Identity, Digital Native, Stability Seeker, Classic Conservatism, and Holistic Health, collectively explaining up to 78% of the variance in responses. CONCLUSION The IMPACT study underscores the influence of generational identity and digital exposure on aesthetic preferences, advocating for personalized, archetype-based treatment approaches. This aligns with enhancing patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes, promoting an adaptive aesthetic medicine practice that meets the evolving needs of modern patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eqram Rahman
- Research and Innovation Hub, Innovation Aesthetics, London, WC2H 9JQ, UK.
| | - Parinitha Rao
- The Skin Address, Aesthetic Dermatology Practice, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Karim Sayed
- Nomi Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway
| | | | | | - Jean D A Carruthers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Pryde S, Kemps E, Prichard I. "You started working out to get a flat stomach and a fat a$$": A content analysis of fitspiration videos on TikTok. Body Image 2024; 51:101769. [PMID: 39013285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fitspiration presents idealised bodies to viewers, emphasising a fit ideal to women and a muscular ideal to men. Previous content analyses have focused on images from Instagram, with research yet to examine video content on TikTok or verify the accuracy of the diet and exercise information posted by fitness influencers. This content analysis examined 200 videos from popular TikTok fitspiration hashtags (fitness, fitspo, gymtok, fittok). Two independent coders used a standardised codebook containing definitions and examples for coding. Overall, 78 % of videos showed only women, and 10 % of videos showed only men. Videos of women included both fit and thin idealised bodies, whole body and specific body part objectification, harmful themes, and promoted appearance-related reasons for exercise more frequently than videos containing men. Videos of men included muscular idealised bodies and objectification through face obscurity (excluding the face from view) more frequently than videos of women. Most videos were posted by fitness influencers, and 60 % of videos presented incorrect or harmful information. Findings suggest that fitspiration TikTok content contains characteristics known to negatively impact body image and highlights gendered differences in content themes. Further investigation is required on the promotion of appearance reasons to exercise, and the credibility of information and content creators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pryde
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
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Sarda E, Arsandaux J, Ferré Q, Rodgers RF. Self-compassion and relationship status moderate the relationship between sexual minority status and body image concerns. Body Image 2024; 49:101696. [PMID: 38492460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that sexual minority men (SMM) experience greater body image concerns including body shame, body surveillance, drive for muscularity and drive for thinness than heterosexual men. However, little is known regarding the potential factors that can buffer these relationships. The aim of the present study was to examine the role that both self-compassion and relationship status may play in decreasing the strength of the relationship between sexual minority status and body image concerns. A sample of n = 106 SMM and n = 145 heterosexual men completed an online survey assessing body image concerns, self-compassion, and relationship status. Findings revealed that SMM reported higher levels of body image concerns (on all measures, except drive for muscularity) as compared to heterosexual men. Self-compassion moderated the link between sexual orientation and drive for muscularity: in men with higher levels of self-compassion, sexual orientation was no longer associated with drive for muscularity. But, among men with less self-compassion, SMM reported higher drive for muscularity than heterosexual men. Moreover, relationship status moderated the relationship between sexual orientation and body shame and drive for thinness, such that, among SMM only, being in a relationship was associated with lower levels of these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sarda
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, UR 4638, F- 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Julie Arsandaux
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, UR 4638, F- 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Quentin Ferré
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, UR 4638, F- 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
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Lee M. The protective role of positive body image on the associations between body objectification, disordered eating symptoms, and depression among Korean women. Eat Disord 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38736329 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2353414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite a significant amount of research theoretically demonstrating the benefits of positive body image, limited studies have empirically examined its protective role over women's body concerns and behaviors. Based on the objectification theory, this study explored whether the associations between body objectification, disordered eating symptoms, and depression are moderated by positive body image. We considered four specific constructs of positive body image using the Body Positive Scale (BP Scale) which includes BP-Feeling, BP-Acceptance-even if, BP-Response, and BP-Conceptualization. We conducted moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS model on data from an online survey completed by 400 Korean women ages 20-64 years. The results showed that the associations between body objectification and disordered eating symptoms were not significant at high levels of BP-Feeling and BP-Acceptance-even if. The results also revealed that indirect associations between body objectification and depression via disordered eating symptoms were not significant at high levels of BP-Feeling and BP-Acceptance-even if. While the overall results suggest the protective role of positive body image against disordered eating and depression, this study further provides specific information on positive body image that should be included in the prevention and treatment of disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Department of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, Chungju, South Korea
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Burdet H, Xanthos A, Marques-Vidal P. Women are lean and men are also lean: nutrition titles in women's and men's health magazines. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1230. [PMID: 38702675 PMCID: PMC11069188 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether nutrition messages in popular health magazines differ by country or season has seldom been studied. We assessed the nutrition topics featured in the headlines of Men's Health® (MH) and Women's Health® (WH) magazines from different countries. METHODS We sampled MH and WH magazines from Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the UK and the USA. Nutrition-related headlines were categorized as weight loss, weight gain, micronutrients and other. RESULTS The most frequent topics were "Other" (44%) and "weight loss" (41%), while "micronutrients" represented 4%. Topics related to weight gain were more frequent in MH (19% vs. 2% in WH), while no difference was found for weight loss (44% vs. 37% in WH). On multivariable analysis, weight gain had a higher likelihood of being present in MH than in WH, Odds ratio and (95% confidence interval): 8.3 (2.2-90.9), p = 0.002, while no association was found for weight loss: OR 1.1 (0.6-2.0), p = 0.80. Weight loss was absent from the US WH and present in two thirds of the Portuguese WH; in MH, weight gain was evenly distributed between countries. Prevalence of the weight loss topic was lower in March (15% vs. 54% in January, p < 0.01 by logistic regression) and to a lesser degree in June (35%) and July (35%). No seasonality was found for the "weight gain" topic. CONCLUSION In WH and MH magazines, nutrition topics vary according to gender, country, and season. Weight gain remains a male topic, while weight loss is equally prevalent in both women's and men's magazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Burdet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aris Xanthos
- Department of Language and Information Science, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Anthropole, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of medicine, internal medicine, Lausanne university hospital and University of Lausanne, 46 rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
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Choo-Kang C, Reese TO, Micklesfield LK, Bovet P, Bedu-Addo K, Forrester T, Gilbert JA, Goedecke JH, Plange-Rhule J, Lambert EV, Layden BT, Rae DE, Viswanathan B, Luke A, Dugas L. Silhouette showcards confirm altered obesity-associated body image perception in international cohort study of African-origin populations. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e065498. [PMID: 38458795 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the increasing prevalence of obesity and need for effective interventions, there is a growing interest in understanding how an individual's body image can inform obesity prevention and management. This study's objective was to examine the use of silhouette showcards to measure body size perception compared with measured body mass index, and assess body size dissatisfaction, in three different African-origin populations spanning the epidemiological transition. An ancillary objective was to investigate associations between body size perception and dissatisfaction with diabetes and hypertension. SETTING Research visits were completed in local research clinics in respective countries. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred and fifty-one African-origin participants from the USA and the Republic of Seychelles (both high-income countries), and Ghana (low/middle-income country). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Silhouette showcards were used to measure perceived body size and body size dissatisfaction. Objectively measured body size was measured using a scale and stadiometer. Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL and hypertension was defined as ≥130 mm Hg/80 mm Hg. RESULTS Most women and men from the USA and Seychelles had 'Perceived minus Actual weight status Discrepancy' scores less than 0, meaning they underestimated their actual body size. Similarly, most overweight or obese men and women also underestimated their body size, while normal weight men and women were accurately able to estimate their body size. Finally, participants with diabetes were able to accurately estimate their body size and similarly desired a smaller body size. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that overweight and obese women and men from countries spanning the epidemiological transition were unable to accurately perceive their actual body size. Understanding people's perception of their body size is critical to implementing successful obesity prevention programmes across the epidemiological transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Choo-Kang
- Public Health Scienes, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Tyler O Reese
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Pascal Bovet
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale E Rae
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Bharathi Viswanathan
- Unit for Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disease, Republic of Seychelles Ministry of Health, Mont Fleuri, Seychelles
| | - Amy Luke
- Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lara Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Angrish K, Oshana D, Gammage KL. Flex Friday: A content analysis of men's fitspiration on Instagram. Body Image 2024; 48:101651. [PMID: 38061212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Fitspiration is a social media trend that utilizes images and quotes to promote and inspire physical health and fitness. However, research has shown Fitspiration reinforces the rigidly defined appearance ideal, particularly in women, which can lead to negative body image. There remains limited understanding of the characteristics and impact of men's Fitspiration. The purpose of this content analysis was to investigate the nature, presentation, and text-based messages of male-focused Fitspiration on Instagram. Hashtags (#) were used to collect 1,000 random images from Instagram. Content codes for images included body type, objectification, activities, and messages conveyed. Results showed most images consisted of men accentuating their highly muscular upper bodies with low body fat, consistent with the male appearance ideal. Also, men were often shown engaging in activities irrelevant to health or fitness (i.e., passive modeling) that emphasized their physical appearance. Consistent with research examining female-focused Fitspiration, male-focused Fitspiration reinforces a glamorized appearance ideal with low focus on health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirina Angrish
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Brock-Niagara Center for Health and Well-Being, Brock University, ON, Canada.
| | - David Oshana
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Brock-Niagara Center for Health and Well-Being, Brock University, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberley L Gammage
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Brock-Niagara Center for Health and Well-Being, Brock University, ON, Canada
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Fasoli F, Constantinou D. Does body positivity work for men as it does for women? The impact of idealized body and body positive imagery on body satisfaction, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104126. [PMID: 38215542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to body-positive imagery plays a positive role in women's body image. However, literature has not examined if this is the case for men too. In this study (N = 207), we examined the impact of idealized body and body-positive imagery on both men's and women's body satisfaction and body image concerns. Participants were asked to report their positive and negative mood, body satisfaction, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity before and after being exposed to either control (landscapes and animals), idealized body, or body-positive imagery. Results showed that women were overall more dissatisfied with their bodies and reported a stronger negative mood and a higher drive for thinness than men. Men, instead, reported a higher drive for muscularity. Exposure to idealized body imagery decreased positive mood and body satisfaction in both men and women. In contrast, exposure to body-positive imagery increased body satisfaction and decreased the drive for thinness in both men and women. Drive for muscularity was not affected by the type of imagery. The findings show that idealized body and body-positive imagery have similar effects on men and women and showcase the importance of considering the effects of body-positivity content for both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, United Kingdom; ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Portugal.
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Naraindas AM, Moreno M, Cooney SM. Beyond Gender: Interoceptive Sensibility as a Key Predictor of Body Image Disturbances. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 38247677 PMCID: PMC10812832 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Body image disturbance (BID) involves negative attitudes towards shape and weight and is associated with lower levels of interoceptive sensibility (IS) (the subjective perceptions of internal bodily states). This association is considered a risk factor for developing eating disorders (EDs) and is linked to altered sensorimotor representations of the body (i.e., body schema). BIDs manifest across genders and are currently understudied in men. This study investigated gender-related differences in BID and its relationship to the body schema and IS. Data were collected from 86 men and 86 women. BID was assessed using questionnaires measuring self-objectification, state, and trait body dissatisfaction. IS was measured via the MAIA-2. The body schema was indexed via an embodied mental rotation task. Results showed that women reported higher BID than men across all scales. Gender differences in sub-components of interoceptive sensibility were found. Overall, both gender and interoceptive sensibility predicted BID. However, interoceptive sensibility exhibited its own unique association with BID beyond the influence of gender. BID, IS and gender were not significant predictors of performance in the body schema task. Therefore, while gender predicts differences in BID and interoceptive sensibility, there was no evidence of gender-related differences in body schema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah M. Cooney
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, D04 F6X4 Dublin, Ireland;
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11
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Torres-McGehee TM, Uriegas NA, Hauge M, Monsma EV, Emerson DM, Smith AB. Eating Disorder Risk and Pathogenic Behaviors Among Collegiate Student-Athletes. J Athl Train 2023; 58:803-812. [PMID: 37459386 PMCID: PMC11215712 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0539.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eating disorders (EDs) are a cluster of behavioral conditions characterized by uneasy thoughts and behaviors that grow into severe or persistent eating disturbances. The demands on student-athletes may create mental and physical stressors that increase the likelihood of EDs and disordered eating. OBJECTIVE To examine the ED risk through eating attitudes and behaviors in male and female student-athletes and across various sport types (endurance, aesthetic, power, ball or team, or technical sports). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Collegiate athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and II student-athletes (n = 2054; males = 631; females = 1423) from 40 institutions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed a web-based demographic survey and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Multiple χ2 analyses examined participants classified as at risk for EDs. Independent-samples t tests and a 1-way analyses of variance compared sex and sport type across EAT-26 totals and subscale (Dieting, Bulimia, and Oral Control) scores. RESULTS Overall, 25.3% (n = 520/2054) of student-athletes were classified as at risk for EDs. Differences were found between sex and ED risk (χ21,2054 = 32.9, P ≤ .01; 17.3% [n = 109/631] males, 28.9% [n = 411/1423] females) and across ED risk and sport type (χ24,2054 = 13.4, P = .01). When examining females only, we observed differences across ED risk and sport type (χ24,1423 = 13.4, P ≤ .01). No differences were evident across ED risk and sport type for males. Differences were seen between sex and binge eating (χ21,2054 = 6.8, P = .009), sex and diet pill use (χ21,2054 = 19.6, P ≤ .01), and sport type and diet pill use (χ24,2054= 12.2, P = .016), excessive exercise (χ24,2054 = 32.1, P ≤ .01), and losing more than 20 lb (9 kg) in the last 6 months (χ24,2054 = 10.2, P ≤ .037). CONCLUSIONS Student-athletes in the collegiate setting are at risk for EDs. Medical professionals, such as athletic trainers, need to be educated on the potential risk factors that may lead to EDs. Protocols for prevention, screening and recognition, and referral should be developed for student-athletes at risk for EDs.
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12
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Chan LS, Wu-Ouyang B. Sexting Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hong Kong and Taiwan: Roles of Sensation-Seeking, Gay Identity, and Muscularity Ideal. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2373-2384. [PMID: 36849674 PMCID: PMC9970127 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies found that sexting was associated with risky sexual activities and that men who have sex with men (MSM) engaged in more frequent sexting than their heterosexual counterparts. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand what factors are associated with sexting among MSM. This study explored the relationships between sensation-seeking, gay identity confusion, and muscularity ideal with sexting behaviors. An online survey was administered to 355 and 448 18-34-year-old MSM in Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively. While the number of sexting partners and the frequency of sexting were similar across the two regions, they had different associations with psychological factors. In Hong Kong, sensation-seeking was positively related to the number of sexting partners, while in Taiwan, it was positively related to the frequency of sending sexts. In Hong Kong, MSM who were more confused about their sexual orientation had fewer sexting partners. In both regions, MSM holding a stronger muscularity ideal also had more sexting partners. Gay identity confusion and muscularity ideal were associated with sexting under pressure in Taiwan; all three psychological factors concerned were associated with sexting under pressure in Hong Kong. Overall, these results showed that some MSM found sexting to be a sensation-fulfilling activity, but some were vulnerable to sexting under pressure. Counseling services to MSM about their sexual identity and concern for muscularity are needed to prevent them from becoming victims of forced sexting. Finally, the inconsistent results for the Hong Kong and Taiwanese samples indicated the importance of considering regional specificity in sexting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik Sam Chan
- School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Biying Wu-Ouyang
- School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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13
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Fadah K, Gopi G, Lingireddy A, Blumer V, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Anabolic androgenic steroids and cardiomyopathy: an update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1214374. [PMID: 37564909 PMCID: PMC10412093 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1214374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) include endogenously produced androgens like testosterone and their synthetic derivatives. Their influence on multiple metabolic pathways across organ systems results in an extensive side effect profile. From creating an atherogenic and prothrombotic milieu to direct myocardial injury, the effects of AAS on the heart may culminate with patients requiring thorough cardiac evaluation and multi-disciplinary medical management related to cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Supraphysiological doses of AAS have been shown to induce cardiomyopathy via biventricular dysfunction. Advancement in imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and additional diagnostic testing have facilitated the identification of AAS-induced left ventricular dysfunction, but data regarding the impact on right ventricular function remains limited. Emerging studies showed conflicting data regarding the reversibility of AAS-induced cardiomyopathy. There is an unmet need for a systematic long-term outcomes study to empirically evaluate the clinical course of cardiomyopathy and to assess potential targeted therapy as appropriate. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management considerations related to AAS and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahtan Fadah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gokul Gopi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Ajay Lingireddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Blumer
- Department of Cardiovascular, Heart and Vascular Institute, Kaufman Center For Heart Failure, OH, United States
| | - Tracy Dewald
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert J. Mentz
- Department of Cardiovascular, Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Kirby AS, Jenks R, Walsh F, Duncan M. Attentional Biases Towards Body-Related Stimuli in Healthy Males: A Systematic Review. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231177243. [PMID: 37211416 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231177243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature has discussed the role of attentional biases towards body-related stimuli. Specific foci have been on those with high levels of body image concerns and female samples. Unfortunately, there has been limited focus on male samples within existing literature. The aim of the current study was to provide a critical synthesis of the findings of existing studies exploring attentional biases in adult males towards body-related stimuli. Critical synthesis of the findings of 20 studies explored four key methodologies: eye-tracking, dot-probe, visual search, and other methodologies (e.g. ARDPEI task). The current review provides evidence of specific attentional biases towards body-related stimuli in adult males experiencing body image concerns. Similar patterns of attentional biases are also demonstrated in males with body image pathologies. However, there appears to be distinct patterns of attentional biases for male and female participants. It is recommended that future research considers these findings and utilises measures developed specifically for male samples. Furthermore, additional variables require further attention, i.e. reasons for engaging in social comparison and/or engaging in physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Kirby
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Human Sciences, Newman University, Bartley Green, UK
| | - Rebecca Jenks
- School of Psychological, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Francesca Walsh
- School of Psychological, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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15
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Abrante D, Carballeira M. Self-Exposure on Instagram and BMI: Relations With Body Image Among Both Genders. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:180-191. [PMID: 37731893 PMCID: PMC10508213 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Social media users can actively choose how they portray themselves and review the information they share to form and manage positive impressions on their audience. A high Body Mass Index (BMI) can lead to a bias of attention towards self-reported unattractive personal body areas. This dysfunctional body-related attention can lead to increased body dissatisfaction. Concerning social networks, people who usually post more photos on Instagram more frequently show higher body satisfaction. The main objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between BMI in young people, their own exposition on Instagram, positive body image and certain psychological variables: self-esteem, coping and well-being. The population-based sample consisted of 687 young Instagram users aged between 18 to 35 years old. The results found in this work revealed that BMI had a significant influence on the body exposure on Instagram in both genders, as well as in body image and certain psychological variables, such as coping and well-being. Moreover, we found that there is not a direct relation between BMI and the exposure of the entire body on Instagram. This relationship exists through positive body image, appearance care and management appearance behaviors. These results imply that positive body image affects body's exposure, so people with obesity or overweight tend to upload less photos with half or full body visible than people with normal weight or underweight. This is not because of their weight, but their valuation and appreciation of their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiré Abrante
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mónica Carballeira
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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16
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Muzi L, Nardelli N, Naticchioni G, Mazzeschi C, Baiocco R, Lingiardi V. Body Uneasiness and Dissatisfaction Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Persons. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37363347 PMCID: PMC10010970 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-023-00805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction While sexual minority people have been widely considered at risk for developing a range of body image concerns, evidence of body dissatisfaction and shame amongst LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals is mixed. This study investigated differences in body uneasiness, body dissatisfaction, and self-blaming/attacking attitudes between LGB and heterosexual individuals, as well as within LGB groups, while also examining the predictive role of body mass index (BMI). Methods A sample of cisgender lesbian women (n = 163), gay men (n = 277), bisexual women (n = 135), bisexual men (n = 39), heterosexual women (n = 398), and heterosexual men (n = 219) completed an online survey assessing different aspects of body image between May and July 2020. Results Gay and bisexual men reported greater body image disturbance and self-blaming attitudes relative to heterosexual men. In contrast, lesbian women reported lower body uneasiness than their bisexual and heterosexual counterparts, but greater self-hate. Moreover, lesbian and bisexual women showed more body dissatisfaction than gay men, and bisexual individuals reported more body uneasiness than individuals in other sexual minority subgroups. Higher BMI emerged as a significant predictor of body image concerns and dissatisfaction. Conclusions Body image dimensions showed sexual identity-based differences. Determining the specific nuances of body image in LGB individuals can provide important information on potential risk factors that may impact mental health outcomes. Policy Implications In-depth knowledge of body dissatisfaction and uneasiness in individuals with LGB identities may have critical implications for the development of personalized prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muzi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza Ermini, 1, Perugia, 06123 Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Naticchioni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza Ermini, 1, Perugia, 06123 Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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McCabe M, Alcaraz-Ibanez M, Markey C, Sicilia A, Rodgers RF, Aimé A, Dion J, Pietrabissa G, Lo Coco G, Caltabiano M, Strodl E, Bégin C, Blackburn MÉ, Castelnuovo G, Granero-Gallegos A, Gullo S, Hayami-Chisuwa N, He Q, Maïano C, Manzoni GM, Mellor D, Probst M, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. A longitudinal evaluation of a biopsychosocial model predicting BMI and disordered eating among young adults. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2023.2181686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marita McCabe
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Manuel Alcaraz-Ibanez
- Health Research Center and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Charlotte Markey
- Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Centre, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Alvaro Sicilia
- Health Research Center and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, North Eastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec á Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marie Caltabiano
- School of Psychology, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Gullo
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Qiqiang He
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Christoph Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Oggebbio-Piancavallo, Italy
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Michel Probst
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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18
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Palermo M, Rancourt D, Juarascio A. Athlete-specific risk factors for the development of disordered eating behaviors in first-year college athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36595568 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2151842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study tested whether proposed sport-related risk factors for disordered eating behaviors were associated with increases in disordered eating over first-year college athletes' first four months of collegiate sport participation. PARTICIPANTS Participants included a sample of first-year college athletes (N = 59, 45% female) from a Division I National Collegiate Athletics Association (DI) university. METHOD This follow-up study tested whether 1) wearing a uniform that emphasizes body concerns, 2) participating in a lean sport, and 3) perceived pressure for thinness from coaches and teammates would lead to increases in weight/shape concerns and disordered eating behaviors over the first four months of collegiate sport participation. RESULTS Wearing a uniform that emphasizes body concerns and perceived coach pressure for thinness predicted increases in weight/shape concern. Both teammate and coach pressure for thinness predicted increases in restrained eating behaviors. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that there are identifiable, athlete-specific risk factors for the development of disordered eating behaviors among first-year college athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Adrienne Juarascio
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Media pressure and the process of Westernization in the context of body self-assessment among young heterosexual and gay Polish men. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272907. [PMID: 35994493 PMCID: PMC9394821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass media and social networks portray a unified image of the perfect male body. The intensity and universality of this influence is an important element of the process of Westernization, especially in traditional cultures such as that of Poland. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the differences between Polish gay and heterosexual men in terms of the role played by self-esteem and the level of internalization of sociocultural standards of body appearance as predictors of the development of their body images. The research study was conducted by reference to 19- to 29-year-old Polish heterosexual (n = 287) and gay (n = 97) men. The variables were measured using Polish versions of the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Scale-3, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire. Statistical analyses identified several variables as the main predictors of body image in both heterosexual and gay young men: self-esteem, information-seeking, perceived pressure and the internalization of sociocultural standards regarding an athletic body image drawn from mass media. The only significant difference between the two groups was the fact that self-esteem, perceived pressure and the internalization of sociocultural standards from mass media did not play a predictive role with respect to Appearance Orientation among the group of gay men.
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20
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Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among men: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:84-96. [PMID: 35247867 PMCID: PMC9812655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the tripartite influence model, body dissatisfaction is shaped by internalizing cultural appearance ideals stemming from appearance-related family, peer, and media pressures. This model was developed for women, but emerging evidence points to its relevance for men's body image. This study advanced this budding research by (a) integrating muscular-ideal internalization alongside lean-ideal internalization and body surveillance into the model, (b) examining two positive dimensions of body image as outcomes (body image quality of life and appearance evaluation), and (c) testing this model in national online sample of 5293 men. Structural equation modeling supported the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher lean-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and poorer body image outcomes. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance but more adaptive body image outcomes. We further examined whether model variables and paths differed based on men's body mass index (BMI). Men with higher BMIs evidenced a stronger path between body surveillance and body image outcomes. These findings highlight the usefulness of sociocultural models for understanding men's body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Ku L, Newby C, Moldes O, Zaroff CM, Wu AMS. The values you endorse set the body you see: The protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body dissatisfaction. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:393-404. [PMID: 35353913 PMCID: PMC9545441 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mass media portrayal of a muscular body type ideal has been increasingly tied to men's body image dissatisfaction. We examined the role of self-determination theory's intrinsic life goals within this body image ideal and its potential as a moderator of this dissatisfaction. We first tested the moderating effect of intrinsic life goals on the link between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction via an online questionnaire (Study 1; N = 826), then experimentally manipulated these goals and exposure to images of muscular male models (Study 2; N = 150). A robust protective effect of intrinsic goals on body image satisfaction was observed - the relationship between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction was only significant among individuals with a lower level of intrinsic life goal orientation. When participants' intrinsic goals were momentarily heightened, they reported significantly less body image dissatisfaction, compared to those not receiving a strengthening of these goals. The results are the first to find a protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body image, and have important implications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ku
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Charis Newby
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Olaya Moldes
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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22
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Mass Media Beauty Standards, Body Surveillance, and Relationship Satisfaction within Romantic Couples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073833. [PMID: 35409516 PMCID: PMC8997740 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of objectification processes, individuals engage in body surveillance, whereby they constantly assess the extent to which their external appearance conforms to culturally valued ideals. Mass media play a key role in fostering the objectification and internalization of media beauty standards and increases body surveillance. At the individual level, the literature has largely demonstrated that body surveillance leads to a variety of negative psychological outcomes, but little research has focused on the consequences of body surveillance in the context of romantic relationships. Using dyadic data from couples who identified as heterosexual, the present study examined relations among internalization of media standards, body surveillance, surveillance of the partner’s body, surveillance from the partner, and relationship satisfaction. There were 438 participants (219 couples) recruited using snowball sampling. They were surveyed with an anonymous online questionnaire. Results showed that internalization of media standards was related to body surveillance in both men and women, and to surveillance of the partner’s body and relationship satisfaction in men only. For both sexes, surveillance of the partner’s body was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. For women only, surveillance from the partner was also negatively related to relationship satisfaction. Implications are discussed.
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23
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Piatkowski TM, Obst PL, White KM, Hides L. The relationship between psychosocial variables and drive for muscularity among male bodybuilding supplement users. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2021.2020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patricia L. Obst
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katherine M. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Lives Lived Well Group, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Boursier V, Gioia F. Which are the Effects of Body-Objectification and Instagram-Related Practices on Male Body Esteem? A Cross-Sectional Study. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:8-19. [PMID: 35401765 PMCID: PMC8969847 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE According to the objectification framework, media pressure toward body models promotes the internalization of beauty ideals that negatively influence individuals' body image and self-esteem. Historically, women have been the main target of sociocultural pressures. However, research has recently suggested that self-objectification is a male phenomenon as well, which can be inscribed in men's body experiences. Nevertheless, fewer studies have specifically focused on the male experience and general consequences of body-objectification are yet to be extensively analyzed regarding males' body image features. The current cross-sectional study explores the consequences of body-objectification on male body esteem, specifically testing the predictive role of exercising/dietary habits, body-objectification features, and SNS-related practices on male body esteem. METHOD A total of 238 male participants (mean age = 24.28 years, SD = 4.32) have been involved in an online survey. Three hierarchical analyses were performed to test the influence of objectified body consciousness and social networking-related experiences (i.e. Instagram intensity use, photo manipulation, selfie feedback investment) on young men's body esteem with specific reference to the weight, appearance, and attribution features of the Body Esteem Scale. RESULTS Findings highlighted that body shame played an interesting key role, influencing negatively all the body esteem dimensions, thus highlighting that attention needs to be deserved on this feature of OBC regarding males' experience. On the contrary, appearance control-related dimensions positively influenced body esteem. Overall, findings confirmed that objectification theory can adequately mark a pathway by which media imagery is internalized also by men and may negatively affect their body esteem. CONCLUSIONS Despite some limitations, this study may contribute to enlarging our knowledge on male body image and self-objectification experience and support literature shattering the stereotype that body dissatisfaction is a "female-exclusive" issue. Likewise, beyond some questioning positions, these findings also encourage further exploration of a healthier "control dimension", including body appearance-related activities and beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” via Porta di Massa, 1 – 80133 Naples, Italy,Corresponding author Dr. Valentina Boursier E-mail:
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” via Porta di Massa, 1 – 80133 Naples, Italy
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25
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Wanniarachchi VU, Scogings C, Susnjak T, Mathrani A. Fat stigma and body objectification: A text analysis approach using social media content. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221117404. [PMID: 35990109 PMCID: PMC9386857 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates how female and male genders are positioned in fat stigmatising discourses that are being conducted over social media. Weight-based linguistic data corpus, extracted from three popular social media (SM) outlets, Twitter, YouTube and Reddit, was examined for fat stigmatising content. A mixed-method analysis comprising sentiment analysis, word co-occurrences and qualitative analysis, assisted our investigation of the corpus for body objectification themes and gender-based differences. Objectification theory provided the underlying framework to examine the experiential consequences of being fat across both genders. Five objectifying themes, namely, attractiveness, physical appearance, lifestyle choices, health and psychological well-being, emerged from the analysis. A deeper investigation into more facets of the social interaction data revealed overall positive and negative attitudes towards obesity, which informed on existing notions of gendered body objectification and weight/fat stigmatisation. Our findings have provided a holistic outlook on weight/fat stigmatising content that is posted online which can further inform policymakers in planning suitable props to facilitate more inclusive SM spaces. This study showcases how lexical analytics can be conducted by combining a variety of data mining methods to draw out insightful subject-related themes that add to the existing knowledge base; therefore, has both practical and theoretical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Scogings
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Teo Susnjak
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anuradha Mathrani
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Gerrard O, Galli N, Santurri L, Franklin J. Examining body dissatisfaction in college men through the exploration of appearance anxiety and internalization of the mesomorphic ideal. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:560-566. [PMID: 31928371 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1704412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although research has explained various psychological factors leading to body dissatisfaction in male, limited research has examined the potential mediating effect of the anxiety male experience to align with societal conceptions of masculine appearance. Objective and participants: In this study, conducted spring semester of 2018, we examined the relationships between internalization of the mesomorphic ideal, appearance anxiety, and body dissatisfaction, as well as the potential mediating effect of appearance anxiety on body dissatisfaction in college-aged male. Methods: In a convenience sample of college-aged male, data were collected using self-reported questionnaires measuring internalization, appearance anxiety, and body dissatisfaction. Results: Responses indicated significant associations between internalization of the mesomorphic ideal, appearance anxiety, and body dissatisfaction. Appearance anxiety was a partial mediator of internalization of the mesomorphic ideal and body dissatisfaction. Conclusions: The authors discuss implications for future research and address factors related to body dissatisfaction for professionals implementing body image programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Gerrard
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nick Galli
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Laura Santurri
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Julia Franklin
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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28
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Parent N, Ferlatte O, Milloy MJ, Fast D, Knight R. The sexualised use of cannabis among young sexual minority men: "I'm actually enjoying this for the first time". CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2021; 23:883-898. [PMID: 32462998 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1736634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify how cannabis use features within the sexual lives of young sexual minority men who use substances, and how this might intersect with features of their contemporary socio-cultural contexts in a setting where non-medical cannabis was recently legalised: Vancouver, Canada. Forty-one sexual minority men ages 15 to 30 years were recruited between January and December 2018 to participate in in-depth, semi-structured 1-2 h interviews about their experiences of using substances (e.g. cannabis) for sex. Drawing on constant comparative analytic techniques, two themes emerged with regards to participants' perceptions of, and experiences with, the sexualised use of cannabis. First, participants described how they used cannabis for sex to increase sexual pleasure and lower inhibitions. Second, participants described using cannabis for sex to reduce feelings of anxiety and shame, and foster intimacy and connection with sexual partners. These findings identify how the sexualised use of cannabis functions as a 'strategic resource' for sexual minority men to deliberately achieve both physiological and psychoactive effects, while concurrently underscoring the extent to which the contexts, patterns and motivations associated with cannabis use for sex parallel those associated with this form of Chemsex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Parent
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Danya Fast
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rod Knight
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Wang Y, Fardouly J, Vartanian LR, Wang X, Lei L. Body Talk on Social Networking Sites and Cosmetic Surgery Consideration Among Chinese Young Adults: A Serial Mediation Model Based on Objectification Theory. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211026273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People’s interest in cosmetic surgery has increased in recent years. Drawing from objectification theory, in the present study, we examined the associations of body talk on social networking sites (SNS), body surveillance, and body shame with cosmetic surgery consideration. In particular, we examined the mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame in the relationship between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration. We also examined potential gender differences in the serial mediation model. Male and female college students in China ( N = 309) completed questionnaires regarding SNS body talk, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results showed that SNS body talk, body surveillance, and body shame were positively associated with cosmetic surgery consideration. Body surveillance and body shame mediated the association between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration both separately and sequentially. Gender did not moderate any of the relations in the serial mediation model. Findings of this study provide new insight into the relationship between SNS use and cosmetic surgery and highlight facets of objectification as potential targets for prevention and intervention regarding appearance concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Xingchao Wang
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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30
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Earle M, Prusaczyk E, Choma B, Calogero R. Compliance with COVID-19 safety measures: A test of an objectification theory model. Body Image 2021; 37:6-13. [PMID: 33548665 PMCID: PMC7985150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we tested an objectification theory model including compliance with COVID-19 safety measures as an outcome. Safety measures recommended by governments and health organizations include monitoring one's body and interpersonal and social distance from others. We contend that the diffuse safety anxiety stemming from sexual and self-objectification encourages targets to broadly adopt behaviors that protect against body-based dangers, including COVID-19. Accordingly, safety anxiety should predict greater compliance with COVID-19 safety measures. U.S. residents (N = 501) were recruited online and completed measures of sexual objectification, self-objectification, safety anxiety, appearance anxiety, and COVID-19 safety compliance. Two-step mediation analyses revealed a positive indirect effect of sexual objectification on safety anxiety through internalization of observers' perspectives (self-objectification Factor 1); in turn, there was a positive indirect effect of internalized others on COVID-19 body-based safety compliance through safety anxiety. Moreover, women (vs. men) reported higher levels of sexual objectification, internalization of observers' perspectives, safety anxiety, appearance anxiety, and COVID-19 safety measure compliance. Not only is safety anxiety relevant to cautionary behaviors protective against sexual objectification threat, but it also predicts compliance with measures that reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. Implications for objectification theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Earle
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Elvira Prusaczyk
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Becky Choma
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Rachel Calogero
- Department of Psychology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6K 5C2 Canada.
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31
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van Mierlo LA, Scheffers M, Koning I. The relative relation between body satisfaction, body investment, and depression among dutch emerging adults. J Affect Disord 2021; 278:252-258. [PMID: 32971318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the biggest global health problems, especially among emerging adults (18 to 25). A negative body image is a well-known risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms. However, little is known about how different aspects of body image relate to depressive symptoms. Therefore, the current study explores the relation between body satisfaction, body investment, and depressive symptoms, moderated by sex and physical activity, among a non-clinical sample of emerging adults. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 410 Dutch emerging adults (Mage = 21.95 years, SD = 1.98, 80.60% women) within a convenience sample was used within a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Results showed that a higher body satisfaction and more body investment were related to fewer depressive symptoms. This relation was somewhat stronger for body investment than for body satisfaction. Furthermore, the relation between lower body satisfaction and more depressive symptoms was stronger for participants with a lower level of physical activity. No other moderation effects were found. LIMITATIONS This results should be seen within the light of their limitations. This study used cross-sectional data and therefore no causal relations can be determined. Also, the sample was biased in which mostly highly educated females participated. CONCLUSIONS However, this research is unique for adding different concepts of body image in one model. The findings propose that interventions regarding depressive symptoms among emerging adults should focus, next to body satisfaction, on the emotional investment in the body and the enhancement of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot A van Mierlo
- Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2, 8017 CA Zwolle, the Netherlands.
| | - Mia Scheffers
- Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2, 8017 CA Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Ina Koning
- Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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32
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Li Y, Guo G. Peer influence on obesity: Evidence from a natural experiment of a gene-environment interaction. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2021; 93:102483. [PMID: 33308683 PMCID: PMC8607809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of peers in explaining the obesity epidemic is difficult to evaluate, largely due to selection (the tendency of similar individuals to make friends with each other). Our study addresses this selection issue by using data from a natural experiment of randomly assigned college roommates. We investigate whether and how peers, gender, and the FTO gene interactively influenced BMI. We find that women with a weight-prone version of the gene were about three pounds lighter if assigned frequently-exercising roommates than if assigned non-frequently-exercising roommates. However, living with frequently-exercising roommates had little impact for women without the weight-prone version of the gene or for men regardless of genotype. We find that individuals with the weight-prone version of the gene exercised more often when assigned frequently-exercising roommates. This might be a mechanism through which the effect of frequently-exercising roommates worked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Guang Guo
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Strübel J, Sabik NJ, Tylka TL. Body image and depressive symptoms among transgender and cisgender adults: Examining a model integrating the tripartite influence model and objectification theory. Body Image 2020; 35:53-62. [PMID: 32846389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown higher levels of body image concerns and depression among transgender individuals, which may result from the internalized stigma of living in a body that does not conform to the expectations of their affirmed gender. We integrated objectification theory and the tripartite influence model, which both address how internalizing gendered appearance-related expectations are linked to body image and depression, and then determined whether this integrated model varied based on participants' gender identity. Participants included 715 cisgender women, 207 cisgender men, 186 trans men, and 71 trans women from the U.S. A multiple group analysis indicated that thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalization were serially linked to body shame and depression through body monitoring and appearance comparison, with appearance comparison mediating the link between body monitoring and body shame. While this model was supported for each gender identity group, cisgender men had a relatively weaker relationship from thin-ideal internalization to body monitoring, and trans women had a relatively stronger inverse link from muscular-ideal internalization to body monitoring. Furthermore, the significance of the model pathways often differed based on gender identity. Overall, findings reveal the salience of gender identity in the connections between internalization, body monitoring, appearance comparison, body shame, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strübel
- University of Rhode Island, College of Business, Department of Textiles, Fashion Merchandising & Design, Quinn Hall, 211A, 55 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Natalie J Sabik
- University of Rhode Island, Health Studies, 221 Independence Square, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, United States.
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34
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Amodeo AL, Esposito C, Antuoni S, Saracco G, Bacchini D. Muscle dysmorphia: what about transgender people? CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2020; 24:1-16. [PMID: 33030397 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1814968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle dysmorphia is characterised by a strong preoccupation with being lean and muscular, with negative psychological and social consequences. The condition mostly affects men, mainly because of sociocultural messages promoting hyper-muscular forms as ideal male figures. Relatively few studies have examined muscle dysmorphia in transgender people. Using a sample of 293 Italian adults, in this study we compared muscle dysmorphia symptoms (drive for size, appearance anxiety/avoidance and functional impairment) across 60 binary transgender (women and men whose gender identity did not conform to their biological sex), 217 cisgender (women and men whose biological sex aligns with their gender identity) and 16 non-binary people (those whose gender identity did not fall within the binary gender system). We also investigated the effect of the internalisation of body ideals on the development of muscle dysmorphia, analysing the moderating role of gender identity. Findings showed that i) transgender and cisgender men scored similarly higher on drive for size, ii) transgender men scored higher on appearance anxiety/avoidance, compared to other gender groups, iii) no differences were found in functional impairment. The effect of internalisation of body ideals on drive for size was stronger in cisgender men. Findings signal the importance of investigating risk factors for muscle dysmorphia in transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Amodeo
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- SInAPSi Center (Service for the Active and Participatory Inclusion of Students), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Esposito
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- SInAPSi Center (Service for the Active and Participatory Inclusion of Students), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Antuoni
- SInAPSi Center (Service for the Active and Participatory Inclusion of Students), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Saracco
- SInAPSi Center (Service for the Active and Participatory Inclusion of Students), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Bacchini
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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35
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Matsumoto A, Rodgers RF. A review and integrated theoretical model of the development of body image and eating disorders among midlife and aging men. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 81:101903. [PMID: 32829288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Etiological models of the development of eating disorders among midlife and aging men are lacking. The present study provides a review and integration of existing theoretical frameworks and empirical data relevant to the examination of eating pathology in this population and introduces an integrated model of risk and protective factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms. Several etiological models of eating pathology that have gained some empirical support, or present relevance to this population, are briefly reviewed including sociocultural theory, objectification theory, social identity theory, positive body image and the developmental theory of embodiment, and existential and terror management theory, and finally biologically based theories. In addition, these frameworks were extended to account for developmental and gender-specific factors that may influence the development of eating disorders. An integrated model of risk and protective factors that brings together critical elements of these extended theoretical frameworks is presented, with the goal of guiding and stimulating research in this neglected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dietary supplement usage by adolescents has been on the rise in the last decade and is expected to continue to grow, although the evidence of their benefits in healthy individuals remains unclear. This review aims to spread awareness about the poorly regulated supplements and their effects on the health of adolescents to minimize medical hazards. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we have attempted to summarize some of the commonly consumed supplements, their alleged benefits, effects and side effects, along with the motivation that drives adolescents into consuming them. SUMMARY The widespread use of dietary supplements among adolescents, in the background of lack of knowledge and medical guidance, predisposes adolescents to significant health risks. Although supplements may be necessary and safely consumed in certain specific situations, most healthy adolescents do not need them. The lack of regulation of supplements encourages contamination and ensures indiscriminate, easy access.
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37
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Wollast R, De Wilde M, Bernard P, Klein O. Percevoir son corps à travers le regard d’autrui : une revue de la littérature sur l’auto-objectification. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.203.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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38
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Kramer R, Cuccolo K. Yoga Practice in a College Sample: Associated Changes in Eating Disorder, Body Image, and Related Factors Over Time. Eat Disord 2020; 28:494-512. [PMID: 31795842 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2019.1688007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Yoga practice is associated with improvements in eating disorder (ED) symptoms and body dissatisfaction. This study continued to evaluate this relationship while also assessing changes in variables negatively associated with ED symptoms (self-compassion, mindfulness, body appreciation, self-efficacy) that are emphasized throughout yoga. Men were also included in this study given studies have predominantly focused on women. Participants (N = 99, 77.8% women) were recruited from a university-implemented yoga course and completed assessments at the beginning (Time 1 (T1)) and end (Time 2 (T2)) of an eight-week yoga course meeting three times a week for fifty minutes. Body dissatisfaction (ps <.05) and ED pathology (p = .02) were lower at T2. Body appreciation (p < .001), self-compassion (p = .01), yoga self-efficacy (p = .004) were higher at T2. Some gender differences emerged. Men reported greater reductions in concern with being overweight, (Overweight Preoccupation) from T1 (M = 2.46, SD = 0.61) to T2 (M = 2.13, SD = 0.61) compared to women, T1 (M = 2.75, SD = 0.98) to T2 (M = 2.69, SD = 0.97) associated with yoga practice. Men also reported greater improvements in body satisfaction (Appearance Evaluation) from T1 (M = 3.60, SD = 0.49) to T2 (M = 3.90, SD = 0.34) compared with women, T1 (M = 3.48, SD = 0.58) to T2 (M = 3.39, SD = 0.52) associated with yoga practice. Results suggest yoga may be associated with concurrent changes in protective and risk factors for ED in a college population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kramer
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.,Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly Cuccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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39
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Boursier V, Gioia F, Griffiths MD. Selfie-engagement on social media: Pathological narcissism, positive expectation, and body objectification - Which is more influential? Addict Behav Rep 2020; 11:100263. [PMID: 32467852 PMCID: PMC7244909 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current use of social media platforms by active young users/creators of visual content provides an easy medium to achieve narcissistic goals of self-promotion and attention-seeking, and to socialize with self-objectification experiences. One of the most popular activities associated with social media use is selfie-sharing. Consequently, the global focus on online physical appearance approval could reinforce selfie-engagement as a specific body image-related behavior, potentially associated with selfie-marketing strategies for self-improvement, and problematic social media use. The present study evaluated the main direct effect of pathological narcissism, objectified body consciousness, and expectations toward selfies on young women's and men's selfie-engagement. A total of 570 young adults (66.8% females; mean age = 24.4 years, SD = 3.6) participated in an online survey study. Variables were assessed using the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (Fossati, Feeney, Pincus, Borroni, & Maffei, 2015), Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (Dakanalis et al., 2015), Selfie-expectancies Scale (Boursier & Manna, 2018), and a measure of selfie-engagement. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed on independent male and female subsamples. Results showed that body surveillance and positive selfie-expectancies are consistent selfie-behavior predictors, among both men (R2 = 0.227; p < .001) and women (R2 = 0.332; p < .001). Furthermore, findings confirm women's involvement in appearance concerns and body-image related practices, even though men's engagement in body-objectification deserve attention. The study provides novel findings in the field of self-objectification research as well as contributing to the ongoing debate concerning which psychological factors can be predictive of males' and females' selfie-engagement. The implications of these findings are also discussed in light of the debate on social media use and misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
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40
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Boursier V, Gioia F. Women's Pathological Narcissism and its Relationship with Social Appearance Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Body Shame. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 17:164-174. [PMID: 34908988 PMCID: PMC8662714 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention to personal appearance and observers' judgments are integral components of narcissism. However, empirical evidence focused on the association between grandiose/vulnerable traits of narcissism and social appearance anxieties is limited. Moreover, body shame represents a topic of debated interest in the field of narcissism and women's experience of self-consciousness. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the unexplored relationship between covert and overt facets of pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, analyzing the mediating role of objectified body shame. METHOD Pathological vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, social appearance anxiety and body shame were assessed in a convenience sample of 775 young women (M=24.1, SD=4.52). RESULTS Body shame fully mediated the association between pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, especially for vulnerable narcissists' women. CONCLUSIONS As expected, vulnerable narcissism had a positive association with social appearance anxieties, and body shame acted as a mediating risky factor. Moreover, as hypothesized and differently from recent findings, also overt narcissism was related to body shame and appearance anxieties. These findings suggest that feelings of shame are essential to deeper understand the narcissistic core features and outcomes. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
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41
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Hutchison EN, Haden SC, Saunders BA, Cain NM, Grundleger AB. Disordered Eating in Men and Women: Internalization of Sociocultural Body Image Norms and Emotion Dysregulation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2020.1740119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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D'Argenio G, Finisguerra A, Urgesi C. Motion and Gender-Typing Features Interact in the Perception of Human Bodies. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:277. [PMID: 32372898 PMCID: PMC7186348 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body conveys socially relevant information, including a person's gender. Several studies have shown that both shape and motion inform gender judgments of bodies. However, while body shape seems to influence more the judgment of female bodies, body motion seems to play a major role in the judgments of male bodies. Yet, the interdependence of morphologic and dynamic cues in shaping gender judgment and attractiveness evaluation in body perception is still unclear. In two experiments, we investigated how variations of implied motion and shape interact in perceptual and affective judgments of female and male bodies. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to provide ratings for masculinity and femininity of virtual renderings of human bodies with variable gender-typing features and implied motion. We found evidence of a tendency to perceive bodies in static poses as more feminine and bodies in dynamic poses as more masculine. In Experiment 2, participants rated the same pictures for dynamism and pleasantness. We found that male bodies were judged more dynamic than female bodies with the same pose. Also, female bodies were liked more in static than in dynamic poses. A mediation analysis allowed us to further shed light on the relationship between gender-typing features and motion, suggesting that the less is the movement conveyed by a female body, the greater is an observer's sensitivity to its femininity, and this leads to a more positive evaluation of its pleasantness. Our findings hint to an association between stillness and femininity in body perception, which can stem from either the evolutionary meaning of sexual selection and/or the influence of cultural norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D'Argenio
- PhD Program in Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
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Thornborrow T, Onwuegbusi T, Mohamed S, Boothroyd LG, Tovée MJ. Muscles and the Media: A Natural Experiment Across Cultures in Men's Body Image. Front Psychol 2020; 11:495. [PMID: 32308635 PMCID: PMC7145896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are evidencing relationships between the drive for muscularity and potentially harmful behavioral strategies, such as unhealthy dieting and steroid use amongst men in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) populations. As such Western appearance standards proliferate around the world via the media, men who live in other cultural contexts are also at risk of potentially negative effects from aspiring to the “muscular ideal.” However, few studies have explored these relationships in non-WEIRD populations. We investigated men’s body ideals and body image in two non-WEIRD, non-White populations, Uganda (Africa) and Nicaragua (Central America), and compared them with an ethnically diverse sample of men in the United Kingdom. We also examined whether socio-cultural factors including media and ethnicity, predicted the drive for muscularity and body change behaviors among our participants. Results showed that Ugandan men had the least desire for muscularity relative to men in the United Kingdom. Supporting the Tripartite model we found that media and peer influences significantly predicted the drive for muscularity, particularly among men from White British and Nicaraguan Miskitu ethnic groups. By contrast, Creole / Garifuna and Mestizo men from Nicaragua were more likely to want to increase muscularity relative to Black African men from Uganda. Overall, our findings support previous research in demonstrating that there are cultural differences in the kind of body men desire, and that men from WEIRD and non-WEIRD populations may experience similar pressures to aspire to and attain a muscular body type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Thornborrow
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Tochukwu Onwuegbusi
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Mohamed
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin J Tovée
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Gioia F, Griffiths MD, Boursier V. Adolescents’ Body Shame and Social Networking Sites: The Mediating Effect of Body Image Control in Photos. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Boursier V, Gioia F, Griffiths MD. Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Image Control in Photos, and Problematic Social Networking: The Role of Appearance Control Beliefs. Front Psychol 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32158409 PMCID: PMC7052303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, adolescents' photo-taking and photo-sharing on social media represent ubiquitous practices and objectified body consciousness (OBC) might offer a useful framework to explore online self-presentation and social networking site (SNS) use. Indeed, SNS might represent a highly accessible medium for socializing with self-objectification. However, the relationship between OBC components and problematic SNS use is still understudied. The present study evaluated the previously unexplored predictive role of appearance control beliefs on problematic SNS use, testing the mediating effect of body image control in photos (BICP) across male and female groups. A total of 693 adolescents (55% females; mean age 16 years) participated in the study. Results showed the negatively predictive role of appearance control beliefs on control over body image in photos. Moreover, BICP mediated the appearance control beliefs' negative effect on problematic SNS use in girls. The present study tested the unexplored effect of appearance control beliefs upon problematic SNS use, contributing to the OBC research field and the ongoing debate concerning predictive and protective factors in problematic SNS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Rounsefell K, Gibson S, McLean S, Blair M, Molenaar A, Brennan L, Truby H, McCaffrey TA. Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutr Diet 2020; 77:19-40. [PMID: 31583837 PMCID: PMC7384161 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Negative body image increases the risk of engaging in unhealthy dieting and disordered eating patterns. This review evaluated the impact of habitual social media engagement or exposure to image-related content on body image and food choices in healthy young adults (18-30 years). METHODS A systematic search of six databases of observational literature published 2005-2019, was conducted (PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42016036588). Inclusion criteria were: studies reporting social media engagement (posting, liking, commenting) or exposure to image-related content in healthy young adults. Outcomes were: body image (satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and food choices (healthy eating, dieting/restricting, overeating/binging). Two authors independently screened, coded and evaluated studies for methodological quality. RESULTS Thirty studies were identified (n = 11 125 participants). Quantitative analysis (n = 26) identified social media engagement or exposure to image-related content was associated with higher body dissatisfaction, dieting/restricting food, overeating, and choosing healthy foods. Qualitative analysis (n = 4) identified five themes: (i) social media encourages comparison between users, (ii) comparisons heighten feelings about the body, (iii) young adults modify their appearance to portray a perceived ideal image, (iv) young adults are aware of social media's impact on body image and food choices, however, (v) external validation via social media is pursued. Most studies (n = 17) controlled for some confounding variables (age, gender, BMI, ethnicity). CONCLUSIONS Social media engagement or exposure to image-related content may negatively impact body image and food choice in some healthy young adults. Health professionals designing social media campaigns for young adults should consider image-related content, to not heighten body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Rounsefell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Simone Gibson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Siân McLean
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of Psychology and Public HealthLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Merran Blair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Annika Molenaar
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Linda Brennan
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Helen Truby
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tracy A. McCaffrey
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Zarychta K, Chan CKY, Kruk M, Luszczynska A. Body satisfaction and body weight in under- and healthy-weight adolescents: mediating effects of restrictive dieting, healthy and unhealthy food intake. Eat Weight Disord 2020. [PMID: 29520585 PMCID: PMC6997259 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Theoretical models, such as the transdiagnostic model of eating disorders highlight the role of cognitive factors (e.g., the way people perceive their bodies) and their associations with maladaptive weight management behaviors resulting in underweight. This paper aims at testing the indirect association of adolescent's body satisfaction and body mass index (BMI) through restrictive dieting, healthy eating or unhealthy eating as well as moderating role of adolescent's weight status. METHODS The study was conducted in 16 public middle and high schools in Central and Eastern Poland. A sample of 1042 under- and healthy-weight white adolescents aged 13-20 (BMI: 12.63-24.89) completed two self-reported questionnaires (fruit, vegetable, and energy-dense food intake) with a 11-month interval. Weight and height were measured objectively. Multiple mediation analysis and moderated multiple mediation analysis were conducted to test the study hypotheses. RESULTS Adolescents less satisfied with their bodies were more likely to diet restrictively and at the same time ate more unhealthy energy-dense food rather than healthy food, which in turn predicted lower BMI. No moderating effects of weight status were found. CONCLUSIONS Low body satisfaction is a risk for restrictive diet and unhealthy food intake. Prevention programs may target under- and healthy-weight adolescents who are highly dissatisfied with their bodies, have a high intake of energy-dense food and apply a restrictive diet at the same time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: longitudinal cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zarychta
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 30b Ostrowskiego Street, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Carina K Y Chan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kruk
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 30b Ostrowskiego Street, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Luszczynska
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 30b Ostrowskiego Street, 53-238, Wroclaw, Poland.,University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80933-7105, USA
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De Wilde M, Casini A, Wollast R, Demoulin S. Sex is power belief and women’s mental health: The mediating roles of self‐objectification and sexual subjectivity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias De Wilde
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Annalisa Casini
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Robin Wollast
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Bruxelles Belgium
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49
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Shome D, Vadera S, Male SR, Kapoor R. Does taking selfies lead to increased desire to undergo cosmetic surgery. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:2025-2032. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Shome
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery The Esthetic Clinics Mumbai India
| | - Sapna Vadera
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery and Facial Cosmetic Surgery The Esthetic Clinics Mumbai India
| | - Shiva Ram Male
- The Esthetic Clinics & School of Medical Sciences University of Hyderabad Mumbai India
| | - Rinky Kapoor
- Department of Dermatology Cosmetic Dermatology & Dermato‐Surgery The Esthetic Clinics Mumbai India
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50
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Mackowiak R, Lucibello KM, Gilchrist JD, Sabiston CM. Examination of Actual and Ideal Body-Related Characteristics and Body-Related Pride in Adult Males. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988319874642. [PMID: 31690212 PMCID: PMC6728689 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319874642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image concerns are becoming more prevalent in males. Discrepancies between
actual and ideal body muscularity and thinness have been studied from a
pathological perspective whereby perceiving the body as discrepant from an
internalized ideal is associated with body dissatisfaction, negative emotions,
and harmful body-altering behaviors. It is unclear if agreement among actual and
ideal self-perceptions is associated with positive emotion in males. The present
study examined the associations between actual and ideal congruence and
discrepancies in muscularity and thinness, and two facets of pride (i.e.,
authentic and hubristic pride) in male adults. Participants (n
= 294; Mage = 34.80 years;
MBMI = 27.31 kg/m2) completed a
cross-sectional self-report survey. Results from polynomial regressions
indicated that actual and ideal self-perceptions of muscularity and thinness
were significant predictors of both authentic (R2 =
.37 and .20) and hubristic pride (R2 = .33 and .19),
respectively. Response surface values demonstrated that extremely high or low
scores that were congruent for muscularity (a2 = .35
and .40) and thinness (a2 = .18 and .18) perceptions
were associated with higher reports of authentic and hubristic pride. These
findings demonstrated that congruence in actual and ideal self-perceptions
contribute to feelings of pride, suggesting interventions that promote actual
and ideal self-perception congruence may be important for fostering positive
emotional experiences in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mackowiak
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristen M Lucibello
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna D Gilchrist
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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