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Hirvelä L, Keski-Rahkonen A, Sipilä PN. Associations of broad eating disorder symptoms with later alcohol problems in Finnish adult twins: A nationwide 10-year follow-up. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1854-1865. [PMID: 37353472 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders are associated with subsequent alcohol problems, but it is not known whether this association also extends to broader eating disorder symptoms not captured by clinical diagnoses. We assessed the longitudinal association of broad eating disorder symptoms with alcohol problems in a nationwide twin sample (FinnTwin16). METHODS Finnish women (N = 1905) and men (N = 1449) self-reported their eating disorder symptoms using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 Bulimia, Drive for Thinness, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales at the mean age of 24.4 years in 2000-2003. A subsample of participants also completed items on drive for muscularity, height dissatisfaction, and muscle-enhancing supplement use. Alcohol problems were assessed 10 years later at the age of 34.1 in 2010-2012 with the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index. RESULTS Eating disorder symptoms were associated with later alcohol problems (odds ratio per point increase 1.02-1.18). Bulimia showed stronger associations among men than women (p for interaction .012). Drive for muscularity and height dissatisfaction were also associated with later alcohol problems, but supplement use was not. When accounting for baseline alcohol problems, only Bulimia (among women and men) and Drive for Thinness (among men) were significantly associated with later alcohol problems. Bulimia was also significantly associated with later alcohol problems in within-twin-pair analyses among dizygotic twins, but not among monozygotic twins. DISCUSSION In a longitudinal setting, eating disorder symptoms were associated with later alcohol problems. Bulimic symptoms were a stronger risk factor for men than women. These associations may be attributable to baseline alcohol problems, childhood environment and genetic liability. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE This study found that both young adult women and men with broad eating disorder symptoms are at a higher risk of alcohol-related problems than those without such symptoms. Men with bulimic symptoms were at a particularly high risk. These findings emphasize the need for better prevention and treatment of disordered eating, body image concerns and alcohol problems for both young adult women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hirvelä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pyry N Sipilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Santos CG, Almeida M, de Oliveira Júnior ML, Brown TA, de Carvalho PHB. Psychometric Evaluation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Brazilian Cisgender Gay and Bisexual Adult Men. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:989. [PMID: 36673744 PMCID: PMC9858959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite high levels of muscularity concerns among sexual-minority men, most of the existing literature on the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia focuses on heterosexual men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men who were 18-50 years old. We evaluated the factor structure of both measures using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA; n = 704) and confirmatory (CFA; n = 705) factor-analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the MDDI and resulted in a reduced two-factor solution with 13 items for the DMS. Convergent validity was supported through associations of the DMS and the MDDI with eating disorder symptoms, body-ideal internalization, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, and body appreciation measures. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of both measures. Results support the validity and reliability of the DMS and the MDDI in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and will support future studies exploring these constructs in Brazilian sexual-minority men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleonaldo Gonçalves Santos
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group (NICTA), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício Almeida
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group (NICTA), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Lúcio de Oliveira Júnior
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group (NICTA), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-9027, USA
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group (NICTA), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-180, MG, Brazil
- Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry (AMBULIM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, SP, Brazil
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3
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Ghaderi A, Welch E. Appearance and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Supplements, Eating Disorders Symptoms, Drive for Muscularity, and Sexual Orientation in a Sample of Young Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224920. [PMID: 36432606 PMCID: PMC9695459 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an anonymous online study (N = 824), we investigated the frequency of use of appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) in a sample of young men (15−30 years) in Sweden, along with their self-reported eating disorder (ED) symptoms, drive for muscularity and sexual orientation. A total of 129 participants (16.1%) reported regular use of supplements (at least once a week), including one individual using anabolic steroids (0.1%), while a lifetime use of APEDS was reported by 32.3%. The overlap between those using protein supplements and creatine was large (83.6%). Some symptoms of ED (e.g., dietary restraint, objective binge eating, self-induced vomiting, and excessive exercise) significantly predicted the use of APEDS. In addition, the use of APEDS was significantly predicted by the drive for muscularity. The prediction was stronger for the behavioral component of drive for muscularity (Exponential B = 8.50, B = 2.14, SE = 0.16, p < 0.001, Negelkerke R2 = 0.517) than for its attitudinal component (Exponential B = 1.52, B = 0.42, SE = 0.06, p < 0.001, Negelkerke R2 = 0.088). A significantly larger proportion of those identifying as heterosexual reported using APEDS (34.4%) compared to those identifying themselves as homosexual (25.0%), bisexual (19.2%) or other (23.7%). Overall, our results suggest that the use of APEDS might be more related to the drive for muscularity and sexual orientation than symptoms of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Ghaderi
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-852483248
| | - Elisabeth Welch
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, 10462 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cheah WL, Shin ECV, Hazmi H. Examining gender difference in disordered eating behaviour and its associated factors among college and university students in Sarawak. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221132597. [PMID: 36285456 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221132597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Disordered eating is common among late adolescents and young adults who pursue an idealised body image. Aims: This study aims to determine the prevalence of disordered eating between males and females and its associated factors among college and university students in Sarawak. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 20 public and private colleges and universities in Sarawak, from September 2017 to March 2020. Respondents completed self-administered questionnaires both in the English and Malay language. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, eating attitude, body dissatisfaction, perceived sociocultural pressure, self-esteem, drive for muscularity and perfectionism were collected. Results: A total of 776 respondents (male: 30.9%; female: 69.1%) aged 19 to 25 years old took part in the study. The overall prevalence of disordered eating was 25.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21.9; 28.7) with females (28.6%, 95% CI 24.6; 32.9) higher than males (15.6%, 95% CI 10.5; 21.9). Multivariate analysis showed for both male and female models, perceived sociocultural pressure (male: β = 1.125, p < 0.01; female: β = 1.052, p = 0.003), drive for muscularity (male: β = 1.033, p = 0.017; female: β = 1.032, p < 0.01) and perfectionism (male: β = 1.098, p = 0.02; female:β = 1.119, p < 0.01) were predictors for disordered eating. Conclusion: The prevalence of disordered eating among college and university students in Sarawak was high. The findings suggest that although there were gender differences in the prevalence of disordered eating, its associated factors were the same. The findings of this study will be useful for designing and implementing disordered eating prevention and intervention programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whye Lian Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Edmund Chin Vui Shin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Helmy Hazmi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Klimek P, Convertino AD, Gonzales M, Roesch SC, Blashill AJ. Confirmatory Factor and Measurement Invariance Analyses of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Sexual Minority Men and Women. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers 2022; 9:236-243. [PMID: 35757789 PMCID: PMC9231648 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) is a commonly used measure used to assess the pursuit of muscularity. However, the factor structure of this measure has yet to be confirmed in a sample of sexual minority women. Moreover, the invariance of this measure across gender has also yet to be explored. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the DMS in samples of both cisgender sexual minority men and women, and subsequently evaluate the measurement invariance by gender. The sample consisted of 962 cisgender sexual minority young adult men (N = 479) and women (N = 483). A series of CFAs were conducted, assessing both the one-factor and two-factor solutions of the DMS, with and without the inclusion of item 10 ("I think about taking anabolic steroids"). Across cisgender sexual minority young adult men and women, the 14-item two-factor solution demonstrated most appropriate fit, although the 15-item two-factor solution was also adequate among only women. Measurement invariance analyses indicated that the 14-item two-factor DMS can be used in samples of both cisgender sexual minority men and women. The present study was novel in exploring the factor structure of the DMS in sexual minority women and measurement invariance by gender; however, future research is needed to further corroborate these findings and assess measurement invariance by sexual orientation and race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Klimek
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Alexandra D. Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Scott C. Roesch
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Aaron J. Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
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de Carvalho PHB, Bagolin V, Junqueira ACP, Nagata JM, Cattle CJ, Murray SB, Compte EJ, Costa TMB, Almeida SS, Laus MF. Validation and measurement invariance of the muscularity-oriented eating test among Brazilian men and women. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 56:708-720. [PMID: 35277978 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15-item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three-week test-retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. METHOD After the back-translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. RESULTS Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test-retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic-ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. CONCLUSION This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross-cultural studies in this field. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity-oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.,AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Bagolin
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloe J Cattle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Telma Maria Braga Costa
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Perelman H, Schwartz N, Yeoward-Dodson J, Quiñones IC, Murray MF, Dougherty EN, Townsel R, Arthur-Cameselle J, Haedt-Matt AA. Reducing eating disorder risk among male athletes: A randomized controlled trial investigating the male athlete body project. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:193-206. [PMID: 35037275 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No study to date has investigated an intervention program for male athletes that targets eating disorder risk factors. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of the Male Athlete Body Project (MABP), an adaptation of the Female Athlete Body Project on body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, body-ideal internalization, and muscle dysmorphia. METHOD Participants were 79 male collegiate athletes who were randomized to the MABP (n = 39) or an assessment-only control condition (n = 40). All participants completed psychometrically validated measures at three time points: baseline, post-treatment (3 weeks after baseline for the control condition), and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Hierarchical Linear Modeling assessed differences between conditions across time. Interaction effects revealed that participation in the MABP improved satisfaction with specific body parts and reduced drive for muscularity and body-ideal internalization at post-treatment compared to a control group. Athletes in the MABP also reported increased body areas satisfaction and reductions in drive for muscularity at 1-month follow-up. Reductions in supplement use were observed at 1-month follow-up only. DISCUSSION This study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the MABP in reducing some eating disorder risk factors up to 1 month after the intervention; follow-up study considerations are discussed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04077177 PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights the importance of eating disorder and body image intervention efforts for male athletes. Findings suggest that male college athletes who attended a 3-session group intervention based on a well-established program for college women experienced an increase in satisfaction with specific body areas and a reduction in some eating disorder risk factors (e.g., drive for muscularity, supplement use, and body-ideal internalization) compared to a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Perelman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Schwartz
- Department of Behavioral Health, Swedish Medical Group, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Yeoward-Dodson
- Division of Student Affairs, Counseling and Psychological Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Isabel C Quiñones
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew F Murray
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Raven Townsel
- Division of Student Affairs, Counseling and Psychological Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessyca Arthur-Cameselle
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Palermo M, Choquette EM, Ahlich E, Rancourt D. Food and alcohol disturbance by athlete status: the roles of drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, and sex. J Am Coll Health 2021; 69:905-912. [PMID: 31995459 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1713791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between self-identified athlete status and Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) behaviors, and whether this association was moderated by drives for thinness or muscularity, and sex. PARTICIPANTS 575 individuals (77.6% female, 40.0% identifying as athletes) recruited from a large southeastern university. METHODS Participants completed online measures of athletic identity, drives for muscularity and thinness, FAD behaviors, and demographic variables. RESULTS Compared to non-athletes, male athletes with higher drive for muscularity endorsed more alcohol effects behaviors; female athletes endorsed the inverse relationship. Higher drive for thinness was associated with more diet and exercise behaviors among all participants, and extreme weight control behaviors among athletes. CONCLUSIONS Athlete status moderated the associations between drives for thinness/muscularity and FAD Alcohol Effects and Extreme Weight Control Behaviors. Regardless of athlete status, college students with higher drive for thinness are at risk for engaging in more FAD Diet & Exercise behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emily M Choquette
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Erica Ahlich
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Solano-Pinto N, Sevilla-Vera Y, Fernández-Cézar R, Garrido D. Can Parental Body Dissatisfaction Predict That of Children? A Study on Body Dissatisfaction, Body Mass Index, and Desire to Diet in Children Aged 9-11 and Their Families. Front Psychol 2021; 12:650744. [PMID: 33868129 PMCID: PMC8044941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image has been associated with self-care and the assumption of either healthy habits or poor diets and eating disorders. As a vital element in the formation of a positive body image, the role of the family in childhood has been highlighted by a few studies. This study aimed to assess whether children’s body dissatisfaction could be predicted by their parents’ body dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and approach to change. The sample consisted of 581 participants (366 parents and 215 children). The following instruments were used: anthropometric data, the Brief Scale of Body Dissatisfaction for Children, the IMAGE questionnaire (approach to change and drive for muscularity subscales), and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness subscales). The results indicated that 19% of children, 22.8% of mothers, and 70.2% of fathers were overweight or obese. The multiple regression models developed for boys and girls explained 60 and 57% of the variance in body dissatisfaction, respectively. Several variables attributable to the mother (higher approach to change, higher drive for thinness, and higher BMI) and to the boys themselves (drive for muscularity, approach to change, and having a high BMI percentile) predicted a higher level of body dissatisfaction. For girls, only variables regarding themselves (approach to change, age, and BMI percentile) explained their body dissatisfaction. Relationships with the traits of the father were not detected for both models. The influence of sociocultural factors on the construction of gender and the negative consequences of mothers’ dieting for aesthetic purposes, on the development of children’s body image, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Fernández-Cézar
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Education of Toledo, Castilla La Mancha University, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Dunia Garrido
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Almeida M, Brown TA, Campos PF, Amaral ACS, de Carvalho PHB. Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention delivered in-person after an online training: A randomized controlled trial for Brazilian men with body dissatisfaction. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:293-304. [PMID: 33275811 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few prevention programs have been developed and empirically evaluated to address eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in men. Furthermore, new strategies for the broad implementation of available programs are needed. We investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention for Brazilian undergraduate men with body dissatisfaction to target risk and protective factors for ED and MD symptoms (the Body Project: More Than Muscles) after an online training for facilitators. METHOD Participants were randomized to a two-session DB-intervention (n = 89) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 91), and completed validated measures assessing ED and MD risk and protective factors pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-up post-intervention. RESULTS Acceptability ratings were highly favorable. Regarding efficacy, the DB condition demonstrated significantly greater decreases in ED and MD risk factors compared to AOC from pre-intervention to 4-week (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.35-1.10) and 24-week follow-up (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.33-0.78). Results at post-intervention were not significant, with the exception that body appreciation showed significantly greater improvements in the DB condition (post-intervention: p < .01, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.40; 4-week: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.80; and 24-week follow-up: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.58). DISCUSSION Results support the acceptability and efficacy of a DB-intervention delivered in-person after an online training for facilitators up to 24-week follow-up in Brazilian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Almeida
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorder Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Priscila Figueiredo Campos
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorder Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais - Campus Barbacena, Barbacena, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorder Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil.,AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Mathisen TF, Aambø J, Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen C, Svantorp-Tveiten K, Sundgot-Borgen J. Body Figure Idealization and Body Appearance Pressure in Fitness Instructors. Front Psychol 2020; 11:585901. [PMID: 33424701 PMCID: PMC7793892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The fitness centers are settings for health promotion, yet may serve as a stage for counterproductive figure idealization. Such idealization may take the form of a drive toward the thin, the muscular, or lean body figure ideal, which all hold the potential to impel an experience of body appearance pressure (BAP) and body dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to explore figure idealization, body dissatisfaction, and experience of BAP in fitness instructors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fitness instructors, 70 (23%) males and 236 (77%) females, were recruited through their facility chief executive officer and social media for a digital survey on mental health. Results are presented for body appreciation (BAS-2), body dissatisfaction (EDI-BD), drive for muscularity (DM), drive for leanness (DLS), questions on BAP, symptoms of eating disorders (EDE-q), and history of weight regulation and eating disorders (EDs). RESULTS Attempts to gain body weight were reported by 17% of females and 53% of males, whereas ∼76% of males and females, respectively, reported to have attempted weight reduction. Reasons for body weight manipulation were predominantly appearance related, and 10-20% reported disordered eating behavior. Mean BAS-2 and EDI-BD were acceptable, but 28% of females were above clinical cutoff in EDI-BD, and mean DLS were high in both sexes. In total, 8% of females were above clinical cutoff in EDE-q, which corresponded well with the self-reported ED. Approximately 90% of the sample perceived BAP to be a societal issue and reported predominantly customers and colleagues to be the cause of their personal experience of BAP. Fewer than 50% knew of any actions taken by their employer to reduce BAP. There were few differences according to profession or educational level. CONCLUSION Fitness instructors report BAP to affect them negatively, which may put them at risk of impaired mental health. Educational level did not protect against figure idealization and BAP. To care for their employees and to optimize their position as a public health promoter, the fitness industry should target BAP in health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Aambø
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Sicilia A, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Rodgers RF, Granero-Gallegos A, Lo Coco G, Dion J, McCabe M, Strodl E, Markey CH, Aimé A, Gullo S, Mellor D, Castelnuovo G, Probst M, Maïano C, Manzoni GM, Beginr C, Blackburn ME, Pietrabissa G, Hayami-Chisuwa N, He Q, Caltabiano M, Alcaraz-Ibánez M. Cross-Country Measurement Invariance and Effects of Sociodemographic Factors on Body Weight and Shape Concern-Related Constructs in Eight Countries. Body Image 2020; 35:288-299. [PMID: 33181385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the cross-country invariance of five well-established measures of body weight and shape concern-related attitudes and behaviors (i.e., drive for leanness, drive for muscularity, strategies to increase muscle, strategies to lose weight, and weight and shape concerns). A secondary objective was to examine the effects of several sociodemographic factors (age, BMI, socioeconomic status, and gender) on item and latent factor scores of these constructs. A total of 6272 emerging adults (4218 women; Mage = 21.46, SD = 3.11) from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the U.S. completed a self-report online survey as part of a larger study. Overall, support for partial invariance both across countries and in terms of the considered sociodemographic factors was found for reduced versions of the five measures. Significant differences in latent means were found across countries, these being of greater magnitude for drive for leanness and strategies to lose weight. The considered sociodemographic factors (most notably BMI and gender) were associated with the latent mean scores of the assessed constructs. The present study contributes to current literature by providing cross-cultural invariant versions of several measures of relevance in the field of body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sicilia
- Health Research Centre and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | | | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, North Eastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA and Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| | - Antonio Granero-Gallegos
- Health Research Centre and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Sciennze edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Sciences, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, 555, boul. De l'universite, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H 2BI, Canada.
| | - Marita McCabe
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Burwood Road, Hawthorn, 3122, Australia.
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd., Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Charlotte H Markey
- Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Center, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA.
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 5, Rue Saint-Joseph, Saint-Jérôme, Québec, J7Z 0B7, Canada.
| | - Salvatore Gullo
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Viale delle Sciennze edificio 15, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Giuseppe Hospital, Strada Cadorna 90, 28824, Oggebbio, VB, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michel Probst
- Dept of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N 4 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 5, Rue Saint-Joseph, Saint-Jérôme, Québec, J7Z 0B7, Canada.
| | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Department of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, CO, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Giuseppe Hospital, Strada Cadorna 90, 28824, Oggebbio, VB, Italy.
| | - Catherine Beginr
- School of Psychology, Laval University, 2325 Allee des Bibliotheques, Quebec, GIVOA6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Blackburn
- ECOBES-Research and Transfer, Cegep de Jonquiere, 2505, Saint-Hubert Street, Jonquiere, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Giuseppe Hospital, Strada Cadorna 90, 28824, Oggebbio, VB, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Naomi Hayami-Chisuwa
- Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Qiqiang He
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China.
| | - Marie Caltabiano
- School of Psychology, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Manuel Alcaraz-Ibánez
- Health Research Centre and Department of Education, University of Almeria, Ctra de Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
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13
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You S, Shin K. Sociocultural Influences, Drive for Thinness, Drive for Muscularity, and Body Dissatisfaction among Korean Undergraduates. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145260. [PMID: 32708241 PMCID: PMC7400067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For many years, body dissatisfaction was considered a western phenomenon, and was studied mostly in Caucasian women. Recent studies, however, suggest that these issues are also present in men and in other ethnic groups. This research investigated the differential effects of various sociocultural pressures transmitted from the media, one’s parents, and one’s peers on the drives for thinness and muscularity, and body dissatisfaction among 1125 Korean college students (56% male) using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that, after controlling for body mass index and exercise, media pressures exerted the largest effects on participants’ body ideals and, in turn, body dissatisfaction across both genders (β = 0.44, and 0.30, p < 0.05, for females and males, respectively). This study’s results also indicate that there are considerable gender differences in this relationship. Specifically, the results show that parental and media pressure had significant indirect relationships with body dissatisfaction via the drive for thinness among females, while peer and media pressures had significant indirect relationships with body dissatisfaction via the drive for muscularity among males. As body dissatisfaction is known to significantly affect an individual’s mental and physical health, future research needs to identify relevant influential factors in this area, as well as the paths they have leading to increased body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukkyung You
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 130-791, Korea;
| | - Kyulee Shin
- Department of Sports Sciences, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
- Correspondence:
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14
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Murray SB, Brown TA, Blashill AJ, Compte EJ, Lavender JM, Mitchison D, Mond JM, Keel PK, Nagata JM. The development and validation of the muscularity-oriented eating test: A novel measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:1389-1398. [PMID: 31343090 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body dissatisfaction is intricately linked to the development of disordered eating. However, as male body dissatisfaction appears more oriented toward muscularity, versus thinness per se, existing measures of eating disorder psychopathology may lack sensitivity in capturing disordered eating that is muscularity-focused. The aim of the present study was to develop a specific measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating-the muscularity-oriented eating test (MOET). METHOD Candidate items were generated and refined in consultation with eating disorder-focused researchers and focus groups of men with eating disorders. Examination of the MOET comprised two studies, consisting of 511 undergraduate men, divided into two component samples. In Study 1 (n = 307), candidate items were generated and refined via exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then used to confirm the single factor structure in Study 2 (n = 204). RESULTS EFA revealed a 15-item single factor structure, which was later confirmed through CFA in a separate sample of undergraduate men. Furthermore, the MOET yielded evidence of internal consistency (Study 1: omega = 0.93, 95% CI [0.91, 0.94]; Study 2: omega = 0.92, 95% CI [0.90, 0.93]), 7-day (Study 1) and 21-days (Study 2) test-retest correlation (rs = .75, for Study 1 and 2) and convergent and divergent validity. DISCUSSION The MOET represents a psychometrically sound, novel measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Future research should examine its utility in clinical samples and research into muscularity-oriented disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Aaron J Blashill
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.,San Diego State/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Emilio J Compte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,School of Human and Behavioral Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Eating Disorders Team, Fundación Foro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Mond
- Center for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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15
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Mathisen TF, Sundgot-Borgen J. Mental Health Symptoms Related to Body Shape Idealization in Female Fitness Physique Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110236. [PMID: 31739479 PMCID: PMC6915661 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity relates to optimal health, still the prevalence of mental health issues is high among athletes. Being young, female, and competing in aesthetic sports is a high-risk combination for mental health symptoms. Fitness physique athletes (FA) match this profile but are understudied. We aimed to study the intensity of mental health symptoms (i.e., body image, eating behaviour, relation to and routines for exercise, and perfectionism) in FA and in female references (FR), and to evaluate how preparing for fitness sport competitions affects these mental health symptoms. Before competition, FA had higher levels of drive for leanness (DFL) and eating restraint compared to FR. At the time of competition, eating restraint increased in FA only, concurrent with a reduction in symptoms of disordered eating. The levels of DFL, drive for muscularity, eating restraint, and exercising for figure toning were higher in FA compared to FR. At one-month post-competition, the differences between groups from competition time remained. Generally, perfectionism correlated with eating restrictions in FA and with disordered eating in FR. Overall, FA coped with the dieting, but self-control deteriorated post-competition with higher levels of disordered eating and an increased body shape concern. High DFL generally associated with more disordered eating behaviour, specifically in FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Fostervold Mathisen
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Østfold University College, P.O. Box 700, 1757 Halden, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-9575-2818
| | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014, 0806 Oslo, Norway;
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16
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Cunningham ML, Szabo M, Kambanis PE, Murray SB, Thomas JJ, Eddy KT, Franko DL, Griffiths S. Negative psychological correlates of the pursuit of muscularity among women. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:1326-1331. [PMID: 31609026 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing public and scientific focus on women's pursuit of a muscular and toned appearance. However, the psychological correlates of women's drive for muscularity are currently unclear. Therefore, we examined the associations of drive for muscularity with four important negative psychological indices among women: eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. METHOD A sample of 221 university women completed an online survey that included measures assessing the aforementioned constructs. RESULTS Drive for muscularity evidenced positive associations with all negative psychological indices, except for anxiety. Muscularity-oriented attitudes, as opposed to behaviors, demonstrated the strongest associations with ED and depression symptoms. DISCUSSION Our findings make a novel contribution to the scant literature by demonstrating that women who endorse attitudes and/or behaviors geared toward attaining the female muscular ideal may be susceptible to experiencing ED symptoms and negative emotional states. This study provides preliminary evidence that muscularity-oriented attitudes, in particular, may be a promising target for the treatment of EDs and negative emotional states in women with a preoccupation toward muscularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Cunningham
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Evelyna Kambanis
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Debra L Franko
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Abstract
The nature and presentation of eating pathology in ethnically diverse men are not well defined. This study examined associations among ethnicity, body image, and eating pathology in nonclinical college men (N = 343). Analysis of variance analyses indicated that markers of eating, weight, and shape concerns differed by ethnicity: Asian and Hispanic/Latino men reported more pathological levels than European and African American men. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that ethnicity moderated the relationship between drive for muscularity and body checking, which was strongest for Asian men. Results increase awareness of how ethnicity interacts with body image and eating pathology, which underscores the need for individualized, culturally sensitive treatment for ethnically diverse men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K White
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neurological Institute , Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Psychology , University of Nevada Las Vegas , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Jan Mooney
- c Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Cortney S Warren
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nevada Las Vegas , Las Vegas , NV , USA
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18
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Schneider C, Bartuschka J, Voracek M, Hennig-Fast K. The Association of Relationship Status and Sex-Life Satisfaction With Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Muscularity in Male Weight-Lifters. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2759. [PMID: 30705656 PMCID: PMC6344409 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationship status and sexuality are linked to body image concerns, but research on the connection to men’s drive for muscularity (DfM) is scarce. Extreme DfM can lead to a pathological preoccupation with muscularity and problematic eating/exercising behavior. This study investigated the relation of relationship status, relationship duration, and satisfaction with sex-life in weight-lifting men via an online survey (N = 270). Using cross-sectional data, we found that single weight-lifting men and those dissatisfied with their sex-life were more dissatisfied with their muscularity and showed stronger DfM than those in a relationship and satisfied men. Longer relationship duration was associated with less dissatisfaction with muscularity and less DfM while relationship satisfaction was not. Thus, being in a relationship and sexual satisfaction are related to less body dissatisfaction and DfM. Further research should use dyadic study designs to investigate both partners exercising and eating behavior in relation to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Schneider
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Bartuschka
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Chatterton J, Petrie TA, Schuler KL, Ruggero C. Bulimic Symptomatology Among Male Collegiate Athletes: A Test of an Etiological Model. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2017; 39:313-326. [PMID: 29179631 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested Petrie and Greenleaf's psychosocial model in relation to male athletes' bulimic symptomatology. Through structural equation modeling, we cross-sectionally examined the direct and indirect effects of general and sport-specific appearance pressures, internalization, body satisfaction, drive for muscularity, negative affect, and dietary restraint on bulimic symptomatology. Participants were U.S. male collegiate athletes (N = 698; Mage = 19.87 years) representing 17 sports. With minor respecifications, the model had acceptable fit, and the psychosocial variables explained 48% of the bulimic symptomatology variance. Although all variable paths were significant, sport pressures, such as from coaches and teammates about weight, importance of appearance, and looking good in a uniform, were the most salient latent variable. Athletes' engagement in muscle-building behaviors added uniquely and substantively as well. Our analysis begins to clarify the complex interactions among these psychosocial variables in understanding male athletes' bulimic symptomatology and provides a base from which to develop prevention programming.
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20
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Schneider C, Rollitz L, Voracek M, Hennig-Fast K. Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1992. [PMID: 28066308 PMCID: PMC5174100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The drive for muscularity and associated behaviors (e.g., exercising and dieting) are of growing importance for men in Western societies. In its extreme form, it can lead to body image concerns and harmful behaviors like over-exercising and the misuse of performance-enhancing substances. Therefore, investigating factors associated with the drive for muscularity, especially in vulnerable populations like bodybuilders and weight trainers can help identify potential risk and protective factors for body image problems. Using a biopsychosocial framework, the aim of the current study was to explore different factors associated with drive for muscularity in weight-training men. To this purpose, German-speaking male weight trainers (N = 248) completed an online survey to determine the extent to which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to drive for muscularity and its related attitudes and behaviors. Using multiple regression models, findings showed that media ideal body internalization was the strongest positive predictor for drive for muscularity, while age (M = 25.9, SD = 7.4) held the strongest negative association with drive for muscularity. Dissatisfaction with muscularity, but not with body fat, was related to drive for muscularity. The fat-free mass index, a quantification of the actual degree of muscularity of a person, significantly predicted drive for muscularity-related behavior but not attitudes. Body-related aspects of self-esteem, but not global self-esteem, were significant negative predictors of drive for muscularity. Since internalization of media body ideals presented the highest predictive value for drive for muscularity, these findings suggest that media body ideal internalizations may be a risk factor for body image concerns in men, leading, in its most extreme form to disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia. Future research should investigate the relations between drive for muscularity, age, body composition, internalization, dissatisfaction with muscularity and body-related self-esteem using longitudinal study designs. Limitations concern the cross-sectional design of the study, self-reported body composition measures and the homogeneity of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Schneider
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Rollitz
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
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21
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Swami V. Masculinities and ethnicities: Ethnic differences in drive for muscularity in British men and the negotiation of masculinity hierarchies. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:577-92. [PMID: 26592864 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although relatively little is known about ethnic differences in men's drive for muscularity, recent theoretical developments suggest that ethnic minority men may desire greater muscularity to contest their positions of relative subordinate masculinity. This study tested this hypothesis in a sample of 185 White, 180 Black British, and 182 South Asian British men. Participants completed self-report measures of drive for muscularity, need for power, adherence to traditional cultural values, and ethnic group affiliation. Taking into account between-group differences in body mass index, results indicated that White men had significantly lower drive for muscularity than Black and South Asian men, who were not significantly different from each other. In addition, greater need for power was significantly associated with higher drive for muscularity in ethnic minority, but not White, men. Greater adherence to traditional cultural values, but not ethnic group affiliation, was associated with lower drive for muscularity in all ethnic groups. These results suggest that ethnic minority men may desire greater muscularity as a means of negotiating masculinity and attendant ideals of appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, HELP University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Novella J, Gosselin JT, Danowski D. One Size Doesn't Fit All: New Continua of Figure Drawings and Their Relation to Ideal Body Image. J Am Coll Health 2015; 63:353-360. [PMID: 25942358 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study introduces a new figure drawing measure, the Presentation of Images on a Continuum Scale (PICS), which includes continua of bodies from thin to obese and thin to muscular for both men and women. PARTICIPANTS Participants were undergraduate students from a private, Catholic university in Connecticut. The data were collected in the spring of 2010. METHODS Three hundred forty-eight undergraduates completed an online survey that assessed current versus ideal body image as well as attractiveness of body types. RESULTS Results showed that current versus ideal body selection discrepancies on the PICS among women (but not among men) were related to several negative outcomes involving increased body concerns, less body satisfaction, and lower self-esteem, as well as increased drive for muscularity among men. Study implications are described from a social norming perspective.
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Dakanalis A, Favagrossa L, Clerici M, Prunas A, Colmegna F, Zanetti MA, Riva G. Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptomatology: A Latent Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Moderating Variables in 18-to-28-Year-Old Males. J Psychol 2014; 149:85-112. [PMID: 25495164 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2013.842141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although body dissatisfaction is recognized as the strongest risk factor for eating disturbances, a majority of young males are body dissatisfied, but do not concomitantly report severe levels of eating disorder symptomatology. The present investigation was designed to examine five theoretically relevant variables (i.e., body checking, emotional dysregulation, perfectionism, insecure-anxious attachment, and self-esteem) as potential moderators of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and two critical components of male eating disorder symptomatology: drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Data collected from 551 Italian males between 18 and 28 years old were analyzed using latent structural equation modeling. The authors found that emotional dysregulation, body checking, insecure-anxious attachment and perfectionism intensified the relationship between body dissatisfaction and each criterion variable representing male eating disorder symptomatology; the interactions accounted respectively for an additional 2%, 7%, 4% and 5% of variance in drive for muscularity and for an additional 6%, 4%, 5%, and 2% of the variance in bulimic behaviors. By contrast self-esteem weakened this relationship and the interactions accounted for an additional 3% of the variance in both drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Implications of these findings for prevention and treatment of male eating disturbances are discussed.
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Yean C, Benau EM, Dakanalis A, Hormes JM, Perone J, Timko CA. The relationship of sex and sexual orientation to self-esteem, body shape satisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology. Front Psychol 2013; 4:887. [PMID: 24348441 PMCID: PMC3841718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in understanding what role, if any, sex and sexual orientation play in body dissatisfaction, its correlates to distress, and its relationship to disordered eating. The goals of the present study were to examine: (a) differences in sex and sexual orientation in internalization of societal pressure to modify physical appearance, components of body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptomatology and (b) whether the internalization-eating disorder symptomatology was mediated by the different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem. The present data support several key trends in the literature: men generally reported less body dissatisfaction, internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty, drive for thinness, and disordered eating, but a greater drive for muscularity than women; results also indicated that different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between internalization and eating disorder symptomatology. Gay men reported significantly more body dissatisfaction, internalization, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity than heterosexual men. Compared to heterosexual women, lesbians reported increased drive for muscularity, lower self-esteem, and lower internalization; however, they did not significantly differ on body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness or disordered eating. Correlation coefficients between body shape dissatisfaction and several aspects of mental distress were significantly larger for gay men than heterosexual men; the same coefficients did not differ between lesbian women and heterosexual women. Results of path analyses indicated that the relationship between internalization and disordered eating differs for gay and heterosexual men but not for lesbian and heterosexual women. These results call attention to lesbians as a generally understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetra Yean
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erik M Benau
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Julia M Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie Perone
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, West Chester University West Chester, PA, USA
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Psychology, Towson University Towson, MD, USA
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