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Webb MD, Melough MM, Earthman CP, Katz SE, Pacanowski CR. Associations between anthropometry, body composition, and body image in athletes: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372331. [PMID: 38803833 PMCID: PMC11129708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poor body image is a potent risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders. Athletes are a population at increased risk for eating disorders despite reports of lower body image concerns compared to non-athletes. Body size and composition may influence an athlete's susceptibility to poor body image. Methods Five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the association between body measures (i.e., anthropometric and body composition indicators) and body image in athletes. The systematic review was completed following PRISMA guidelines and 27 cross-sectional studies were identified for inclusion and evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Results Studies differed in methodological assessment of anthropometry or body composition (i.e., self-reported versus researcher-measured), methods for evaluating aspects of body image, geographic location, and sport type. Higher body mass index (BMI) or percent body fat (%BF) was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction in 16 of 22 studies (72.7%). Positive associations between body measures and aspects of negative body image were most consistently observed among studies that assessed BMI based on self-reported heights and weights, while significant associations between body composition measures (e.g., %BF, fat mass, fat-free mass) were less common. Four of seven studies assessing relationships between BMI and an aspect of positive body image reported significant inverse relationships, while three revealed insignificant associations. Discussion Overall, higher BMI and body fat were associated with body dissatisfaction among athletes. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings within focused populations and utilizing body composition methods (e.g., bioelectrical impedance techniques). Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023446518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Webb
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carrie P. Earthman
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah E. Katz
- Research and Engagement Department, Library, Museums, and Press, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carly R. Pacanowski
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Nebel-Schwalm MS. Family pressure and support on young adults' eating behaviors and body image: The role of gender. Appetite 2024; 196:107262. [PMID: 38368910 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Families play a key role in establishing eating habits of children, yet whether families continue to influence eating behaviors of young adults remains an open question. It is also not clear whether associations between family variables (i.e., support and pressure) are similar for adult sons and daughters regarding eating pathology. The present cross-sectional study examined family correlates on disordered eating, body satisfaction, and drive for muscularity. The aim was to examine the associations of family support and family pressure with eating pathology, and to determine whether gender moderated the associations. Among 365 undergraduates (Mage = 18.9 years, 62 % Caucasian, 48 % female), neither family pressure nor family support were significantly associated with the drive for muscularity, whereas both were associated with disordered eating, and family pressure was associated with body satisfaction. Gender moderated the relationship of family pressure and body satisfaction (p = 0.03) and, unexpectedly, the relationship of family support and disordered eating (p = 0.02). Contrary to prediction, family pressure had stronger associations with body satisfaction for men (i.e., men had a more robust association (beta = -0.31, p < .001) than women (beta = -0.19, p = 0.004)). For women, the relationship of family support and disordered eating was not significant (beta = 0.07, p = 0.452); but, was significant for men (beta = -0.25, p < .001). These findings suggest that family pressure and support are associated with eating pathology among young adults, and that in some instances the associations were larger for men, thus highlighting the importance of including men in eating pathology research. Pending replication, these results suggest that family attitudes, behaviors, and support may be necessary topics to address when designing prevention programs for young adults.
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Stephens LE, Bowers EP, Schmalz DL, Duffy LN, Lenhoff J. A mixed method approach to evaluating eating-related psychopathologies in collegiate student-athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1761-1774. [PMID: 34243701 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1947304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the presence of body image concerns, drive for muscularity, and disordered eating behaviors in collegiate student-athletes. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and one NCAA Division I student-athletes participated in Phase I; 15 of these also participated in Phase II. METHODS This study employed a mixed method, sequential explanatory design. Participants first completed survey measures assessing body image concern, drive for muscularity, and eating behaviors. These results influenced open-ended, semi-structured interviews, which were thematically analyzed. RESULTS Body image and disordered eating behaviors were of greater concern than drive for muscularity. Student-athletes reported engaging in eating behaviors as opposed to not eating, yet these eating behaviors trended toward disordered behaviors such as obsessive "healthy eating" or orthorexia. CONCLUSIONS This study took a novel methodological approach to examining student-athlete body image and eating behaviors. Results emphasize the need for further support and education for student-athletes around body image and eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stephens
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edmond P Bowers
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dorothy L Schmalz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lauren N Duffy
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Cusack KW, Petrie TA, Moore EWG. Self-compassion, body satisfaction, and disordered eating symptoms in male collegiate athletes: A longitudinal analysis. Body Image 2022; 43:134-142. [PMID: 36115327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Male athletes are a subpopulation at risk for developing eating disorders and disordered eating concerns, primarily due to the presence of socioculturally-based factors, including body dissatisfaction. Self-compassion may alleviate this risk by improving body satisfaction. To date, no study has examined longitudinally self-compassion's effect on body satisfaction and, ultimately, disordered eating in male athletes. Across two time points separated by four months, we assessed self-compassion, body satisfaction, and disordered eating in 454 male collegiate athletes. Through cross-lagged, panel analysis, after controlling for the Time 1 scores, we determined that: (a) Time 1 self-compassion was neither directly related to Time 2 body satisfaction (β = 0.02, p = .755), nor indirectly to Time 2 disordered eating (β = -0.002, 95% BCaCI [-0.028, 0.014]), and (b) Time 1 body satisfaction directly predicted Time 2 disordered eating (β = -0.12, p < 0.05). Our findings extend past research, demonstrating that body satisfaction is a primary antecedent to disordered eating among male athletes. However, the proposed effects of self-compassion on the body satisfaction to disordered eating relationship were not supported and may be dependent on gender and athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb W Cusack
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Trent A Petrie
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.
| | - E Whitney G Moore
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health & Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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He J, Tang C, Song J, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Cui S, Ren Y, Nagata JM. The Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale: Development and initial validation in Chinese adult men. Body Image 2022; 43:326-336. [PMID: 36244184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study developed the Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale (MBIS), a measure of muscularity bias internalization, which assesses the extent to which an individual endorses muscularity-based stereotypes and engages in negative self-evaluations due to muscularity. In Study 1, a pool of candidate items was developed. By using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 300 Chinese adult men (Mage = 29.98 years, SD = 7.81), 14 items from the item pool were retained. The 14-item MBIS contained three factors. In Study 2, a second sample of 300 Chinese adult men (Mage = 29.50 years, SD = 7.50) was used to confirm the factor structure of the MBIS, as well as to examine its reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) further confirmed the three-factor structure of the MBIS with a good model fit. The MBIS showed high internal consistency reliability and high two-week test-retest reliability. The MBIS also showed good construct validity with measures of drive for muscularity, muscularity-oriented disordered eating, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. The newly developed MBIS may help understand the role of muscularity bias internalization in the development and maintenance of muscularity-oriented body image and muscularity-oriented disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Song
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoxiang Ren
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Murray MF, Perelman H, Sandhu D, Quiñones IC, Haedt-Matt AA. Overweight preoccupation is associated with eating pathology in male collegiate athletes with body dissatisfaction. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2387-2395. [PMID: 35175574 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined specific aspects of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity as correlates of eating pathology and explored sport confidence as a moderator of these associations in male collegiate athletes. METHOD Ninety-three male collegiate athletes who endorsed body dissatisfaction and were enrolled in a body dissatisfaction intervention study completed baseline measures of appearance orientation, appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, muscularity-oriented attitudes and behaviors, eating pathology symptoms, and sport confidence. RESULTS There were significant associations between overweight preoccupation and cognitive restraint, purging, binge eating, and excessive exercise, appearance orientation and cognitive restraint, negative appearance evaluation and restricting, muscularity-oriented attitudes and binge eating, and muscularity-oriented behaviors and excessive exercise. Low-to-moderate sport confidence moderated the association between muscularity-oriented behaviors and purging. CONCLUSION Findings highlight a need for interventions targeting drive for muscularity and body dissatisfaction, especially overweight preoccupation, in male collegiate athletes. Findings additionally suggest a need to further examine the utility of sport confidence in prevention and intervention programs targeting eating pathology in larger samples of male athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, Cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Murray
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Hayley Perelman
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Applied Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Sandhu
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Isabel C Quiñones
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
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Perelman H, Schwartz N, Yeoward-Dodson J, Quiñones IC, Murray MF, Dougherty EN, Townsel R, Arthur-Cameselle J, Haedt-Matt AA. Reducing eating disorder risk among male athletes: A randomized controlled trial investigating the male athlete body project. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:193-206. [PMID: 35037275 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No study to date has investigated an intervention program for male athletes that targets eating disorder risk factors. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of the Male Athlete Body Project (MABP), an adaptation of the Female Athlete Body Project on body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, body-ideal internalization, and muscle dysmorphia. METHOD Participants were 79 male collegiate athletes who were randomized to the MABP (n = 39) or an assessment-only control condition (n = 40). All participants completed psychometrically validated measures at three time points: baseline, post-treatment (3 weeks after baseline for the control condition), and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Hierarchical Linear Modeling assessed differences between conditions across time. Interaction effects revealed that participation in the MABP improved satisfaction with specific body parts and reduced drive for muscularity and body-ideal internalization at post-treatment compared to a control group. Athletes in the MABP also reported increased body areas satisfaction and reductions in drive for muscularity at 1-month follow-up. Reductions in supplement use were observed at 1-month follow-up only. DISCUSSION This study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the MABP in reducing some eating disorder risk factors up to 1 month after the intervention; follow-up study considerations are discussed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04077177 PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights the importance of eating disorder and body image intervention efforts for male athletes. Findings suggest that male college athletes who attended a 3-session group intervention based on a well-established program for college women experienced an increase in satisfaction with specific body areas and a reduction in some eating disorder risk factors (e.g., drive for muscularity, supplement use, and body-ideal internalization) compared to a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Perelman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Schwartz
- Department of Behavioral Health, Swedish Medical Group, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Yeoward-Dodson
- Division of Student Affairs, Counseling and Psychological Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Isabel C Quiñones
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew F Murray
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Raven Townsel
- Division of Student Affairs, Counseling and Psychological Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessyca Arthur-Cameselle
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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PEREIRA FRANCO VH, VETORACCI VIANA M, DE FRANÇA FERRAZ A, SANTANA K, KOMMERS MJ, ROBSON MONTEIRO DE ANDRADE B, ANDRADE SILVA RODRIGUES R, CORRÊA JR A, FETT CA, PERROUT DE LIMA JR, DA SILVA NOVAES J. Body image dissatisfaction of bodybuilder and active women. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Walsh JA, Petrie TA, Chatterton J. The frequency of weigh-ins, weight intentionality and management, and eating among male collegiate athletes. Eat Behav 2020; 39:101432. [PMID: 32980591 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sociocultural pressures in male athletics emphasize masculinity in the form of muscularity, leanness, and physical strength. Although research has examined extensively weight, weigh-ins, and weight pressures among female athletes, these issues have been minimally considered with male athletes. Thus, our purpose was to examine the weight environment and practices of NCAA (i.e., Divisions I, II, III) collegiate male athletes from 19 different sports (e.g., basketball, cross country, golf, tennis, wrestling). Specifically, we surveyed 698 male athletes regarding frequency and circumstances of team weigh-ins, weight management behaviors, weight intentions, caloric intake, and guidance received for healthfully managing weight and eating. Overall, relatively few male athletes reported undergoing mandatory team weigh-ins (21.8%). However, within this subgroup required to engage in them, most weigh-ins occurred at least once per week or more (59.2%), and most athletes' weights were made public (75.7%). Just over 30% of the weighed athletes used at least one strategy to prepare for weigh-ins, primarily relying on exercise or caloric restriction. The majority (85.2%) wanted to change their weight, primarily by gaining muscle mass. Most athletes received guidance from qualified sources (e.g., athletic trainer) regarding healthy weight management (63.5%) and nutrition (70.2%). Overall, few male athletes are subjected to mandatory weigh-ins, and such participation is not related to pathological weight control behaviors. Further, male athletes appear to have access to qualified sources for information on healthful management of weight and eating, which may help them as they pursue their goals of increased muscularity and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andy Walsh
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, #311280, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Trent A Petrie
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, #311280, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Justine Chatterton
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, #311280, Denton, TX 76201, USA
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Gibson C, Hindle C, McLay-Cooke R, Slater J, Brown R, Smith B, Baker D, Healey P, Black K. Body Image Among Elite Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2217-2222. [PMID: 31343602 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gibson, C, Hindle, C, McLay-Cooke, R, Slater, J, Brown, R, Smith, B, Baker, D, Healey, P, and Black, K. Body image among elite rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2217-2222, 2019-There is limited information on the risk of eating disorders (EDs) and body image of elite male athletes. However, research studies suggest that there are some athletes who have poor body image and they may be at increased risk of developing EDs. Therefore, the current study investigated risk of EDs, body image, and the relationship with age, in elite rugby union players during their preseason training period. This cross-sectional study was undertaken at the start of the preseason among elite rugby union players in New Zealand. Twenty-six professional rugby union players completed a 49-item questionnaire on body image and disordered eating. A "body image score" was calculated from questionnaire subscales including "drive for thinness," "bulimia," and "body dissatisfaction," with total scores above 20 indicative of poor body image. Body image scores varied from 8 to 39 out of a possible 0-100. Disordered eating behaviors were reported, including binge eating at least once a week (15%, n = 4/26), pathogenic weight control use (4%, n = 1/26), and avoidance of certain foods (77%, n = 20/26). There was a statistically significant inverse association between the bulimia subscale and age (p = 0.034). At the start of the preseason training period, many elite rugby union players experience disturbances in body image. The prevalence of disordered eating behaviors is of concern, and needs to be minimized due to the negative impact on health and performance. A focus on assessment and education of younger male rugby players may be required to reduce disordered eating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chloe Hindle
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanne Slater
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brett Smith
- Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Chiefs Super Rugby, Ruakura Research Center, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Dane Baker
- Chiefs Super Rugby, Ruakura Research Center, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Philip Healey
- Chiefs Super Rugby, Ruakura Research Center, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Pinto AJ, Dolan E, Baldissera G, Gonçalves LDS, Jardim FGDA, Mazzolani BC, Smaira FI, Sato PDM, Scagliusi FB, Gualano B. "Despite being an athlete, I am also a human-being": Male elite gymnasts' reflections on food and body image. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:964-972. [PMID: 31623533 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1682059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms related to eating disorders, disordered eating and body image perception, and attitudes toward eating in a group of elite male artistic gymnastics. Seventeen athletes took part in this quali-quantitative, cross-sectional study. Presence of eating disorders symptoms, and body image perception and satisfaction were assessed using validated questionnaires. Focus groups were held to discuss their attitudes toward eating and body image perception in more detail. Little to no evidence of symptoms consistent with eating disorders was observed, and this was supported by the qualitative data. However, some concerning practices and attitudes were described. Negative emotional eating cycles appeared prevalent (e.g. feelings of anger, stress and anxiety creating a desire to eat "junk foods", followed by guilt and regret). Body image perception and attitudes toward body weight's influence on performance varied widely. Some athletes expressed a desire to lose weight and believed that this would positively impact their performance, while others believed weight to be irrelevant and focused on feeling strong and vital. Athletes believed their female counterparts experienced far greater pressure to maintain low body weight and described some very concerning practices. We conclude that eating disorders and disordered eating did not appear to be prevalent among these elite male artistic gymnastics. However, some concerning attitudes and practices were observed and should be addressed with nutritional support programmes encompassing psychological and behavioural aspects of eating. These programmes should be extended to support staff and significant others, in addition to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jéssica Pinto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Baldissera
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gregório de Araújo Jardim
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caruso Mazzolani
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Infante Smaira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Morais Sato
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Douglas VJ, Kwan MY, Minnich AM, Gordon KH. The interaction of sociocultural attitudes and gender on disordered eating. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:2140-2146. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Douglas
- Department of PsychologyNorth Dakota State University, Fargo North Dakota
| | - Mun Yee Kwan
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Social WorkWest Texas A&M University Canyon Texas
| | - Allison M. Minnich
- Department of PsychologyNorth Dakota State University, Fargo North Dakota
| | - Kathryn H. Gordon
- Department of PsychologyNorth Dakota State University, Fargo North Dakota
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An Inductive Thematic Analysis of Male Competitive Figure Skaters’ Experiences of Weight Pressure in Sport. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to examine male competitive figure skaters’ experiences of weight pressure in sport. Specifically, male skaters’ perceptions of the ideal skating body, sources of weight pressure in elite figure skating, and the perceived role of their sport in shaping body image, athletic performance, eating, and exercise behaviors were explored. Through a social constructivist lens, an inductive thematic analysis was used to examine the contextual influences of the skating environment. Thirteen male figure skaters ages 16–24 (M = 18.53, SD = 3.33) with an average 10.38 years of skating experience (SD = 4.05) were interviewed. Skaters identified the parameters for the ideal body in skating along with specific weight pressures, body image concerns, and weight management strategies. Similar to female skaters, male skaters perceived that body image affected psychological factors that influence sport performance. Sport psychologists and consultants should be attentive to the skating environment and how specific performance and appearance demands may influence an athlete’s mindset.
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Chatterton J, Petrie TA, Schuler KL, Ruggero C. Bulimic Symptomatology Among Male Collegiate Athletes: A Test of an Etiological Model. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:313-326. [PMID: 29179631 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested Petrie and Greenleaf's psychosocial model in relation to male athletes' bulimic symptomatology. Through structural equation modeling, we cross-sectionally examined the direct and indirect effects of general and sport-specific appearance pressures, internalization, body satisfaction, drive for muscularity, negative affect, and dietary restraint on bulimic symptomatology. Participants were U.S. male collegiate athletes (N = 698; Mage = 19.87 years) representing 17 sports. With minor respecifications, the model had acceptable fit, and the psychosocial variables explained 48% of the bulimic symptomatology variance. Although all variable paths were significant, sport pressures, such as from coaches and teammates about weight, importance of appearance, and looking good in a uniform, were the most salient latent variable. Athletes' engagement in muscle-building behaviors added uniquely and substantively as well. Our analysis begins to clarify the complex interactions among these psychosocial variables in understanding male athletes' bulimic symptomatology and provides a base from which to develop prevention programming.
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Mitchell L, Murray SB, Hoon M, Hackett D, Prvan T, O'Connor H. Correlates of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology in natural bodybuilders: Distinguishing factors in the pursuit of hyper-muscularity. Body Image 2017; 22:1-5. [PMID: 28535445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by the pathological pursuit of muscularity and leanness, which includes eating- and exercise-related practices. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify correlations of MD symptomatology in natural bodybuilders. An online survey assessing diet, supplementation and training practices, and MD and eating disorder symptoms was completed by male bodybuilders with recent experience competing in a drug-tested competition. Sixty participants (age 29.6±7.1 years) completed the survey. Eating disorder scores (β=.298), rate of pre-competition weight loss (β=.307) and number of competitions (β=-.257) were significant predictors of MD. The association between the EAT-26 and MDDI underscores the salience of disordered eating pathology in presentations of MD. Supporting this, greater rate of pre-competition weight loss, which may reflect disordered eating practices, is also associated with MD symptomatology. The inverse association of competition experience suggests novice bodybuilders may display increased MD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Mitchell
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew Hoon
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tania Prvan
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
| | - Helen O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
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