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Bek J, Sabiston CM, Thibodeau DE, Welsh TN. Gender-specific effects of self-objectification on visuomotor adaptation and learning. Body Image 2024; 51:101795. [PMID: 39332346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-objectification can influence cognitive and motor task performance by causing resources to be reallocated towards monitoring the body. The present study investigated effects of recalling positive or negative body-related experiences on visuomotor adaptation in women and men. Moderating effects of positive and negative affect were also explored. Participants (100 women, 47 men) were randomly assigned to complete a narrative writing task focused on body-related pride or embarrassment before performing a visuomotor adaptation (cursor rotation) task. A retention test of the visuomotor task was completed after 24 h. Men in the embarrassment group were more impacted by the initial cursor rotation (in movement time and accuracy) than the pride group and showed poorer retention of movement time. Women in the embarrassment group were less accurate than the pride group following initial rotation. In women only, affect modulated the effects of the negative recalled scenario. Further analysis indicated that the differences between embarrassment and pride groups remained in a subset of participants (34 women, 28 men) who explicitly referred to their own movement within their recalled scenarios. These results demonstrate that recalling body-related self-conscious emotions can impact visuomotor adaptation and learning in both women and men, but effects may differ between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bek
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada; School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Delaney E Thibodeau
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
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2
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Jankauskiene R, Balciuniene V, Rutkauskaite R, Pajaujiene S, Baceviciene M. The effects of Nirvana fitness and functional training on the body appreciation of young women: non-randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1412259. [PMID: 39011281 PMCID: PMC11247536 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is an important intervention used to improve body image. The present non-randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of Nirvana Fitness (NF) and functional training (FT) on body appreciation and its correlates in young women. Methods Twenty-two students participated in FT, 21 in NF, and 47 in the control (CN) group. The mean age of the study participants was 22.79 ± 6.14 years. The FT and NF groups participated in sessions 2 days per week for 8 weeks, and the CN group did not participate in any sessions. All the participants were evaluated at pre- and post-intervention, filling in the Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2), Mind-Body Connection from the Physical Activity Body Experiences Questionnaire (PABEQ), Body Surveillance from the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), intrinsic exercise motivation from Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ-2), and perceived physical fitness. Results Significant improvements were found in terms of all outcome measures in the FT group, and improvements of body and mind connection and body surveillance in the NF group, while no improvements were observed in the CN group. FT's effect on body appreciation appeared to operate through the improvement of the mind-body connection in the FT and NF groups and via decreased body surveillance in the FT group. Conclusion These findings support the developmental theory of embodiment and provide initial evidence that professionally delivered FT and NF might be used as effective strategies for the promotion of positive body image in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Ji J, Xiang X, Chen R, Chen Z, Yan J. Pathways from media attention and peer communication to body dissatisfaction: the moderating role of protective filtering. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:447. [PMID: 38124201 PMCID: PMC10731836 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative body image is a common psychological phenomenon among young Chinese women, and merits further investigation. Peers and the media are important factors that associated with body image. This study explored how media and peers promote body dissatisfaction among young Chinese women, including the mediating role of body surveillance and the moderating role of protective filtering. METHODS 3499 women from the general China community aged 18-40 years (M = 23.44 years, SD = 1.18 years) were investigated with sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3, objectified body consciousness scale and protective filtering scale. The data were analyzed by using a moderated mediation model with SPSS and the Process 4.0 macro. RESULTS Correlational analysis results indicated that body surveillance acted as a chained indirect effect between the internalization of media information and body dissatisfaction, as well as between peer comparison and body dissatisfaction. Moreover, protective filtering was demonstrated to moderate the path of media attention affecting the internalization of media information and the path of peer communication affecting peer comparisons. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to the understanding of the sociocultural mechanisms underlying young women's negative body image. Furthermore, investigating the moderating effect of protective filtering is conducive to guiding future female positive body image interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Nantong University, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Ren Chen
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zenghong Chen
- Department of Plastic surgery, The second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jing Yan
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Tirkkonen SK, Vespermann D. Incels, autism, and hopelessness: affective incorporation of online interaction as a challenge for phenomenological psychopathology. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1235929. [PMID: 38125854 PMCID: PMC10732311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has drawn attention to the prevalence of self-reported autism within online communities of involuntary celibates (incels). These studies suggest that some individuals with autism may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of incel forums and the hopelessness they generate. However, a more precise description of the experiential connection between inceldom, self-reported autism, and hopelessness has remained unarticulated. Therefore, this article combines empirical studies on the incel community with phenomenological and embodiment approaches to autism, hopelessness, and online affectivity. We analyze three interrelated aspects of online interactions in incel communities - worldview, bodily self-relation, and mutual dismissals - and examine how these elements contribute to the consolidation of the loss of significant life possibilities. By investigating the potential negative influence of specific online environments on affective dispositions, our approach contributes to the debate on current challenges to "situate" phenomenological psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna K. Tirkkonen
- Practical Philosophy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Vespermann
- Section of Phenomenological Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Savage LR, Couture Bue AC. Objectifying the classroom: Examining self-objectification and its effects on cognitive resources within virtual class environments. Body Image 2023; 46:313-323. [PMID: 37429141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Videoconferencing platforms (i.e., Zoom) allow for continuous appearance monitoring via the self-view setting - raising concerns about self-objectification. Prior research indicates that self-objectification is associated with diminished cognitive performance, which may affect learning. This experiment examined how videoconferencing camera settings affect body image and cognitive performance. Female college students (n = 167) participated in a Zoom call with various camera settings: camera with self-view (i.e., others could see them and they could see themselves on screen), camera without self-view (i.e., others on the call could see them, but they could not see themselves), and camera off. After random assignment to condition, participants completed a collaborative exercise, answered questions related to self-objectification and body anxiety, and took a math test. Camera settings had no effect on state self-objectification or appearance anxiety. Participants in the camera without self-view condition demonstrated worse performance on the math test than those who had their cameras off, but no other pairwise comparisons were significant. Surprisingly, high trait self-objectifiers were not more sensitive to self-view camera exposure, though high trait self-objectification was associated with greater appearance anxiety across conditions. State self-objectification did not predict cognitive performance. Still, findings demonstrate a meaningful effect of camera settings on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Savage
- Department of Communication & Journalism, University of Maine, 5724 Dunn Hall, Room 420, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Silva A, Antunes R, Monteiro D, Jacinto M, Matos R, Rodrigues F. What Drives Portuguese Women to Be Physically Active? Associations between Motives and Well-Being Indicators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3352. [PMID: 36834046 PMCID: PMC9966093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Motives and self-esteem play crucial roles in shaping personal behavior and emotions and have been shown to impact well-being. However, the association between these constructs has been overlooked in women who seem to be more externally driven to engage in exercise. The present study was carried out with the objective of analyzing the associations between motives for physical exercise, positive and negative activations, and self-esteem of Portuguese women exercising at gyms and fitness centers. The sample consists of 206 women aged between 16 and 68 years old (M = 35.77; SD = 11.47). Participants answered a short sociodemographic questionnaire, the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The results showed that the health motive had the highest predictive value (β = 0.24; p < 0.01) on self-esteem and demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with positive activation and self-esteem (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the social recognition motive had the lowest predictive value on self-esteem (β = -0.04; p > 0.05) and demonstrated a non-significant correlation with positive activation and self-esteem (p > 0.05). Looking at the coefficients in the hierarchical regression model, it can be seen that the health motive and positive activation were positively and significantly correlated with self-esteem. This study points to the need to raise awareness about the motives of exercise related to the physical and mental health of Portuguese women. Portuguese women that exercise for health motives display greater perceived self-esteem which is an indication of a greater sense of well-being. While the results are limited to Portuguese women, exercise physiologists assessing exercise motives could provide information on how to prescribe exercise as a means to increase self-esteem, considering the positive activation resulting from this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Silva
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raul Antunes
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS—Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), 2040-413 Leiria, Portugal
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Du XY, Wang L, Zuo YF, Wu Q, Qian YL, Ma R. Association between physical activity and online sexual objectification experience: The mediating role of body-image depression. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1049588. [PMID: 36704671 PMCID: PMC9872941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1049588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective With the popularization and development of online media technology, more and more women are paying attention to their body image and physical behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of online sexual objectification experience on the physical activity of female college students and verify the mediating role of body-image depression between them. Methods A cross-sectional convenient sample of 882 female college students from four universities in Hubei Province completed an online survey, and the Online Sexual Objectification Experience Scale (OSOES), the Body-Image Depression Questionnaire, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS) were used to collect the data. The mediating effect of the association between online sexual objectification experience and physical activity, was examined using the process procedure in SPSS and the bootstrap method. Results Online sexual objectification experience was significantly positively correlated with physical activity (r = 0.420, p < 0.01). Body-image depression was significantly negatively correlated with online sexual objectification experience and physical activity (r = -0.484, p < 0.01; r = -0.569, p < 0.01). Online sexual objectification experience can affect physical activity directly (β = 6.49, p < 0.001, effect value 44.97%) and also indirectly through body-image depression (β = 7.95, p < 0.001, effect value 55.03%); there were significant differences between major and education-level categories in body-image depression and physical activity. Conclusion Both online sexual objectification experience and body-image depression can promote physical activity among female college students, and body-image depression has a mediating effect between online sexual objectification experience and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Du
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Lin Wang,
| | - Yi-Fan Zuo
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Ling Qian
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi City, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Public Administration, School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Rui Ma,
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Adolescent girls' participation in sports is associated with lower negative effects of internalization of thin body ideals on self-objectification: findings from a cross-sectional study. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3289-3300. [PMID: 35913568 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to test a partial sociocultural model of integrated tripartite influence and objectification theories in adolescent girls and to assess the moderating role of participation in sport. METHODS This study is part of a larger research that involved a sample of adolescent girls and boys from the 11th grade. In the present study, data on 842 girls were analysed. The mean age of the sample was 16.9 ± 0.5 years. The adolescent girls completed online questionnaires assessing internalization of thin body ideals, disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, and self-objectification, as well as various aspects of participation in sports. To assess the primary hypotheses, moderated mediation models were tested. RESULTS Self-objectification mediated associations between internalization of thin body ideals and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours in adolescent girls. Participation in an achievement sport moderated the association between internalization of thin body ideals and self-objectification, but not between the latter and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. Internalization of thin body ideals was not significantly associated with self-objectification in girls participating in achievement sport. The association between internalization of thin body ideals and self-objectification was stronger in adolescent girls not involved in any sports activities than in leisure-time exercisers. CONCLUSION It is important to promote involvement in sport for all adolescent girls, since it might help them to decrease the negative effect of internalization of thin body ideals on self-objectification and to value body functions over appearance. Decreasing self-objectification and teaching about body functionality might be an effective strategy in programmes aimed at decreasing disordered eating in adolescent girls participating in achievement sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level of evidence V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Cui J, Fang Y. Mediating effects of self-concept clarity and self-objectification on the relationship between celebrity worship and the process of considering cosmetic surgery among Chinese undergraduates. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:259. [DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies have examined the relationship between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery; however, few have discussed the mediating role of self-concept. To fill this research gap, the present study aims to examine the mediating roles of self-concept clarity and self-objectification in the association between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery.
Methods
A sample of 1,089 Chinese undergraduates (Mage = 20.32; SDage = 2.60) completed measures of celebrity worship, actively considering cosmetic surgery, self-concept clarity, and self-objectification. Mediating effect analysis was used to test the hypothesis.
Results
The results showed that celebrity worship, cosmetic surgery consideration, and self-objectification were positively correlated, whereas self-concept clarity was negatively correlated with all three variables. Mediation analysis revealed that celebrity worship predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery not only directly but also through three indirect paths through the mediating role of (1) self-concept clarity, (2) self-objectification, and (3) the chain mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-objectification.
Conclusions
These findings broaden our understanding of the psychological processes that underlie the association between celebrity worship and considering cosmetic surgery and afford practical guidance on reducing the risks associated with cosmetic surgery.
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Objectification and ambiguity of body image in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A mixed-method study. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:296-303. [PMID: 35561883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The manifestations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), including acne, hirsutism, obesity, uncertain fertility, etc., can make women anxious, worried, or even depressed with their appearance and body. However, little relevant research has been conducted in the Chinese context. This mixed-method study aimed to understand how women with PCOS in China perceive their bodies and to examine the association between body image and depression. METHODS First, 101 PCOS patients participated in a survey using the Body Surveillance subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, the Short-form Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, the Appearance Anxiety Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II, which measured participants' self-objectification, illness ambiguity, appearance anxiety, and depression, respectively. Second, fifteen women joined face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews, investigating their illness ambiguity, objectified experience, and behaviors to pursue beauty. RESULTS Results indicated a high level of self-objectification, illness ambiguity, appearance anxiety, and depression among women with PCOS in China and supported the significant associations among the outcomes. Qualitative findings presented a body image of the precarious body, indiscernible identity, and distraught mind. LIMITATIONS A convenient sampling method was used. The generalization of the study results needs further validation. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to clarify the causal relationships among outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study presented women's body image with PCOS and found the negative impact of body image on their depression levels. This study was of both theoretical and practical significance. Appropriate mind-body therapies were suggested for them.
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Melguizo-Ibáñez E, Zurita-Ortega F, Ubago-Jiménez JL, López-Gutiérrez CJ, González-Valero G. An explanatory model of the relationships between sport motivation, anxiety and physical and social self-concept in educational sciences students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMotivation plays a key role in the physical-sports field, in the control of disruptive states and in the mental image that people have of themselves. In view of the above, the present study reflects the objectives of identifying and establishing the relationship between sport motivation, anxiety, physical self-concept and social self-concept, broken down into (a) developing an explanatory model of sport motivation and its relationship with anxiety and social and physical self-concept and (b) contrasting the structural model by means of a multi-group analysis according to sex. To this end, a quantitative, non-experimental (ex post facto), comparative and cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 556 students (23.06 ± 6.23). The instruments used were an ad hoc questionnaire, the Spanish version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Self-Concept Form-5. The results show that the male sex orients sport motivation towards climate, obtaining higher levels of anxiety, however, the female sex, anxiety has a negative impact on the development of social self-concept. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that gender is a fundamental factor in the orientation of sport practice, as well as the development of anxiety and physical and social self-concept.
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