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Couto L, Willoughby JF. #LoveYourBody: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Objectification and Body Appreciation Content on Instagram Fitness and Health Posts Among Young Women. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:2298-2306. [PMID: 37872682 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2265647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Fitspiration content on Instagram often includes images in which women are objectified but may also include captions that aim to positively motivate viewers, such as through messaging about body appreciation. Viewing objectifying content in fitspiration posts may be problematic for young women's mental health, but it's unclear if positive messaging may help to alleviate some of these effects. In this study, we conducted a 2 × 2 online experiment assessing the effects of body appreciation and objectification content present in Instagram fitness posts by influencers on young women (N = 200). The outcome variables were state body appreciation, trait body appreciation, self-esteem, and self-compassion. We found an interaction between the presence and absence of objectification and presence and absence of body appreciation that significantly influenced self-compassion and body appreciation. The interaction suggests that self-compassion and state body appreciation are higher in the presence of body appreciation messaging, although there were not main effects for just viewing objectifying images or body appreciation captions. This means that just body appreciation or just objectification may not affect state body appreciation and self-compassion, but the two together have an effect. Our findings suggest that body appreciation captions may serve as a protective factor for self-compassion and state body appreciation when young women view Instagram fitspiration posts that include sexual objectification. Health communicators could encourage influencers to include body appreciation content in their fitspiration posts to help improve self-compassion among viewers, and interventions could work to promote body appreciation among young women to encourage self-compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Couto
- Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
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2
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Kidd C, Loxton NJ, Uhlmann LR, Donovan CL. Integrating social media, body shame and psychological distress within the Elaborated Sociocultural Model. Body Image 2024; 50:101723. [PMID: 38788591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The Elaborated Sociocultural Model proposes exposure to sociocultural appearance pressures increases women's internalisation of the thin ideal, their engagement in social comparison and body surveillance, and subsequent body dissatisfaction and disturbances in eating (Fitzsimmons-Craft et al., 2011). Although this model has received some empirical support, it is limited in that it does not currently account for social media as a contemporary source of appearance pressure, nor include additional known outcomes of thin ideal internalisation (i.e., body shame, psychological distress). The current study tested the integration of these variables within the Elaborated Sociocultural Model. Using structural equation modelling with latent variables, the extended model provided acceptable to good fit to the data in a sample of 271 female participants. A latent variable representing sociocultural appearance pressures originating from social media, traditional media, family and peers was found to significantly predict thin ideal internalisation and body image concerns. Furthermore, both social comparison and body surveillance emerged as indirect mediators of the relationship between thin ideal internalisation and body image concerns, which in turn, increased report of restrained eating and psychological distress. Aligning with previous research, this extended model offers a useful and comprehensive framework for investigating women's body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kidd
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura R Uhlmann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline L Donovan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith University Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Better than average Bopo: Identifying which body positive social media content is most helpful for body image among women. Body Image 2024; 51:101773. [PMID: 39096861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Body positive social media content, and especially content that does not contain photos of bodies, has been shown to be helpful for body image compared to idealized social media content. However, body positive content is heterogenous and little is known regarding which types of content may be most helpful. This study examined self-reported body image and mood effects of different types of body positive content among women. A sample of 176 women, mean (SD) age = 21.77 (2.35) was recruited. Participants viewed body positive stimuli that were grouped into 14 different categories to represent the heterogenous nature of this social media content, including a text only category. Each image was rated in terms of its perceived effect on body image and mood. Findings suggested that the text-only category was rated most highly in terms of generating positive feelings towards the body and positive affect. Moreover, the comparative benefit of the text-only category was larger among women with higher BMI, and participants reporting closer proximity to the images, although not consistently across outcomes. Further work focused on understanding the effects of different types of body positive content is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Mancin P, Ghisi M, Spoto A, Cerea S. The relation between body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and photo-based behaviors: is body appreciation a protective factor? Body Image 2024; 51:101764. [PMID: 39053195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Body image and social media use seem to be significantly associated. In particular, photo-based behaviors (i.e., photo investment and manipulation) seemed to have a positive relation with negative body image dimensions. On the other hand, positive body image dimensions could demonstrate the role of moderators. However, current available studies did not support these findings consistently. Moreover, available studies did not assess Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptoms. To address these issues, the associations between BDD/MD symptoms and photo-based behaviors and the possible moderation of body appreciation were examined in a sample of 485 social media users (71.1 % women). Findings from hierarchical multiple regressions highlighted that BDD symptoms were significantly associated with photo investment and manipulation, and MD symptoms were significantly associated with photo investment only. Body appreciation demonstrated a moderating role in the relation involving photo investment and BDD symptoms. Current findings supported that photo-based behaviors are significantly associated with negative body image dimensions, while positive body image demonstrated only a marginal protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mancin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Hospital Psychology, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Mazzeo SE, Weinstock M, Vashro TN, Henning T, Derrigo K. Mitigating Harms of Social Media for Adolescent Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2587-2601. [PMID: 38978847 PMCID: PMC11229793 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s410600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media has negative effects on adolescent body image and disordered eating behaviors, yet adolescents are unlikely to discontinue engaging with these platforms. Thus, it is important to identify strategies that can reduce the harms of social media on adolescent mental health. This article reviews research on social media and adolescent body image, and discusses strategies to reduce risks associated with social media use. Topics covered include interventions aimed at mitigating social media's negative impacts, the body-positivity movement, and policies regulating adolescents' social media use. Overall, this review highlights specific factors (such as staffing, duration, modality, facilitator training, and cultural sensitivity) to consider when designing and implementing social media interventions targeting adolescents. This review also discusses psychosocial outcomes associated with body positivity on social media. Finally, policy efforts to reduce the negative impact of social media on adolescents' body image and eating behaviors are described. In sum, there is a strong need to conduct further research identifying optimal approaches to reduce the harms of social media for adolescent body image and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mazzeo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Madison Weinstock
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Taryn Henning
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Karly Derrigo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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6
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Moufawad M, Hoque A, Kells M, Sonneville KR, Hahn SL. Social media use and weight bias internalization: association moderated by age and weight perception. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:84. [PMID: 38890765 PMCID: PMC11186141 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined whether weight perception or age moderated associations between time spent on image-based social media and weight bias internalization (WBI). METHODS Data come from the baseline visit of the Tracking Our Lives Study, a randomized control trial of college women (n = 200). Participants completed questionnaires assessing time spent on social media (continuous, overall and individual platforms Instagram, Facebook, and Snapchat), WBI (continuous), weight perception (perceive their weight as "overweight" vs. do not perceive their weight as "overweight"), age (continuous, 18-49 years), and confounders (race/ethnicity, parent education, sexual orientation, and BMI). Adjusted zero-inflated Poisson regressions were performed to determine if weight perception and age moderated associations between time spent on image-based social media and WBI. RESULTS As expected, we found a positive association between overall time spent on image-based social media and WBI (β = 0.826, p < 0.001). In moderation analyses, the strength of the association was weakened among women who perceived their weight as "overweight" (β=-0.018, p = 0.006). Associations also weakened with age (β=-0.001, p < 0.001). The association between time spent on Instagram and WBI was also weakened with age (β=-0.014, p = 0.018), which was the only significant moderation found for individual social media platforms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that image-based social media use is more strongly associated with increases in WBI among younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moufawad
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Asef Hoque
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Meredith Kells
- University of Rochester School of Nursing, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Hahn
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.
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7
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Bennett BL, Martin-Wagar CA, Boswell RG, Forrest LN, Perelman H, Latner JD. Skepticism of and critical thinking about media messages: Conflicting relationships with body dissatisfaction. Eat Behav 2023; 51:101820. [PMID: 37769415 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the theoretical connection between media literacy and body dissatisfaction, empirical findings about their relationship are decidedly mixed. There is not a clear explanation for these discrepancies. The present study aimed to 1) compare the attitudes young adult women with those of a reference group of adolescents to examine whether similar values were observed despite differences in age group and racial/ethnic identity, 2) to examine the relationships between media literacy and body dissatisfaction using recommended measures of media literacy. Racially diverse female undergraduate students (N = 152, Mage = 21.62) completed the Media Attitudes Questionnaire, the Critical Thinking about Media Measure, and the Body Shape Questionnaire online. Young adult women endorsed greater critical thinking about media messages and greater skepticism towards the similarity of media messages than adolescents. Additionally, greater skepticism towards the desirability and realism of media messages was associated with lower body dissatisfaction while greater critical thinking about media messages was found to be positively related to greater body dissatisfaction. It is possible that greater critical thinking within the context of media literacy cannot occur without increased attention towards or time spent thinking about media messages. Findings suggest that enhancing critical thinking about the media may not be the main mechanism of change for effective media literacy interventions. These findings underscore the complexities that exist within the relationships between media literacy and body dissatisfaction and highlight the continued need for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822-2294, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca G Boswell
- Princeton Center for Eating Disorders, Penn Medicine, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.
| | - Lauren N Forrest
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | | - Janet D Latner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822-2294, USA.
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8
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Sharma A, Vidal C. A scoping literature review of the associations between highly visual social media use and eating disorders and disordered eating: a changing landscape. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:170. [PMID: 37752611 PMCID: PMC10521472 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the etiology of eating disorders (ED) and disorder eating (DE) is multifactorial, exposure to highly visual social media (HVSM) may be an important contributor to the onset or worsening of DE and ED symptoms. We aim to understand HVSM use, ED, and DE with a particular focus on gender differences, as well as details of engagement on "selfies" in adolescents and young adults (AYA) through a scoping review of the literature. METHODS We conducted a literature search in Psycho ED, PubMed, MEDLINE of articles, including participants with DE/ED and users of HVSM, focused on AYA. Studies in which the study population did not include AYA, the SM platforms used did not include HVSM platforms, and the methodology to assess ED/HVSM use was not robust were excluded. RESULTS We found a strong relationship between HVSM and ED and DE with existing gender differences related to the nature of engagement and preference of content. The literature also shows effects of the specific mechanisms of use of these platforms involving "selfie" preparation and posting. Existing research is limited and consists of mostly cross-sectional studies with no uniform methodology and with participant populations that are not well-defined. CONCLUSIONS The use of unregulated and profit-driven SM platforms can increase risk for ED. To use these HVSM platforms for positive influence, there is a need to have more transparency, and involvement of clinicians, researchers, and educators. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Due to HVSM's popularity among the AYA population, it is important to identify its effects on the development of DE and ED, as well as recognize any gender differences. Clinicians, parents, and other adults working with youth should be aware of HVSM's impact on DE/ED, as described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sharma
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Carol Vidal
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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9
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Gurtala JC, Fardouly J. Does medium matter? Investigating the impact of viewing ideal image or short-form video content on young women's body image, mood, and self-objectification. Body Image 2023; 46:190-201. [PMID: 37354877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a rising prevalence of short-form videos on social media, particularly since the advent of TikTok. Viewing appearance-ideal images has harmful effects on young women's body image. However, the impacts of viewing appearance-ideal short-form videos on body image are largely unknown. This study investigated the impact of viewing appearance-ideal short-form social media video content on young women's (Mage = 19.19, SD = 1.80) state appearance satisfaction, negative mood, self-objectification, and related constructs, compared to viewing appearance-ideal image content and appearance-neutral content. Young women (N = 211) were shown either: (1) appearance-ideal images, (2) appearance-ideal videos, (3) appearance-neutral images, or (4) appearance-neutral videos. Viewing appearance-ideal content regardless of the medium led to decreased appearance satisfaction, and increased negative mood, and self-objectification, and more state internalisation of appearance ideals compared to viewing appearance-neutral content. Further, if women perceived the appearance-ideal content they viewed to be unedited or unenhanced, they reported less appearance satisfaction after viewing video than image content. Thus, the impact of viewing ideal video and image content taken from social media may have similar effects on young women. However, when ideal content is low in perceived enhancement, viewing videos may be more harmful for appearance satisfaction than viewing images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade C Gurtala
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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10
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Prichard I, Taylor B, Tiggemann M. Comparing and self-objectifying: The effect of sexualized imagery posted by Instagram Influencers on women's body image. Body Image 2023; 46:347-355. [PMID: 37453295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Influencers are prominent figures on social media with a large number of followers who promote products, companies, and/or lifestyles. Some Influencers endorse lingerie and bikini products and there is growing concern about the overtly sexualized nature of the imagery they post to social media. This study aimed to experimentally examine the impact of exposure to images of female Influencers dressed in either fashionable clothes (fashion condition) or in lingerie/bikini garments posed in a suggestive manner (sexualized condition) on women's negative mood and body dissatisfaction relative to control (fashion products). Young women (N = 230, aged 17-25years) were recruited online and randomly allocated to one of the conditions. They completed pre/post state measures of mood and body dissatisfaction, as well as measures of state appearance comparison and self-objectification. Planned comparisons revealed that viewing images of Influencers led to greater negative mood, body dissatisfaction, self-objectification, and appearance comparison than viewing control images. Viewing sexualized images also led to greater negative mood, body dissatisfaction, and appearance comparison than did viewing standard fashion images. State appearance comparison was found to mediate these differences. The findings highlight the negative impact of sexualized images on social media and the need for enhanced regulation in relation to Influencer advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Prichard
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Health & Exercise Sciences, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Brydie Taylor
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Graham S, Newell E, Phillips JB, Pritchard M, Scarf D. Curating a body-positive feed? An attempt to mitigate the negative impacts of thin-ideal content on Instagram. Body Image 2023; 46:168-173. [PMID: 37343314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, research has shown a negative relationship between social media use and body image. For women, these adverse effects tend to result from viewing content that promotes thinness as the ideal body type. Attempts to mitigate these adverse effects using disclaimers have failed. In the current study, we tested whether interspersing thin-ideal content with body-positive posts can mitigate the impact of thin-ideal content. The current study had six conditions. In three conditions, participants were exposed to 20 images of either thin-ideal, body-positive, or nature (control) images from Instagram. In the remaining three conditions, we interspersed the 20 images from the thin-deal condition with either 1 (i.e., 1:20 condition), 2 (i.e., 1:10 condition), or 4 (i.e., 1:5 condition) body-positive posts. For all six conditions, body satisfaction, body appreciation, appearance self-esteem, positive affect, and negative affect were measured before and after exposure. Our results demonstrated that irrespective of frequency, interspersing thin-ideal content with body-positive content did not mitigate decreases in body satisfaction, body appreciation, appearance self-esteem, or positive affect. Our failure to mitigate the negative impact of thin-ideal content adds to a growing body of work demonstrating that combating the impact of thin-ideal content on Instagram is extremely difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eva Newell
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Justin B Phillips
- School of Social Sciences, Political Science and International Relations, University of Waikato, Tauranga Campus, New Zealand
| | - Myra Pritchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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12
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Davies B, Turner M, Udell J. Are humorous or distractor images more effective than self-compassion messages for combatting the negative body image consequences of social media? An experimental test of possible micro-intervention stimuli. Body Image 2023; 46:356-371. [PMID: 37473707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Appearance-focused images on social media are thought to be particularly detrimental for body image. However, social media sites can also be used to encourage positive health behaviours. Three linked experiments with 620 Instagram users explored the protective capabilities of appearance-related self-compassion and appearance-related humorous messages for women's body image during Instagram use. Using simulated Instagram browsing tasks, participants were exposed to a set of fitspiration Instagram posts mixed with either self-compassion or humorous body image messages, or appearance-neutral images. Results indicated that appearance-related self-compassion and humorous messages were not more effective at protecting against negative appearance and life satisfaction outcomes than appearance-neutral images, and did not influence appearance comparison (Experiment 1), even when the personal relevance to participants' health was reinforced through experimental manipulation (Experiment 2). Rather, the presence of any image which did not contain pictures of women, regardless of image content, led to improved body image outcomes compared to exposure to fitspiration images alone (Experiment 3). Interpersonal factors such as the similarity of a female target's appearance also influenced the nature of comparisons made. The study highlights the importance of diluting appearance-focused content with other social media images in ongoing research practice and for user well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Davies
- Department of Psychology, King Henry Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Turner
- Department of Psychology, King Henry Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Udell
- Department of Psychology, King Henry Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
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13
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Balanji S, White C, Zaitsoff S. 'Fake' Instagram use is associated with real differences in users' self-photo activities: An exploratory investigation considering body satisfaction. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101777. [PMID: 37418804 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creating private spaces on social media (SM) for authentic self-presentation has rapidly gained popularity amongst young people. This pattern of use is particularly prevalent on Instagram in women under 25 as these users often report creating a second, low stakes account for authentic self-presentation, commonly referred to as a Finsta (a portmanteau of 'Fake' and 'Instagram'). Previous research has associated Instagram use with body dissatisfaction in young women, but it remains unclear whether this association is applicable when considering different patterns of use. METHOD The present study investigates the association between self-photo activities (i.e., photo selection, investment, and manipulation) and body satisfaction in a sample of undergraduate female Instagram users (N = 224) with (n = 112) and without (n = 112) a Finsta. RESULTS A series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for minutes on Instagram and age revealed that, when comparing their Finsta to their own main account and to the main account of users without a Finsta, Finsta users reported taking fewer photos of themselves, engaging in less photo editing, and feeling less invested in their posts. Furthermore, body satisfaction was differentially associated with self-photo activities in Finsta users and non-users. Specifically, body satisfaction was negatively associated with photo selection, investment, and editing in users without a Finsta only. CONCLUSION Finsta users do not show the same associations between body satisfaction and self-photo activities as Instagram users without a Finsta. The implications of these results, limitations of the present study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherene Balanji
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Chloe White
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Shannon Zaitsoff
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.
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14
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Thompson JK, Harriger JA. Body image and social media: The fault lines are clear - We need a seismic correction. Body Image 2023; 45:142-144. [PMID: 36913813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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15
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Harriger JA, Thompson JK, Tiggemann M. TikTok, TikTok, the time is now: Future directions in social media and body image. Body Image 2023; 44:222-226. [PMID: 36739627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article synthesizes practical strategies and future directions proposed by contributors to the special issue in Body Image on social media and body image. It also moves beyond the contributions of the special issue in an effort to provide additional guidance to researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers. First, we recommend that research on social media and body image extend beyond convenience sampling of young, White women and include children and older adults, boys and men, and underrepresented groups. Second, we urge researchers to move away from simplistic measures of social media and to utilize mixed-methods approaches. Third, we advocate for the development of new theories that can be tested longitudinally and that capture the unique influences of social media, rather than relying solely on existing models that were developed for traditional media. Fourth, we provide recommendations regarding practical strategies, such as the inclusion of media literacy campaigns, increased research on the role of reality check disclaimers, and further examination regarding the role of body positivity in prevention and intervention efforts. Finally, we end with recommendations regarding advocacy, such as using social media to harness positive efforts and partnering with social media companies regarding their use of algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, SA, Australia
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16
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Duquennoy-Martinot V, Calibre C, Guerreschi P, Belkhou A, Barry L. [Is it legitimate to propose surgery of the breast area before the end of puberty?]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2022; 67:425-437. [PMID: 35879119 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Breast surgery is usually recommended for women who have completed puberty. Indeed, during adolescence the breast is constantly changing, the patient's weight is often unstable, the risk of inflammatory scars (hypertrophic or keloid) is higher and disturbances of areolar sensitivity can affect the patient's quality of sexual life. In addition, the risk of infection is not negligible, especially during an acne outbreak. In case of early implant placement, iterative changes should be planned. Finally, the result obtained is not always stable but above all the lack of psychological maturity and the legal need to obtain the agreement of both parents are obstacles to early surgery. However, the authors argue for the possibility of surgical correction of the breast around puberty, in particular because of the very clear positive psychological impact. Other arguments are also detailed: to ensure a breast reconstruction in successive stages started early, to limit the repercussions of hypertrophy, to correct thoracic or skin anomalies. These indications are illustrated by numerous clinical cases demonstrating the need for customized surgery on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Duquennoy-Martinot
- Service de chirurgie plastique et réparatrice, hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - C Calibre
- Service de chirurgie plastique et réparatrice, hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - P Guerreschi
- Service de chirurgie plastique et réparatrice, hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - A Belkhou
- Service de chirurgie plastique et réparatrice, hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - L Barry
- Service de chirurgie plastique et réparatrice, hôpital Salengro, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
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17
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Harriger JA, Evans JA, Thompson JK, Tylka TL. The dangers of the rabbit hole: Reflections on social media as a portal into a distorted world of edited bodies and eating disorder risk and the role of algorithms. Body Image 2022; 41:292-297. [PMID: 35378338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between social media usage and body image has been well-established in the literature; however, social media companies' use of algorithms may intensify this association, as algorithms provide viewers with personalized content that is often more extreme, less monitored, and designed to keep users engaged for longer periods of time. This article details the recent media coverage of algorithms, revelations by former social media employees regarding the problematic usage of algorithms, and revelations that social media companies are aware of the harm posed by their implementation of algorithms, particularly for young, vulnerable users. We provide recommendations for influencers, educators, researchers, clinicians, parents, and users, and conclude that it is ultimately the responsibility of the social media corporations to protect and enhance the well-being of their users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Evans
- Social Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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