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Mahon C, Hamburger D, Yager Z, O'Dowd O, Webb JB, Fitzgerald A. Making it relevant: A codesign and cultural acceptability study of Be Real's BodyKind Ireland body image programme for older adolescents. Body Image 2024; 49:101716. [PMID: 38744195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Body image is an established public health concern and there is a pressing need for evidence-informed universal programmes for older adolescents. To ensure high standard, quality programmes, there have been calls to adapt existing programmes to different contexts in ways that ensure materials are relevant, but still aligned with their theoretical foundations. This study outlines the cultural adaptation of the BodyKind programme in Ireland, which was initially developed in the USA, to address an unmet need to provide an inclusive, strengths-focused, school-based body image intervention for older adolescents. After receiving BodyKind, codesign workshops were conducted with 12 adolescents aged 15-16 years, who provided feedback and designed content (examples/scenarios) to increase the programme's relevance for adolescents. Feedback on cultural appropriateness of programme materials were obtained via interviews with six female post-primary teachers and one mental health clinician. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. BodyKind was perceived as highly acceptable by stakeholders who offered suggestions for programme refinement. Themes included 1.) Programme acceptability, 2.) Implementation considerations, 3.) Programme refinement. This study used multi-stakeholder feedback to engage in cultural adaptation of BodyKind prior to further evaluation, thereby informing efforts to implement sustainable and scalable programmes in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland.
| | | | | | - Orlagh O'Dowd
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
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Craddock N, Budhraja M, Garbett KM, Nasution K, Gentili C, Rizkiah C, Haime Z, Ayu Saraswati L, Medise BE, White P, Diedrichs PC, Williamson H. Evaluating a school-based body image lesson in Indonesia: A randomised controlled trial. Body Image 2024; 48:101654. [PMID: 38056068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Negative body image is a common public health concern among adolescents, globally. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness, implementation fidelity, and acceptability of a single session, school-based universal body image intervention in Indonesia. A total of 1926 adolescents (59.4 % girls) and 12 school guidance counsellors (lesson facilitators) from nine state junior secondary schools in Surabaya, East Java took part in a two-arm open parallel cluster randomised controlled trial. In response to the changing circumstances due to the COVID-19 pandemic, half of the lessons were conducted in person and half were delivered online. Results showed that the lesson did not significantly improve adolescent body image or secondary outcomes relative to the control, though there was no evidence of harm. There were no substantive findings regarding intervention effectiveness by gender. The mode of intervention delivery (online vs. in-person) did not significantly influence the main findings. Implementation fidelity varied widely, and the lesson content and pedagogy were largely acceptable, though there was a strong preference for in-person lesson delivery. Findings have implications for researchers aiming to improve adolescent body image in low- and middle-income countries. Lessons learned can inform future school-based efforts to support adolescent body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Craddock
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Mahira Budhraja
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Kirsty M Garbett
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | | | - Caterina Gentili
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | | | - Zoë Haime
- Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - L Ayu Saraswati
- University of Hawai`i, Manoa, Department of Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Paul White
- University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Phillippa C Diedrichs
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Heidi Williamson
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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Mahon C, Hamburger D, Yager Z, Almaraz M, Mooney J, Tran T, O'Dowd O, Bauert L, Smith KG, Gomez-Trejo V, Webb JB. Pilot feasibility and acceptability trial of BE REAL's BodyKind: A universal school-based body image intervention for adolescents. Body Image 2023; 47:101636. [PMID: 37812940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is prevalent among adolescents and a primary risk factor for eating disorders, yet there are few body image interventions for older adolescents that support development of positive body image. Therefore, we assessed the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of BodyKind, a four-lesson, mixed gender, teacher-led, school-based curriculum for older adolescents, that combines principles of self-compassion, compassion for others, cognitive dissonance, and social activism to address contemporary adolescent body image concerns (i.e., appearance bias, comparisons on social media) and strengthen positive body image development. The sample contained 147 adolescents, predominantly racial/ethnic minorities (>95%), 54.8% male, 41.5% female and 4.1% gender-minority students aged 15-18 years (M=16.24, SD=.96) from a low-income, inner-city high school in the Midwestern US. Two teachers received training and delivered the curriculum to students. This single arm, mixed methods trial assessed student and teacher acceptability, teacher fidelity and student intervention outcomes. Despite reasonable teacher fidelity, recruitment/attendance rates, post-intervention data loss (35% attrition) limited evaluations of program effectiveness and study feasibility. Important learnings regarding study feasibility will inform optimisation for future school-based trials. Findings demonstrate high acceptability of BodyKind among teachers and adolescents in a lower socioeconomic school setting, and further randomized controlled effectiveness trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland.
| | | | | | - Mayra Almaraz
- Anti-Bias, Antiracist (ABAR) Facilitator, Education Consultant at Critical Learning Collaborative, USA
| | - Jan Mooney
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
| | - Orlagh O'Dowd
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland
| | - Lia Bauert
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
| | - K G Smith
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Master of Health Administration Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
| | | | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), USA
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Mahon C, Hamburger D, Webb JB, Yager Z, Howard E, Booth A, Fitzgerald A. Protocol of a cluster randomised trial of BodyKind: a school-based body image programme for adolescents. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2246. [PMID: 37964252 PMCID: PMC10647142 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor body image is prevalent among adolescents and associated with several negative outcomes for their physical and psychological health. There is a pressing need to address this growing public health concern, yet there are few evidence-informed universal programmes for older adolescents that address contemporary body image concerns (i.e., social media). BodyKind is a four lesson, school-based, teacher led, universal body image programme that incorporates empirically supported principles of cognitive dissonance, self-compassion, compassion for others and social activism, to support positive body image development. Building on previous pilot trials in the USA, this paper outlines the protocol for a cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) and implementation evaluation of the BodyKind programme which was culturally adapted for the Irish cultural context. METHODS We aim to recruit 600 students aged 15-17 years in Transition Year (4th year) across 26 second-level schools in Ireland. Using minimisation, schools will be randomly assigned to receive BodyKind (intervention condition, n=300) or classes as usual (waitlist control, n=300). Teachers in intervention groups will receive training and deliver the programme to students over four weeks, at a rate of one lesson per week. Primary outcomes of body appreciation, body dissatisfaction and psychological wellbeing and secondary outcomes of self-compassion, compassion for others, body ideal internalisation, social justice motives and appearance-based social media use will be assessed at pre-, post- and 2 month follow up. Mediation and moderation analyses will be conducted to identify how and for whom the intervention works best. An implementation evaluation will assess the quality of programme implementation across schools and how this may influence intervention outcomes. Waitlist control schools will receive the programme after the 2-month follow up. CONCLUSION This study will be the first to implement a cRCT and an implementation evaluation to assess the impact of this multicomponent school-based body image programme designed to support healthy body image development. If shown to be effective, BodyKind will have the potential to improve adolescent body image and wellbeing and inform efforts to implement sustainable and scalable programmes in schools. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered on 10/10/2023 on ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06076993 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), Charlotte, USA
| | - Zali Yager
- Embrace Collective NFP, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Howard
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ailbhe Booth
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Jigsaw, The National Centre for Youth Mental Health, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda Fitzgerald
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Millán-Jiménez A, Fernández-Fontán IM, Sobrino-Toro M, Fernández-Torres B. Protein supplement consumption prevalence, habits and complications in adolescents. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023; 99:240-251. [PMID: 37770287 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of nutritional and protein supplements by adolescents may have important consequences for their health. METHODS Prospective observational study based on a survey of adolescents enrolled in 6 schools selected at random in the city of Seville. Our primary objective was to determine the actual consumption of dietary supplements in the adolescent population and quantifying their protein content. RESULTS We obtained a total of 263 valid responses that showed a prevalence of consumption of nutritional supplements of any kind of 19.01%, of which 56.0% (10.64% of the total) corresponded to adolescents that consumed protein supplements for a mean protein intake of 0.26 g/kg/day (SD, 0.18). The profile of consumers of any type of supplements differed from that of nonconsumers in age, use of long-term medication and weight loss or high-protein diets. The comparison of adolescents who consumed protein supplements versus nonprotein supplements only evinced a significant difference in the control of supplement consumption. Although most of these adolescents were not subject to external control, 25.92% of those who consumed protein supplements were monitored by a professional, compared to 7.38% of consumers of nonprotein supplements. In the group that consumed protein supplements, 85.18% of adolescents achieved the desired effect and 18.51% reported some form of negative effect. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of protein supplement consumption among adolescents in our area is 10.64%, with consumption of amounts corresponding to 25% of the recommended daily allowance of protein. The profile of protein supplement consumers is very similar to that of nonprotein supplement consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Millán-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Bartolomé Fernández-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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Piplios O, Yager Z, McLean SA, Griffiths S, Doley JR. Appearance and performance factors associated with muscle building supplement use and favourable attitudes towards anabolic steroids in adolescent boys. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1241024. [PMID: 37744597 PMCID: PMC10516554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1241024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The demand for appearance and performance enhancing substances, including muscle building supplements and anabolic androgenic steroids, is increasing in Australia. However, little is known about the associations between appearance and performance-based factors and appearance and performance enhancing substances (APES), particularly among adolescent boys. This study sought to examine (a) the prevalence of muscle building supplement use in a sample of adolescent boys and (b) how both performance and appearance factors relate to muscle building supplement use and favourable attitudes towards anabolic androgenic steroids in this sample. Method N = 488 adolescent boys aged 13-16 (Mage = 14.59) from nine Australian schools completed measures of supplement use, favourable attitudes towards using steroids, muscle dissatisfaction, body fat dissatisfaction, mesomorphic ideal internalisation, weight training, and sports participation. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to examine cross-sectional correlates of muscle building supplement use and favourable attitudes towards using anabolic androgenic steroids. Results In the past three months, 12.7% of the sample had used muscle building supplements. Both appearance and performance-related factors - mesomorphic ideal internalisation and weight training - were related to muscle building supplement use. Only one appearance-related factor - body dissatisfaction - was related to favourable attitudes towards anabolic androgenic steroids. Discussion The findings from this study are important as they may help to guide intervention strategies regarding appearance and performance enhancing substance use by Australian adolescent boys, with the ultimate goal of ensuring this population's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Piplios
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zali Yager
- The Embrace Collective, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siân A. McLean
- Department of Psychology, Counselling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo R. Doley
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ghazzawi HA, Nimer LS, Sweidan DH, Alhaj OA, Abulawi D, Amawi AT, Levine MP, Jahrami H. The global prevalence of screen-based disordered eating and associated risk factors among high school students: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:128. [PMID: 37537604 PMCID: PMC10398929 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the prevalence, and associated risk factors, of high school students who are considered at risk for an eating disorder based on screening measures. METHODS An electronic search of nine databases was completed from their inception until 1st September 2022. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, and confounder (moderator) analyses and meta-regressions examined whether the overall prevalence estimate for of screen-based disordered eating (SBDE) was moderated by student age, BMI, or gender, as well as culture and type of SBDE assessment. RESULTS The mean estimate of the prevalence of SBDE among high school students (K = 42 (66 datapoints), N = 56282] in the sample of 25 countries was 13% ([95% CI] = 10.0-16.8%, I2 = 99.0%, Cochran's Q p = 0.001). This effect was not moderated by features of the samples such as gender, BMI, or age. Among cultures, non-Western countries had a higher prevalence of SBDE prevalence than Western countries, but the difference was not significant. There was considerable variability in the prevalence estimates as a function of the assessment measure, but no meaningful pattern emerged. CONCLUSION The estimated figure of 1 in 8 high school students with SBDE-unmoderated by gender and BMI-stands out as a problem in need of attention from public health officials, psychologists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, parents, and educators. There is a great need for innovative, integrated policy and program development all along the spectrum of health promotion and universal, selective, and indicated prevention. Further research is also needed to validate and refine this estimate by (a) conducting basic research on the accuracy of eating disorder screening measurements in samples ages 14 through 17; (b) examining representative samples in more countries in general and Latin American countries in particular; (c) clarifying the relationships between SBDE and age throughout the different phases of late childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood; and (d) investigating whether there are meaningful forms of disordered eating and whether these are associated with variables such as gender, ethnicity, and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel A. Ghazzawi
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lana S. Nimer
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dima H. Sweidan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Omar A. Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duha Abulawi
- Department Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
| | - Adam T. Amawi
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, As-Salt, 19328 Jordan
| | | | - Haitham Jahrami
- Goverment Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Levine MP. Prevention of eating disorders: 2022 in review. Eat Disord 2023; 31:106-127. [PMID: 37052050 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2023.2191476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review of 17 prevention-related publications in Eating Disorders during 2022 is framed by three models: (1) Mental Health Intervention Spectrum: health promotion ➔ types of prevention ➔ case identification/referral ➔ treatment; (2) the prevention cycle: rationale and theory, shaped by critical reviews ➔ clarifying risk and protective factors ➔ program innovation and feasibility studies ➔ efficacy and effectiveness research ➔ program dissemination; and (3) definitions of and links between disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs). Five articles fell into the category of prevention rationale, theory, and critical analyses, while seven articles addressed risk factors (RFs) for various aspects of DE. Eating Disorders also published two pilot studies, two prevention efficacy trials, and one effectiveness study in 2022. One implication of the 17 articles reviewed is that RF research toward construction of selective and indicated prevention programs for diverse at-risk groups should address a broad range of factors beyond negative body image and internalization of beauty ideals. Another implication is that, to expand and improve current and forthcoming prevention programs, and to shape effective advocacy for prevention-oriented social policy, the field in general and Eating Disorders in particular need more scholarship in the form of critical reviews and meta-analyses, protective factor research, and case studies of multi-step activism at the local, state (province, region), and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Levine
- Department of Psychology (emeritus), Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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