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Li Z, Yao X, Zhang J, Yang J, Ni J, Wang Y. Exploring the bone marrow micro environment in thalassemia patients: potential therapeutic alternatives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1403458. [PMID: 39161767 PMCID: PMC11330836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations in the β-globin gene lead to a decrease or removal of the β-globin chain, causing the build-up of unstable alpha-hemoglobin. This condition is referred to as beta-thalassemia (BT). The present treatment strategies primarily target the correction of defective erythropoiesis, with a particular emphasis on gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, the presence of inefficient erythropoiesis in BT bone marrow (BM) is likely to disturb the previously functioning BM microenvironment. This includes accumulation of various macromolecules, damage to hematopoietic function, destruction of bone cell production and damage to osteoblast(OBs), and so on. In addition, the changes of BT BM microenvironment may have a certain correlation with the occurrence of hematological malignancies. Correction of the microenvironment can be achieved through treatments such as iron chelation, antioxidants, hypoglycemia, and biologics. Hence, This review describes damage in the BT BM microenvironment and some potential remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzheng Li
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medical Center for Blood Diseases and Thrombosis Prevention and Treatment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangmei Yao
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medical Center for Blood Diseases and Thrombosis Prevention and Treatment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junxue Ni
- Hospital Office, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medical Center for Blood Diseases and Thrombosis Prevention and Treatment, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Sheng N, Xing F, Wang J, Zhang QY, Nie R, Li-Ling J, Duan X, Xie HQ. Recent progress in bone-repair strategies in diabetic conditions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100835. [PMID: 37928253 PMCID: PMC10623372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration following trauma, tumor resection, infection, or congenital disease is challenging. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It can result in complications affecting multiple systems including the musculoskeletal system. The increased number of diabetes-related fractures poses a great challenge to clinical specialties, particularly orthopedics and dentistry. Various pathological factors underlying DM may directly impair the process of bone regeneration, leading to delayed or even non-union of fractures. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which DM hampers bone regeneration, including immune abnormalities, inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, vascular system damage, insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) deficiency, hyperglycemia, and the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Based on published data, it also summarizes bone repair strategies in diabetic conditions, which include immune regulation, inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, promotion of angiogenesis, restoration of stem cell mobilization, and promotion of osteogenic differentiation, in addition to the challenges and future prospects of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Qing-Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Rong Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jesse Li-Ling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hui-Qi Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China
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3
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Cavati G, Pirrotta F, Merlotti D, Ceccarelli E, Calabrese M, Gennari L, Mingiano C. Role of Advanced Glycation End-Products and Oxidative Stress in Type-2-Diabetes-Induced Bone Fragility and Implications on Fracture Risk Stratification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040928. [PMID: 37107303 PMCID: PMC10135862 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoporosis (OP) are major causes of morbidity and mortality that have arelevant health and economic burden. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that both of these disorders are often associated with each other and that T2D patients have an increased risk of fracture, making bone an additional target of diabetes. As occurs for other diabetic complications, the increased accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and oxidative stress represent the major mechanisms explaining bone fragility in T2D. Both of these conditions directly and indirectly (through the promotion of microvascular complications) impair the structural ductility of bone and negatively affect bone turnover, leading to impaired bone quality, rather than decreased bone density. This makes diabetes-induced bone fragility remarkably different from other forms of OP and represents a major challenge for fracture risk stratification, since either the measurement of BMD or the use of common diagnostic algorithms for OP have a poor predictive value. We review and discuss the role of AGEs and oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of bone fragility in T2D, providing some indications on how to improve fracture risk prediction in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cavati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Pirrotta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Christian Mingiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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4
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LLabre JE, Sroga GE, Tice MJL, Vashishth D. Induction and rescue of skeletal fragility in a high-fat diet mouse model of type 2 diabetes: An in vivo and in vitro approach. Bone 2022; 156:116302. [PMID: 34952229 PMCID: PMC8792372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Poor bone quality is associated with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), with patients having a higher risk of fracture despite normal to high bone mineral density (BMD). Diabetes contributes to modifications of the mineral and organic matrix of bone. Hyperglycemia has been linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) which increase the risk for skeletal fragility fractures. To this end, we investigated diabetes-induced skeletal fragility using a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model and evaluated the efficacy of phenacyl thiazolium chloride (PTC) for in vitro removal of glycation products to rescue bone toughness. Ten-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice (n = 6/group) were fed a HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) for 22 weeks. Mice given a HFD developed T2D and increased body mass compared to LFD-fed mice. MicroCT results showed that diabetic mice had altered microarchitecture and increased mineralization as determined by volumetric BMD and increased mineral crystal size as determined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Diabetic mice demonstrated loss of initiation and maximum toughness, which represent estimates of the stress intensity factor at a notch tip using yield force and ultimate force, respectively. Diabetic mice also showed higher accumulation of AGEs measured by biochemical assay (total fAGEs) and confocal Raman spectroscopy (Pentosidine (PEN), Carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)). Regression analyses confirmed the association between increased glycoxidation (CML, PEN) and loss of fracture toughness. Within the diabetic group, CML was the most significant predictor of initiation toughness while PEN predicted maximum toughness as determined by stepwise linear regression (i.e., stepAIC). Contralateral femora from HFD group were harvested and treated with PTC in vitro. PTC-treated samples showed total fAGEs decreased by 41.2%. PTC treatment partially restored bone toughness as, compared to T2D controls, maximum toughness increased by 35%. Collectively, our results demonstrate that matrix modifications in diet-induced T2D, particularly AGEs, induce bone fragility and their removal from bone matrix partially rescues T2D associated bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E LLabre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Grażyna E Sroga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J L Tice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
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5
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El-Jawhari JJ, Ganguly P, Jones E, Giannoudis PV. Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Autologous Therapy for Osteonecrosis: Effects of Age and Underlying Causes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:69. [PMID: 34067727 PMCID: PMC8156020 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) is a reliable source of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which have been successfully used for treating osteonecrosis. Considering the functional advantages of BM-MSCs as bone and cartilage reparatory cells and supporting angiogenesis, several donor-related factors are also essential to consider when autologous BM-MSCs are used for such regenerative therapies. Aging is one of several factors contributing to the donor-related variability and found to be associated with a reduction of BM-MSC numbers. However, even within the same age group, other factors affecting MSC quantity and function remain incompletely understood. For patients with osteonecrosis, several underlying factors have been linked to the decrease of the proliferation of BM-MSCs as well as the impairment of their differentiation, migration, angiogenesis-support and immunoregulatory functions. This review discusses the quality and quantity of BM-MSCs in relation to the etiological conditions of osteonecrosis such as sickle cell disease, Gaucher disease, alcohol, corticosteroids, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, diabetes, chronic renal disease and chemotherapy. A clear understanding of the regenerative potential of BM-MSCs is essential to optimize the cellular therapy of osteonecrosis and other bone damage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan J El-Jawhari
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Payal Ganguly
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.G.); (E.J.); (P.V.G.)
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.G.); (E.J.); (P.V.G.)
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.G.); (E.J.); (P.V.G.)
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopedic, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Merlotti D, Cosso R, Eller-Vainicher C, Vescini F, Chiodini I, Gennari L, Falchetti A. Energy Metabolism and Ketogenic Diets: What about the Skeletal Health? A Narrative Review and a Prospective Vision for Planning Clinical Trials on this Issue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010435. [PMID: 33406758 PMCID: PMC7796307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a common mesenchymal cell progenitor shared by bone, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes cell progenitors, makes the role of the skeleton in energy metabolism no longer surprising. Thus, bone fragility could also be seen as a consequence of a “poor” quality in nutrition. Ketogenic diet was originally proven to be effective in epilepsy, and long-term follow-up studies on epileptic children undergoing a ketogenic diet reported an increased incidence of bone fractures and decreased bone mineral density. However, the causes of such negative impacts on bone health have to be better defined. In these subjects, the concomitant use of antiepileptic drugs and the reduced mobilization may partly explain the negative effects on bone health, but little is known about the effects of diet itself, and/or generic alterations in vitamin D and/or impaired growth factor production. Despite these remarks, clinical studies were adequately designed to investigate bone health are scarce and bone health related aspects are not included among the various metabolic pathologies positively influenced by ketogenic diets. Here, we provide not only a narrative review on this issue, but also practical advice to design and implement clinical studies on ketogenic nutritional regimens and bone health outcomes. Perspectives on ketogenic regimens, microbiota, microRNAs, and bone health are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Roberta Cosso
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano “Scientific Institute for Hospitalisation and Care”, 20100 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Cristina Eller-Vainicher
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Fabio Vescini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, University-Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Iacopo Chiodini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano “Scientific Institute for Hospitalisation and Care”, 20100 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (I.C.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alberto Falchetti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano “Scientific Institute for Hospitalisation and Care”, 20100 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Zamarioli A, de Andrade Staut C, Volpon JB. Review of Secondary Causes of Osteoporotic Fractures Due to Diabetes and Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:148-156. [PMID: 32147752 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to gain a better understanding of osteoporotic fractures and the different mechanisms that are driven in the scenarios of bone disuse due to spinal cord injury and osteometabolic disorders due to diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Despite major advances in understanding the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis, the high incidence of impaired fracture healing remains an important complication of bone loss, leading to marked impairment of the health of an individual and economic burden to the medical system. This review underlines several pathways leading to bone loss and increased risk for fractures. Specifically, we addressed the different mechanisms leading to bone loss after a spinal cord injury and diabetes. Finally, it also encompasses the changes responsible for impaired bone repair in these scenarios, which may be of great interest for future studies on therapeutic approaches to treat osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Zamarioli
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caio de Andrade Staut
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - José B Volpon
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Eller-Vainicher C, Cairoli E, Grassi G, Grassi F, Catalano A, Merlotti D, Falchetti A, Gaudio A, Chiodini I, Gennari L. Pathophysiology and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Bone Fragility. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7608964. [PMID: 32566682 PMCID: PMC7262667 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7608964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of bone fragility fractures compared to nondiabetic subjects. This increased fracture risk may occur despite normal or even increased values of bone mineral density (BMD), and poor bone quality is suggested to contribute to skeletal fragility in this population. These concepts explain why the only evaluation of BMD could not be considered an adequate tool for evaluating the risk of fracture in the individual T2DM patient. Unfortunately, nowadays, the bone quality could not be reliably evaluated in the routine clinical practice. On the other hand, getting further insight on the pathogenesis of T2DM-related bone fragility could consent to ameliorate both the detection of the patients at risk for fracture and their appropriate treatment. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the increased risk of fragility fractures in a T2DM population are complex. Indeed, in T2DM, bone health is negatively affected by several factors, such as inflammatory cytokines, muscle-derived hormones, incretins, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and cortisol secretion, peripheral activation, and sensitivity. All these factors may alter bone formation and resorption, collagen formation, and bone marrow adiposity, ultimately leading to reduced bone strength. Additional factors such as hypoglycemia and the consequent increased propensity for falls and the direct effects on bone and mineral metabolism of certain antidiabetic medications may contribute to the increased fracture risk in this population. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature evidence that faces the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bone fragility in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eller-Vainicher
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - E. Cairoli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Italy
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Grassi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Grassi
- Ramses Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D. Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - A. Falchetti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Italy
| | - A. Gaudio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, University Hospital ‘G. Rodolico', Catania, Italy
| | - I. Chiodini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Unit for Bone Metabolism Diseases and Diabetes & Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Italy
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
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Al-Qarakhli AMA, Yusop N, Waddington RJ, Moseley R. Effects of high glucose conditions on the expansion and differentiation capabilities of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from rat endosteal niche. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:51. [PMID: 31752674 PMCID: PMC6873668 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells in the endosteal niche lining compact bone (CB-MSCs) represent a heterogeneous population, all of which contribute to bone repair and remodelling. Hyperglycaemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can delay and impair the bone healing process. Therefore, this study investigated the influences of high (25 mM) glucose conditions on CB-MSC populations isolated from male Wistar rats, versus normal (5.5 mM) glucose conditions; in terms of proliferation (population doublings, PDs), senescence characteristics, stem cell marker expression, colony forming efficiencies (CFEs); and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation, following extended culture in vitro. Results CB-MSCs under both normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions demonstrated similar morphologies and rapid exponential growth to >300PDs, although high glucose conditions promoted more rapid and persistent proliferation beyond ~50PDs, with few indications of senescence. Limited senescence was confirmed by minimal SA-β-galactosidase staining, low senescence marker (p53, p21waf1, p16INK4a) expression and positive telomere maintenance marker (rTERT, TR) expression. However, telomere lengths varied throughout culture expansion, with hyperglycaemia significantly reducing telomere lengths at PD50 and PD200. Furthermore, CB-MSCs expanded in normal and high glucose conditions remained non-transformed, exhibiting similar MSC (CD73/CD90/CD105), multipotency (CD146) and embryonic (Slug, Snail) markers throughout extended culture, but negligible hematopoietic (CD34/CD45) or pluripotency (Nanog, Oct4) markers. Hyperglycaemia significantly increased CFEs at PD50 and PD100, which decreased at PD200. CB-MSC osteogenic differentiation was also inhibited by hyperglycaemia at PD15, PD100 and PD200, but not at PD50. Hyperglycaemia inhibited CB-MSC adipogenic differentiation to a lesser extent at PD15 and PD50, with reduced adipogenesis overall at PD100 and PD200. Conclusion This study demonstrates the limited negative impact of hyperglycaemia on the proliferative and stem cell characteristics of heterogeneous CB-MSC populations, although minor sub-population(s) appear more susceptible to these conditions leading to impaired osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation capabilities. Such findings potentially highlight the impact of hyperglycaemia on CB-MSC bone repair capabilities in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Makki A Al-Qarakhli
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.,College of Dentistry, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Norhayati Yusop
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.,School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rachel J Waddington
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Ryan Moseley
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.
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10
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Aeimlapa R, Wongdee K, Tiyasatkulkovit W, Kengkoom K, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Anomalous bone changes in ovariectomized type 2 diabetic rats: inappropriately low bone turnover with bone loss in an estrogen-deficient condition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E646-E657. [PMID: 31361547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deprivation accelerates bone resorption, leading to imbalance of bone remodeling and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In the elderly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently coexists as an independent factor of bone loss. However, little is known about the skeletal changes in a combined condition of estrogen deficiency and T2DM. Herein, we performed ovariectomy (OVX) in nonobese Goto-Kakizaki (GK) T2DM rats to examine changes associated with calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone microstructures and strength. As expected, wild-type (WT) rats subjected to ovariectomy (OVX-WT) had low trabecular bone volume and serum calcium with increased dynamic histomorphometric and serum bone markers, consistent with the high turnover state. T2DM in GK rats also led to low trabecular volume and serum calcium. However, the dynamic histomorphometric markers of bone remodeling were unaffected in these GK rats, indicating the distinct mechanism of T2DM-induced bone loss. Interestingly, OVX-GK rats were found to have anomalous and unique changes in bone turnover-related parameters, i.e., decreased osteoblast and osteoclast surfaces with lower COOH-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels compared with OVX-WT rats. Furthermore, the levels of calciotropic hormones, i.e., parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2D3, were significantly decreased in OVX-GK rats. Although the OVX-induced bone loss did not further worsen in GK rats, a three-point bending test indicated that OVX-GK bones exhibited a decrease in bone elasticity. In conclusion, T2DM and estrogen deficiency both led to microstructural bone loss, the appearance of which did not differ from each factor alone. Nevertheless, the combination worsened the integrity and suppressed the turnover, which might eventually result in adynamic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Kengkoom
- National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nateetip Krishnamra
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Kubo Y, Wruck CJ, Fragoulis A, Drescher W, Pape HC, Lichte P, Fischer H, Tohidnezhad M, Hildebrand F, Pufe T, Jahr H. Role of Nrf2 in Fracture Healing: Clinical Aspects of Oxidative Stress. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:341-352. [PMID: 31236620 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a natural process that recapitulates embryonic skeletal development. In the early phase after fracture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under inflammatory and ischemic conditions due to vessel injury and soft tissue damage, leading to cell death. Usually, such damage during the course of fracture healing can be largely prevented by protective mechanisms and functions of antioxidant enzymes. However, intrinsic oxidative stress can cause excessive toxic radicals, resulting in irreversible damage to cells associated with bone repair during the fracture healing process. Clinically, patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, habitual drinkers, or heavy smokers are at risk of impaired fracture healing due to elevated oxidative stress. Although increased levels of oxidative stress markers upon fracture and effects of antioxidants on fracture healing have been reported, a detailed understanding of what causes impaired fracture healing under intrinsic conditions of oxidative stress is lacking. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been identified as a key transcriptional regulator of the expression of antioxidants and detoxifying enzymes. It further not only plays a crucial role in preventing degenerative diseases in multiple organs, but also during fracture healing. This narrative review evaluates the influence of intrinsic oxidative stress on fracture healing and sheds new light on the intriguing role of Nrf2 during bone regeneration in pathological fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Jan Wruck
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Athanassios Fragoulis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolf Drescher
- Department of Orthopaedics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the Lower Limb and Arthroplasty, Hospital Rummelsberg, Rummelsberg 71, 90592, Schwarzenbruck, Germany
| | - Hans Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Lichte
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mersedeh Tohidnezhad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Responses of primary osteoblasts and osteoclasts from hemizygous β-globin knockout thalassemic mice with elevated plasma glucose to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13963. [PMID: 31562377 PMCID: PMC6765013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia is often associated with hyperglycemia, osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. However, the underlying mechanisms of the thalassemia-associated bone loss remain unclear. It might result from abnormal activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and perhaps prolonged exposure to high extracellular glucose. Herein, we determined the rate of duodenal calcium transport in hemizygous β-globin knockout thalassemic (BKO) mice. Their bones were collected for primary osteoblast and osteoclast culture. We found that BKO mice had lower calcium absorption than their wild-type (WT) littermates. Osteoblasts from BKO mice showed aberrant expression of osteoblast-specific genes, e.g., Runx2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, which could be partially restored by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. However, the mRNA expression levels of RANK, calcitonin receptor (Calcr), c-Fos, NFATc1, cathepsin K and DMT1 were similar in both BKO and WT groups. Exposure to high extracellular glucose modestly but significantly affected the expression of osteoclast-specific markers in WT osteoclasts with no significant effect on osteoblast-specific genes in WT osteoblasts. Thus, high glucose alone was unable to convert WT bone cells to BKO-like bone cells. In conclusion, the impaired calcium absorption and mutation-related aberrant bone cell function rather than exposure to high blood glucose were likely to be the principal causes of thalassemic bone loss.
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13
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Guo CJ, Xie JJ, Hong RH, Pan HS, Zhang FG, Liang YM. Puerarin alleviates streptozotocin (STZ)-induced osteoporosis in rats through suppressing inflammation and apoptosis via HDAC1/HDAC3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Changes in serum and intracardiac fibroblast growth factor 23 during the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive model rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 23:589-596. [PMID: 30539338 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels have a significant association with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Although LVH is commonly seen in hypertensive patients, the association between FGF23, hypertension, and LVH remains unclear. We aimed to examine the changes in serum and intracardiac FGF23 during the progression of hypertension using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS Male SHR comprised the experimental group (HT group) and Wistar Kyoto rats served as controls. At 10 weeks, urinary and blood biochemical analyses and blood pressure measurements were performed for both the groups. At 18 weeks, the rats were sacrificed: urinary and blood biochemical analyses and real-time PCR were performed. RESULTS At 18 weeks, the relative heart weight and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and aldosterone levels were significantly greater in the HT group. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were significantly lower, while serum FGF23 levels were significantly higher in the HT group compared to the control group. Further analyses showed that the mRNA expression of FGF23 in the heart was significantly increased in the HT group compared to the control group. Both serum FGF23 levels and intracardiac mRNA expression of FGF23 showed significant correlation with the relative heart weight. CONCLUSIONS During LVH progression, serum and intracardiac FGF23 increased in hypertension. Although it is unclear whether the change in FGF23 is the cause or result of LVH, the interaction between FGF23 and aldosterone may be associated with the development of LVH in hypertension.
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Tanaka H, Yamashita T, Yoneda M, Takagi S, Miura T. Characteristics of bone strength and metabolism in type 2 diabetic model Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes mice. Bone Rep 2018; 9:74-83. [PMID: 30094297 PMCID: PMC6073051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and complications such as obesity and osteoporosis. The Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mouse is an animal model of spontaneous obese T2DM. However, bone metabolism in TSOD mice is yet to be investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of T2DM on bone mass, metabolism, microstructure, and strength in TSOD mice. METHODS We determined the following parameters in TSOD mice and Tsumura, Suzuki, Non-obesity (TSNO) mice (as controls): serum glucose levels; serum insulin levels; bone mass; bone microstructure; bone metabolic markers; and bone strength. We also performed the oral glucose tolerance test and examined histological sections of the femur. We compared these data between both groups at pre-diabetic (10 weeks) and established (20 weeks) diabetic conditions. RESULTS Bone strength, such as extrinsic mechanical properties, increased with age in the TSOD mice and intrinsic material properties decreased at both 10 weeks and 20 weeks. Bone resorption marker levels in TSOD mice were significantly higher than those in the control mice at both ages, but there was no significant difference in bone formation markers between the groups. Bone mass in TSOD mice was lower than that in controls at both ages. The trabecular bone volume at the femoral greater trochanter increased with age in the TSOD mice. The femoral mid-diaphysis in TSOD mice was more slender and thicker than that in TSNO mice at both ages. CONCLUSIONS Bone mass of the femur was lower in TSOD mice than in TSNO mice because hyperinsulinemia during pre-diabetic and established diabetic conditions enhanced bone resorption due to high bone turnover. In addition, our data suggest that the bone mass of the femur was significantly reduced as a result of chronic hyperglycemia during established diabetic conditions in TSOD mice. We suggest that bone strength in the femur deteriorated due to the reduction of bone mass and because the femoral mid-diaphysis was more slender in TSOD mice.
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Key Words
- BMC, bone mineral content
- BMD, bone mineral density
- Bone mass
- Bone metabolism
- Bone microstructure
- Bone strength
- CSMI, cross-sectional moment inertia
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TRAcP5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b
- TSNO, Tsumura, Suzuki, non-obesity
- TSOD, Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes
- Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes mice
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Science Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamashita
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Tokoha University, 1230 Miyakoda, Kitaku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-2102, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miura
- Graduate School of Health Science Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
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16
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Tanaka H, Miura T, Yamashita T, Yoneda M, Takagi S. Characteristics of Bone Strength and Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Model Nagoya Shibata Yasuda Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1567-1573. [PMID: 30012927 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the suitability of Nagoya Shibata Yasuda (NSY) mice as an animal model for examining the influence of a glucose metabolism disorder on bone integrity, using Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice as controls. We selected six NSY and ICR mice each that were matched for weight, and measured serum glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and conducted an oral glucose tolerance test. Histological sections of the femurs of both mouse lines were prepared, and the bone strength, mass, and microstructure of the femur were compared, along with bone metabolism. Serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the NSY mice than in the control mice, but body weight and serum insulin levels did not differ between the groups. Bone mass, microstructure, and strength of the femur, and bone metabolism were lower in the NSY mice than in the control mice. In the cortical bone of the femur in the NSY mice, several parts were not stained with eosin, demonstrating a strong negative correlation between serum glucose levels and bone mineral density; however, there was a negative correlation between serum glucose levels and bone metabolic markers. The bone turnover rate in the NSY mice was decreased by hyperglycemia, resulting in a thinner and shorter femur, reduced cortical and trabecular areas, and lower bone mass compared to those of the control mice. Collectively, these results suggest deteriorated bone strength of the femur in NSY mice, serving as a useful model for studying the link between glucose metabolism and bone integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Toshihiro Miura
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Takenori Yamashita
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Tokoha University
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17
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Cao GL, Tian FM, Liu GY, Song HP, Yuan LL, Geng LD, Bei MJ, Zheng ZY, Zhang L. Strontium Ranelate Combined with Insulin Is as Beneficial as Insulin Alone in Treatment of Fracture Healing in Ovariectomized Diabetic Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6525-6536. [PMID: 30221634 PMCID: PMC6154119 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and estrogen deficiency both predispose fracture patients to increased risk of delayed union or nonunion. The present study investigated the effects of strontium ranelate (SR) on fracture healing in ovariectomized (OVX) diabetic rats. Material/Methods A mid-shaft fracture was established in female normal control (CF), diabetic (DF), and OVX diabetic (DOF) rats. Treated DOF rats received either insulin alone (DOFI) or combined with SR (DOFIS). All rats were euthanized at 2 or 3 weeks after fracture. Fracture healing was evaluated using radiological, histological, immunohistochemical, and micro-computed tomography analyses. Results At 3 weeks after fracture, radiological and histological evaluations demonstrated delayed fracture healing in the DF group compared with the CF group, which was exacerbated by OVX, as indicated by the significantly lower X-ray score, BMD, BV/TV, and Md.Ar/Ps.Cl.Ar, and the markedly decreased OCN and Col I expression in the DOF group. All these changes were prevented by insulin alone or combined with SR treatment. In comparison with the DOFI group, DOFIS rats displayed markedly higher OCN expression at 2 weeks after fracture and Col I expression at 2 and 3 weeks after fracture. Conclusions These results demonstrated delayed fracture healing with preexisting estrogen deficiency and T2DM. While insulin alone and combined with SR were both effective in promoting bone fracture healing in this model, their combined treatment showed significant improvement in promoting osteogenic marker expression, but not of the radiological appearance, compared with insulin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Long Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Fa-Ming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland).,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Yuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Hui-Ping Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Lei-Liang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Lin-Dan Geng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ming-Jian Bei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Mine Medical Security Center, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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18
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Marin C, Luyten FP, Van der Schueren B, Kerckhofs G, Vandamme K. The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Bone Fracture Healing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29416527 PMCID: PMC5787540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease known by the presence of elevated blood glucose levels. Nowadays, it is perceived as a worldwide epidemic, with a very high socioeconomic impact on public health. Many are the complications caused by this chronic disorder, including a negative impact on the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, muscle, blood vessels, and nervous system. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that T2DM also adversely affects the skeletal system, causing detrimental bone effects such as bone quality deterioration, loss of bone strength, increased fracture risk, and impaired bone healing. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which T2DM causes detrimental effects on bone tissue are still elusive and remain poorly studied. The aim of this review was to synthesize current knowledge on the different factors influencing the impairment of bone fracture healing under T2DM conditions. Here, we discuss new approaches used in recent studies to unveil the mechanisms and fill the existing gaps in the scientific understanding of the relationship between T2DM, bone tissue, and bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marin
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomaterials—BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Vandamme
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomaterials—BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bacevic M, Brkovic B, Albert A, Rompen E, Radermecker RP, Lambert F. Does Oxidative Stress Play a Role in Altered Characteristics of Diabetic Bone? A Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:553-563. [PMID: 29063963 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with increased bone fracture rates, impaired bone regeneration, delayed bone healing, and depressed osteogenesis. However, the plausible pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate whether oxidative stress (OS) plays a role in altered characteristics of diabetic bone under in vivo conditions. An electronic search of the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Embase databases was performed. In vivo animal studies involving DM and providing information regarding assessment of OS markers combined with analyses of bone histology/histomorphometry parameters were selected. A descriptive analysis of selected articles was performed. Ten studies were included in the present review. Both bone formation and bone resorption parameters were significantly decreased in the diabetic groups of animals compared to the healthy groups. This finding was consistent regardless of different animal/bone models employed or different evaluation periods. A statistically significant increase in systemic and/or local OS status was also emphasised in the diabetic groups in comparison to the healthy ones. Markers of OS were associated with histological and/or histomorphometric parameters, including decreased trabecular bone and osteoid volumes, suppressed bone formation, defective bone mineralisation, and reduced osteoclastic activity, in diabetic animals. Additionally, insulin and antioxidative treatment proved to be efficient in reversing the deleterious effects of high glucose and associated OS. The present findings support the hypotheses that OS in the diabetic condition contributes at least partially to defective bone features, and that antioxidative supplementation can be a valuable adjunctive strategy in treating diabetic bone disease, accelerating bone healing, and improving osteointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljana Bacevic
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bozidar Brkovic
- Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Adelin Albert
- Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Rompen
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Regis P Radermecker
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.
- Service de Médecine Dentaire, Domaine du Sart Tilman Bat B-35, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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20
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Chen Y, Huang YC, Yan CH, Chiu KY, Wei Q, Zhao J, Guo XE, Leung F, Lu WW. Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and its association with articular cartilage degradation in knees of type 2 diabetes patients. Bone Res 2017; 5:17034. [PMID: 29134132 PMCID: PMC5674679 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with systemic abnormal bone remodeling and bone loss. Meanwhile, abnormal subchondral bone remodeling induces cartilage degradation, resulting in osteoarthritis (OA). Accordingly, we investigated alterations in subchondral bone remodeling, microstructure and strength in knees from T2D patients and their association with cartilage degradation. Tibial plateaus were collected from knee OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and divided into non-diabetic (n=70) and diabetes (n=51) groups. Tibial plateaus were also collected from cadaver donors (n=20) and used as controls. Subchondral bone microstructure was assessed using micro-computed tomography. Bone strength was evaluated by micro-finite-element analysis. Cartilage degradation was estimated using histology. The expression of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), osterix, and osteocalcin were calculated using immunohistochemistry. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores of lateral tibial plateau did not differ between non-diabetic and diabetes groups, while higher OARSI scores on medial side were detected in diabetes group. Lower bone volume fraction and trabecular number and higher structure model index were found on both sides in diabetes group. These microstructural alterations translated into lower elastic modulus in diabetes group. Moreover, diabetes group had a larger number of TRAP+ osteoclasts and lower number of Osterix+ osteoprogenitors and Osteocalcin+ osteoblasts. T2D knees are characterized by abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and microstructural and mechanical impairments, which were associated with exacerbated cartilage degradation. In regions with intact cartilage the underlying bone still had abnormal remodeling in diabetes group, suggesting that abnormal bone remodeling may contribute to the early pathogenesis of T2D-associated knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Can Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, Orthopaedic Research Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Hoi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwong Yuen Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frankie Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William W Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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21
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Effect of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone on bone metabolism in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 135:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Watanabe K, Fujii H, Goto S, Nakai K, Kono K, Watanabe S, Shinohara M, Nishi S. Newly Developed Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:170-177. [PMID: 28674323 PMCID: PMC5827086 DOI: 10.5551/jat.40170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder (CKD–MBD) is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. Thus, elucidating its pathophysiological mechanisms is essential for improving the prognosis. We evaluated characteristics of CKD–MBD in a newly developed CKD rat model. Methods: We used male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, which are used as models for nonobese type 2 diabetes. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). At 10 weeks, the rats were classified into six groups and administered with a vehicle or a low- or high-dose paricalcitol thrice a week. At 20 weeks, the rats were sacrificed; blood and urinary biochemical analyses and histological analysis of the aorta were performed. Results: At 20 weeks, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, blood pressure, and renal function were not significantly different among the six groups. Serum calcium and phosphate levels tended to be higher in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. The urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate was significantly greater in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. After administering paricalcitol, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels were significantly higher in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. The degree of aortic calcification was significantly more severe and the aortic calcium content was significantly greater in SDT-Nx rats than in SD-Nx rats. Conclusions: We suggest that our new CKD rat model using SDT rats represents a useful CKD–MBD model, and this model was greatly influenced by paricalcitol administration. Further studies are needed to clarify the detailed mechanisms underlying this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Nakai
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shuhei Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Shinichi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Palermo A, D'Onofrio L, Buzzetti R, Manfrini S, Napoli N. Pathophysiology of Bone Fragility in Patients with Diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:122-132. [PMID: 28180919 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that bone fragility is one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are risk factors for fragility fractures. Diabetes may negatively affect bone health by unbalancing several pathways: bone formation, bone resorption, collagen formation, inflammatory cytokine, muscular and incretin system, bone marrow adiposity and calcium metabolism. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the current understanding of pathophysiological pathways underlying bone fragility in diabetics. In particular, the review will focus on the peculiar cellular and molecular system impairment that may lead to increased risk of fracture in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Diabetes and Bone network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Buzzetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Diabetes and Bone network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Diabetes and Bone network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128, Rome, Italy.
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, USA.
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24
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Huang L, You YK, Zhu TY, Zheng LZ, Huang XR, Chen HY, Yao D, Lan HY, Qin L. Validity of leptin receptor-deficiency (db/db) type 2 diabetes mellitus mice as a model of secondary osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27745. [PMID: 27283954 PMCID: PMC4901274 DOI: 10.1038/srep27745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the validation of the leptin receptor-deficient mice model for secondary osteoporosis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at bone micro-architectural level. Thirty three 36-week old male mice were divided into four groups: normal control (db/m) (n = 7), leptin receptor-deficient T2DM (db/db) (n = 8), human C-reactive protein (CRP) transgenic normal control (crp/db/m) (n = 7), and human CRP transgenic T2DM (crp/db/db) (n = 11). Lumber vertebrae (L5) and bilateral lower limbs were scanned by micro-CT to analyze trabecular and cortical bone quality. Right femora were used for three-point bending to analyze the mechanical properties. Trabecular bone quality at L5 was better in db/db or crp/db/db group in terms of bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabecular number and separation (all p < 0.05). However the indices measured at proximal tibia showed comparable trabecular BMD and microarchitecture among the four groups. Femur length in crp/db/db group was significantly shorter than db/m group (p < 0.05) and cortices were thinner in db/db and crp/db/db groups (p > 0.05). Maximum loading and energy yield in mechanical test were similar among groups while the elastic modulus in db/db and crp/db/db significantly lower than db/m. The leptin-receptor mice is not a proper model for secondary osteoporosis associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Huang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ke You
- Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tracy Y Zhu
- Bone Quality and Health Assessment Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li-Zhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai-Yong Chen
- Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Bone Quality and Health Assessment Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Minematsu A, Hanaoka T, Takada Y, Okuda S, Imagita H, Sakata S. Femoral bone structure in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:25-29. [PMID: 30775464 PMCID: PMC6372729 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases fracture risk despite normal to high levels of bone mineral density. Bone quality is known to affect bone fragility in T2DM. The aim of this study was to clarify the trabecular bone microstructure and cortical bone geometry of the femur in T2DM model rats. METHODS Five-week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF; n = 5) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; n = 5) rats were used. At the age of 18 months, femurs were scanned with micro-computed tomography, and trabecular bone microstructure and cortical bone geometry were analyzed. RESULTS Trabecular bone microstructure and cortical bone geometry deteriorated in the femur in OLETF rats. Compared with in LETO rats, in OLETF rats, bone volume fraction, trabecular number and connectivity density decreased, and trabecular space significantly increased. Moreover, in OLETF rats, cortical bone volume and section area decreased, and medullary volume significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Long-term T2DM leaded to deterioration in trabecular and cortical bone structure. Therefore, OLETF rats may serve as a useful animal model for investigating the relationship between T2DM and bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minematsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hanaoka
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takada
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Department of Human Behavior, Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shunji Okuda
- Department of Modern Education, Faculty of Education, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Imagita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakata
- Department of Physiology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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26
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Zhang Y, Feng P, Yang J. High glucose-associated osmolality promotes adipocytogenic differentiation of primary rat osteoblasts in a protein kinase A and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Takaoka K, Yamamura M, Nishioka T, Abe T, Tamaoka J, Segawa E, Shinohara M, Ueda H, Kishimoto H, Urade M. Establishment of an Animal Model of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144355. [PMID: 26659123 PMCID: PMC4684366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the side effects of bisphosphonate (BP) on tooth extraction socket healing in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, an established model of non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus, to develop an animal model of BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and SDT rats were randomly assigned to the zoledronic acid (ZOL)-treated groups (SD/ZOL or SDT/ZOL) or to the control groups (SD/control or SDT/control). Rats in the SD/ZOL or SDT/ZOL groups received an intravenous bolus injection of ZOL (35 μg/kg) every 2 weeks. Each group consisted of 6 rats each. Twenty-one weeks after ZOL treatment began, the left maxillary molars were extracted. The rats were euthanized at 2, 4, or 8 weeks after tooth extraction, and the total maxillae were harvested for histological and histochemical studies. Results In the oral cavity, bone exposure persisted at the tooth extraction site in all rats of the SDT/ZOL group until 8 weeks after tooth extraction. In contrast, there was no bone exposure in SD/control or SDT/control groups, and only 1 of 6 rats in the SD/ZOL group showed bone exposure. Histologically, necrotic bone areas with empty lacunae, microbial colonies, and less invasion by inflammatory cells were observed. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was lower in the SDT/ZOL group than in the SD/control group. The mineral apposition rate was significantly lower in the SDT/ZOL group compared with the SD/control group. Conclusions This study demonstrated the development of BRONJ-like lesions in rats and suggested that low bone turnover with less inflammatory cell infiltration plays an important role in the development of BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michiyo Yamamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nishioka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Joji Tamaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Emi Segawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Planning and Development Section, CLEA Japan, Inc., Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Ueda
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Urade
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that increases fracture risk, interferes with bone formation, and impairs fracture healing. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both increase fracture risk and have several common features that affect the bone including hyperglycemia and increased advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inflammation. These factors affect both osteoblasts and osteoclasts leading to increased osteoclasts and reduced numbers of osteoblasts and bone formation. In addition to fracture healing, T1DM and T2DM impair bone formation under conditions of perturbation such as bacteria-induced periodontal bone loss by increasing osteoblast apoptosis and reducing expression of factors that stimulate osteoblasts such as BMPs and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Jiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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29
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Starup-Linde J, Vestergaard P. Management of endocrine disease: Diabetes and osteoporosis: cause for concern? Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R93-9. [PMID: 26243638 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and osteoporosis are both frequent conditions, and they may thus occur simultaneously by chance. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that hyperglycemia may impair bone matrix formation and biochemical competence. Decreased biomechanical competence may be present even in a setting of increased bone mineral density, as assessed by traditional dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or normal structural parameters by quantitative computed tomography. Also, the absence of endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and insulin resistance or, in some cases, frank hyperinsulinemia in T2D may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyMedicinerhuset, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
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30
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Goto S, Fujii H, Kono K, Nakai K, Awata R, Yonekura Y, Hirata M, Shinohara M, Nishi S, Fukagawa M. 22-Oxacalcitriol attenuates bone loss in nonobese type 2 diabetes. Bone 2015; 74:153-9. [PMID: 25645030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active vitamin D is a major therapeutic agent for bone disease. Although some studies have reported that vitamin D ameliorates bone disease related to diabetes, the mechanism remains unclear. Our study investigated the effect of the vitamin D receptor activator 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) on bone disease in a rat model of diabetes. OCT was administered at a dose of 0.2μg/kg three times per week for 10weeks. We performed blood and urine analyses, single energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, bone histomorphometry, and oxidative stress assessment in rats at 30weeks of age. OCT did not affect hemoglobin A1c or serum calcium levels. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume in the cortical and trabecular bones, and bone turnover were decreased in rats with diabetes. OCT treatment increased BMD and bone formation and tended to increase bone volume in the trabecular bone, but did not change bone volume in the cortical bone or bone resorption. The urinary oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion and the number of 8-OHdG-positive cells in bone were increased in rats with diabetes, and OCT treatment suppressed these increases. Our data suggest that OCT attenuated bone loss in a rat model of diabetes. This attenuation may be partially mediated by improved bone formation resulting from the antioxidative effect of OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakai
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rie Awata
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yonekura
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michinori Hirata
- Product Research Department, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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31
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Ochiai M, Kuroda T, Gohtani S, Matsuo T. Dietary protein derived from dried bonito fish improves type-2 diabetes mellitus-induced bone frailty in Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H848-56. [PMID: 25716219 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces bone frailty. Protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contained in fish can be effective in enhancing bone quality, but the bone developing effect of fish protein containing less PUFA has not been evaluated in young animals with T2DM. We prepared a bonito fish (BF) and defatted BF (DBF) and hypothesized that protein contained in BF and DBF would be effective for mitigating the effects of T2DM-induced bone frailty. We mainly evaluated the effect of dietary BF and DBF on bone and apparent calcium absorption in young Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with T2DM. GK rats were divided into 3 groups based on diets (casein, BF, and DBF) and fed with each diet for 6 wk. Wistar rats were fed with the casein diet as a non-T2DM control. Bone mass, bone strength, apparent calcium absorption, and serum biochemical parameters were determined. The dry weight and strength of the femurs were lower in the GK rats than in the Wistar rats fed with the casein diet. Dietary intake of the BF and DBF diets enhanced the maximum load and dry weight of the femurs and suppressed the serum alkaline phosphatase activity although the apparent calcium absorption was lower in the GK rats fed with the BF and DBF diets than in those fed with the casein diet. These parameters were not different between the rats fed with the BF and DBF diets. Our data suggest that protein contained in the BF and DBF diets improved T2DM-induced bone frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ochiai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa Univ, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
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Xu J, Yue F, Wang J, Chen L, Qi W. High glucose inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via downregulation of v‑ATPase V0 subunit d2 and dendritic cell‑specific transmembrane protein. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:865-70. [PMID: 25352342 PMCID: PMC4262508 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between bone formation and resorption is compromised in diabetes, which may contribute to the high risk of fractures in diabetic patients. However, the mechanism by which high glucose affects bone turnover remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that high glucose inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL)‑induced osteoclastogenesis. In order to examine the mechanism involved in the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, the present study examined several key molecules involved in osteoclast differentiation, including v‑ATPase V0 subunit d2 (Atp6V0d2), dendritic cell‑specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), c‑fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). The expression levels of Atp6V0d2 and DC‑STAMP are regulated by NFATc1 and c‑fos, and are required for osteoclast fusion, which is important for osteoclast maturation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study demonstrated for the first time that high glucose decreased the gene expression of ATP6v0d2 and DC‑STAMP in RAW264.7 cells mediated by RANKL. Therefore, the suppression of pre‑osteoclast or osteoclast fusion may be essential for the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Central Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Xu F, Dong Y, Huang X, Li M, Qin L, Ren Y, Guo F, Chen A, Huang S. Decreased osteoclastogenesis, osteoblastogenesis and low bone mass in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1935-41. [PMID: 25109926 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone is controversial. Therefore, the present study investigated whether T2DM causes osteoporosis and explored the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The effects of T2DM on bone physiology were analyzed in a mouse model of T2DM; KK/Upj‑Ay/J (KK‑Ay) mice develop diabetes after 8 weeks and exhibit stable diabetes symptoms and signs after 10 weeks when fed a KK‑Ay mouse maintenance fodder. Diabetic mice exhibited hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and increased body and fat pad weight in comparison with C57BL/6 non-diabetic mice. Furthermore, diabetic mice demonstrated low bone weight and bone mineral density in the femur, tibia and fifth lumbar vertebra. Using von Kossa and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, alkaline phosphatase and TRAP activity analyses and gene profiling it was demonstrated that osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis were impaired in diabetic mice. To evaluate the bone biomechanics, the ultimate load of the bone was analyzed. It was found that the ultimate load of the tibia in diabetic mice was lower than that in the controls. The results from the present study suggest that bone metabolism is impaired in T2DM, resulting in decreased osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Shilong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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Mori K, Kitazawa R, Kondo T, Mori M, Hamada Y, Nishida M, Minami Y, Haraguchi R, Takahashi Y, Kitazawa S. Diabetic osteopenia by decreased β-catenin signaling is partly induced by epigenetic derepression of sFRP-4 gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102797. [PMID: 25036934 PMCID: PMC4103869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetics, methylglyoxal (MG), a glucose-derived metabolite, plays a noxious role by inducing oxidative stress, which causes and exacerbates a series of complications including low-turnover osteoporosis. In the present study, while MG treatment of mouse bone marrow stroma-derived ST2 cells rapidly suppressed the expression of osteotrophic Wnt-targeted genes, including that of osteoprotegerin (OPG, a decoy receptor of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)), it significantly enhanced that of secreted Frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP-4, a soluble inhibitor of Wnts). On the assumption that upregulated sFRP-4 is a trigger that downregulates Wnt-related genes, we sought out the molecular mechanism whereby oxidative stress enhanced the sFRP-4 gene. Sodium bisulfite sequencing revealed that the sFRP-4 gene was highly methylated around the sFRP-4 gene basic promoter region, but was not altered by MG treatment. Electrophoretic gel motility shift assay showed that two continuous CpG loci located five bases upstream of the TATA-box were, when methylated, a target of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) that was sequestered upon induction of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of oxidative damage to DNA. These in vitro data suggest that MG-derived oxidative stress (not CpG demethylation) epigenetically and rapidly derepress sFRP-4 gene expression. We speculate that under persistent oxidative stress, as in diabetes and during aging, osteopenia and ultimately low-turnover osteoporosis become evident partly due to osteoblastic inactivation by suppressed Wnt signaling of mainly canonical pathways through the derepression of sFRP-4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Michiko Mori
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hamada
- Department of Therapeutic Nutrition, Institute of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima City, Japan
| | - Michiru Nishida
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe City, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Autophagy impairment aggravates the inhibitory effects of high glucose on osteoblast viability and function. Biochem J 2014; 455:329-37. [PMID: 23981124 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated homoeostatic process involved in the lysosomal degradation of damaged cell organelles and proteins. This process is considered an important pro-survival mechanism under diverse stress conditions. A diabetic milieu is known to hamper osteoblast viability and function. In the present study, we explored the putative protective role of autophagy in osteoblastic cells exposed to an HG (high glucose) medium. HG was found to increase protein oxidation and triggered autophagy by a mechanism dependent on reactive oxygen species overproduction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cell survival was impaired by HG and worsened by chemical or genetic inhibition of autophagy. These findings were mimicked by H2O2-induced oxidative stress in these cells. Autophagy impairment led to both defective mitochondrial morphology and decreased bioenergetic machinery and inhibited further osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells upon exposure to HG. These novel findings indicate that autophagy is an essential mechanism to maintain osteoblast viability and function in an HG environment.
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36
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Fajardo RJ, Karim L, Calley VI, Bouxsein ML. A review of rodent models of type 2 diabetic skeletal fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1025-40. [PMID: 24585709 PMCID: PMC5315418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicating that adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased fracture risk continues to mount. Unlike osteoporosis, diabetic fractures are associated with obesity and normal to high bone mineral density, two factors that are typically associated with reduced fracture risk. Animal models will likely play a critical role in efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms of skeletal fragility in T2D and to develop preventative treatments. In this review we critically examine the ability of current rodent models of T2D to mimic the skeletal characteristics of human T2D. We report that although there are numerous rodent models of T2D, few have undergone thorough assessments of bone metabolism and strength. Further, we find that many of the available rodent models of T2D have limitations for studies of skeletal fragility in T2D because the onset of diabetes is often prior to skeletal maturation and bone mass is low, in contrast to what is seen in adult humans. There is an urgent need to characterize the skeletal phenotype of existing models of T2D, and to develop new models that more closely mimic the skeletal effects seen in adult-onset T2D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Lamya Karim
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Virginia I. Calley
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
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Chen H, Li X, Yue R, Ren X, Zhang X, Ni A. The effects of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy on bone and mineral metabolism in T2DM patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 100:272-6. [PMID: 23522918 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of both diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy on bone mineral metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Serum osteocalcin (BGP), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), 24-h urinary hydroxyproline (HOP), blood and urine calcium (Ca), phosphate (P) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed and compared in 30 patients with T2DM (group D), 25 T2DM patients with nephropathy (group DN) and 27 nondiabetic control subjects (group C). RESULTS Compared with the nondiabetic controls, patients in both groups D and DN had decreased serum osteocalcin (BGP) and bone mineral density (BMD) while serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urinary hydroxyproline (HOP) were increased. Decrease in BGP was not correlated with ALP (r = -0.1, P<0.37). Within both diabetes groups (group D and group DN), no significant change in BAP is observed, however group DN showed higher level of BGP, higher level of HOP and lower BMD than group D. Urine calcium was increased in both group D and DN with group D having higher levels than group DN. In DN patients had increased circulating phosphate and decreased urinary excretion of phosphate, while decreased circulating phosphate and increased urinary excretion phosphate are seen in group D patients. CONCLUSION Patients with T2DM show an imbalance of bone mineral metabolism, and co-existence of nephropathy tends to aggravate this. Serum osteocalcin and 24-h hydroxyproline may be considered useful biochemical markers for monitoring possible bone mineral metabolism disorder in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China.
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Kono K, Fujii H, Nakai K, Goto S, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Shinohara M, Hirata M, Fukagawa M, Nishi S. Anti-oxidative effect of vitamin D analog on incipient vascular lesion in non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. Am J Nephrol 2013; 37:167-74. [PMID: 23406697 DOI: 10.1159/000346808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Vascular disease is one of the critical complications of diabetes. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role for vascular disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong link between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. METHODS We investigated the anti-oxidative effects of a vitamin D analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (maxacalcitol), on vascular lesions in type 2 diabetic rats. We used Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a model of non-obese type 2 diabetes. At 20 weeks of age, SDT rats were randomly divided into three groups: diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 10), DM + maxacalcitol (DM + D, n = 10), and DM + insulin (DM + I, n = 10). The rats were sacrificed at 30 weeks for the evaluation of blood and urine samples as well as histopathology and mRNA expression in the aorta. RESULTS Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion and the number of 8-OHdG-positive cells were significantly lower in the DM + I and DM + D groups than in the DM group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that NADPH p22 phox and NADPH p47 phox mRNA levels were markedly decreased in the DM + I and DM + D groups compared with the DM group. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of MCP-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly reduced in the DM + I and DM + D groups compared with the DM group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the vasoprotective effects of vitamin D are mediated by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Napoli N, Schwartz AV, Palermo L, Jin JJ, Wustrack R, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Kelly M, Black DM. Risk factors for subtrochanteric and diaphyseal fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:659-67. [PMID: 23345099 PMCID: PMC3565107 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy may have an increased incidence of low-energy subtrochanteric and diaphyseal (SD) femoral fractures. However, the incidence and risk factors associated with these fractures have not been well defined. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for low-energy SD fractures in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). DESIGN Low-energy SD fractures were identified from a review of radiographic reports obtained between 1986 and 2010 in women in the SOF. Among the SD fractures, pathological, periprosthetic, and traumatic fractures were excluded. We assessed risk factors for SD fractures as well as risk factors for femoral neck (FN) and intertrochanteric (IT) hip fractures using both age-adjusted and multivariate time-dependent proportional hazards models. During this follow-up, only a small minority had ever used bisphosphonates. RESULTS Forty-five women sustained low-energy subtrochanteric/diaphyseal femoral fractures over a total follow-up of 140 000 person-years. The incidence of SD fracture was 3.2 per 10 000 person-years compared with a total hip fracture incidence of 110 per 10 000 person-years. A total of about 12% of women reported bisphosphonate use at 1 or more visits. In multivariate analyses, age, total hip bone mineral density (BMD), bisphosphonate use, and history of diabetes emerged as independent risk factors for SD fractures. Risk factors for FN and IT fractures included age, BMD, and history of falls or prior fractures. Bisphosphonate use was protective against FN fractures, whereas there was an increased risk of SD fractures (hazard ratio 2.58, P = .049) with bisphosphonate use after adjustment for other risk factors for fracture. CONCLUSIONS In SOF, low-energy SD fractures were rare occurrences, far outnumbered by FN and IT fractures. Typical risk factors were associated with FN and IT fractures, whereas only age, total hip BMD, and history of diabetes were independent risk factors for SD fractures. In addition, bisphosphonate use was a marginally significantly predictor although the SOF study has limited ability to assess this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Napoli
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 83-00155 Rome, Italy
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40
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Gutiérrez-Rojas I, Lozano D, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Acitores A, Ramos-Álvarez I, Rovira A, Novials A, Martín-Crespo E, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML, Esbrit P. Amylin exerts osteogenic actions with different efficacy depending on the diabetic status. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23178165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amylin displays osteogenic features, but its role in diabetic osteopenia is unclear. We examined the possible osteogenic action of amylin infusion for 3days into fructose-induced insulin-resistant (IR) and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic (T2D) and normal (N) rats. Amylin failed to affect glycaemia or parathyroid hormone levels in any group, but reduced hyperinsulinemia in IR rats. In N rats, amylin increased bone formation rate and reduced osteoclast surface and erosive surface in the femoral metaphysis, and increased osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) mRNA ratio in the tibia. In T2D rats, amylin normalized trabecular structure parameters and increased osteoblast number and osteocalcin (OC) expression in long bones. In contrast, in IR rats, no apparent osteogenic effect of amylin in the femur was observed, although both OC and OPG/RANKL ratio were increased in the tibia. Our findings demonstrate a different osteogenic efficacy of amylin in two diabetic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gutiérrez-Rojas
- Departamento de Metabolismo, Nutrición y Hormonas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Sasase T, Ohta T, Masuyama T, Yokoi N, Kakehashi A, Shinohara M. The spontaneously diabetic torii rat: an animal model of nonobese type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic complications. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:976209. [PMID: 23691526 PMCID: PMC3647578 DOI: 10.1155/2013/976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is an inbred strain of Sprague-Dawley rat and recently is established as a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Male SDT rats show high plasma glucose levels (over 700 mg/dL) by 20 weeks. Male SDT rats show pancreatic islet histopathology, including hemorrhage in pancreatic islets and inflammatory cell infiltration with fibroblasts. Prior to the onset of diabetes, glucose intolerance with hypoinsulinemia is also observed. As a result of chronic severe hyperglycemia, the SDT rats develop profound complications. In eyes, retinopathy, cataract, and neovascular glaucoma are observed. Proliferative retinopathy, especially, resulting from retinal neovascular vessels is a unique characteristic of this model. In kidney, mesangial proliferation and nodular lesion are observed. Both peripheral neuropathy such as decreased nerve conduction velocity and thermal hypoalgesia and autonomic neuropathy such as diabetic diarrhea and voiding dysfunction have been reported. Osteoporosis is another complication characterized in SDT rat. Decreased bone density and low-turnover bone lesions are observed. Taking advantage of these features, SDT rat has been used for evaluating antidiabetic drugs and drugs/gene therapy for diabetic complications. In conclusion, the SDT rat is potentially a useful T2D model for studies on pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic complications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- *Tomohiko Sasase:
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Planning and Development Section, CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo 153-8533, Japan
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Takagi S, Miura T, Yamashita T, Ando N, Nakao H, Ishihara E, Ishida T. Characteristics of diabetic osteopenia in KK-Ay diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:438-43. [PMID: 22382334 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal region and the mid-diaphysis of the femur using dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA), the blood osteocalcin level and the blood glucose level every five weeks from 8 to 23 weeks old in KK-Ay diabetic mice. The BMD of the proximal region after 18 weeks old was significantly lower when compared with that at 8 weeks old (p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the BMD of the mid-diaphysis at each week. The BMD of the proximal region at 18 weeks old was significantly lower than that in ddY mice, used as controls (p<0.05). The blood osteocalcin level at 18 weeks old was significantly lower than that at 8 weeks old and that in 18-week-old ddY mice (p<0.05). There was significant negative correlation between the blood glucose level and the BMD of the proximal region (r=-0.64, p<0.05). These results suggest that type 2 diabetes exerts an influence only on spongy bone, not on cortical bone, and that the BMD in the proximal region of the femur seems to be affected by blood glucose level, parallel with the progression of diabetes, through the blood osteocalcin level. In the present study, we show the characteristics of diabetic osteopenia in KK-Ay mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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Kimura S, Sasase T, Ohta T, Sato E, Matsushita M. Characteristics of bone turnover, bone mass and bone strength in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr fa rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:312-20. [PMID: 22038286 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr (fa) (SDT-fa/fa) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. The SDT-fa/fa rat shows obesity and hyperglycemia at a young age compared to the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT-+/+) rat; however, bone abnormalities in the SDT-fa/fa rat have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of obese type 2 diabetes on bone turnover, bone mass, and bone strength in the SDT-fa/fa rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as control animals, and SDT-+/+ rats were used as non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. Serum osteocalcin and urine deoxypyridinoline levels were decreased in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control rats at a young age. SDT-fa/fa rats showed decreases in bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the whole tibia, and shortening of the tibia and femur compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. Deterioration in bone geometrical properties of the femur midshaft such as cortical thickness and minimum moment of inertia, was observed in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. Furthermore, trabecular bone volume of the distal femur was decreased in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control rats. These negative effects on bone in SDT-fa/fa rats caused severe decreases in maximum load, stiffness, and energy absorption of the femur. In addition, serum levels of homocysteine, a candidate for bone fragility markers, were elevated in SDT-fa/fa rats compared to control and SDT-+/+ rats. In conclusion, the SDT-fa/fa rat may be a useful model to investigate bone abnormalities in obese type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kimura
- Biological/Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
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Masuda T, Muto S, Fujisawa G, Iwazu Y, Kimura M, Kobayashi T, Nonaka-Sarukawa M, Sasaki N, Watanabe Y, Shinohara M, Murakami T, Shimada K, Kobayashi E, Kusano E. Heart angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy suppresses coronary angiogenesis and progresses diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1871-83. [PMID: 22389386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00663.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether and how heart ANG II influences the coordination between cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and coronary angiogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, we used Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats treated without and with olmesartan medoxomil (an ANG II receptor blocker). In SDT rats, left ventricular (LV) ANG II, but not circulating ANG II, increased at 8 and 16 wk after diabetes onset. SDT rats developed LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction at 8 wk, followed by LV systolic dysfunction at 16 wk, without hypertension. The SDT rat LV exhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression at 8 wk and to a greater degree at 16 wk and interstitial fibrosis at 16 wk only. In SDT rats, coronary angiogenesis increased with enhanced capillary proliferation and upregulation of the angiogenic factor VEGF at 8 wk but decreased VEGF with enhanced capillary apoptosis and suppressed capillary proliferation despite the upregulation of VEGF at 16 wk. In SDT rats, the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 increased at 8 wk alone, whereas the expression of the antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 increased at 16 wk alone. All these events, except for hyperglycemia or blood pressure, were reversed by olmesartan medoxomil. These results suggest that LV ANG II in SDT rats at 8 and 16 wk induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy without affecting hyperglycemia or blood pressure, which promotes and suppresses coronary angiogenesis, respectively, via VEGF and thrombospondin-1 produced from hypertrophied cardiomyocytes under chronic hypoxia. Thrombospondin-1 may play an important role in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Hamann C, Kirschner S, Günther KP, Hofbauer LC. Bone, sweet bone--osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:297-305. [PMID: 22249517 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the skeleton and is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. The mechanisms underlying low bone strength are not fully understood but could include impaired accrual of peak bone mass and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) affects the skeleton more severely than type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), probably because of the lack of the bone anabolic actions of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. Bone mass can remain high in patients with T2DM, but it does not protect against fractures, as bone quality is impaired. The class of oral antidiabetic drugs known as glitazones can promote bone loss and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women and, therefore, should be avoided if osteoporosis is diagnosed. A physically active, healthy lifestyle and prevention of diabetic complications, along with calcium and vitamin D repletion, represent the mainstay of therapy for osteoporosis in patients with T1DM or T2DM. Assessment of BMD and other risk factors as part of the diagnostic procedure can help design tailored treatment plans. All osteoporosis drugs seem to be effective in patients with diabetes mellitus. Increased awareness of osteoporosis is needed in view of the growing and aging population of patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hamann
- Department of Orthopedics, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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46
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Coe LM, Lippner D, Perez GI, McCabe LR. Caspase-2 deficiency protects mice from diabetes-induced marrow adiposity. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2403-11. [PMID: 21538476 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Type I (T1) diabetes is an autoimmune and metabolic disease associated with bone loss. Bone formation and density are decreased in T1-diabetic mice. Correspondingly, the number of TUNEL positive, dying osteoblasts increases in bones of T1-diabetic mice. Moreover, two known mediators of osteoblast death, TNFα and ROS, are increased in T1-diabetic bone. TNFα and oxidative stress are known to activate caspase-2, a factor involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Therefore, we investigated the requirement of caspase-2 for diabetes-induced osteoblast death and bone loss. Diabetes was induced in 16-week old C57BL/6 caspase-2 deficient mice and their wild type littermates and markers of osteoblast death, bone formation and resorption, and marrow adiposity were examined. Despite its involvement in extrinsic cell death, deficiency of caspase-2 did not prevent or reduce diabetes-induced osteoblast death as evidenced by a twofold increase in TUNEL positive osteoblasts in both mouse genotypes. Similarly, deficiency of caspase-2 did not prevent T1-diabetes induced bone loss in trabecular bone (BV/TV decreased by 30 and 50%, respectively) and cortical bone (decreased cortical thickness and area with increased marrow area). Interestingly, at this age, differences in bone parameters were not seen between genotypes. However, caspase-2 deficiency attenuated diabetes-induced bone marrow adiposity and adipocyte gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that caspase-2 deficiency may play a role in promoting marrow adiposity under stress or disease conditions, but it is not required for T1-diabetes induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Coe
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Hamann C, Goettsch C, Mettelsiefen J, Henkenjohann V, Rauner M, Hempel U, Bernhardt R, Fratzl-Zelman N, Roschger P, Rammelt S, Günther KP, Hofbauer LC. Delayed bone regeneration and low bone mass in a rat model of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to impaired osteoblast function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1220-8. [PMID: 21900121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus have an impaired bone metabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone physiology and regeneration using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an established rat model of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus. ZDF rats develop diabetes with vascular complications when fed a Western diet. In 21-wk-old diabetic rats, bone mineral density (BMD) was 22.5% (total) and 54.6% (trabecular) lower at the distal femur and 17.2% (total) and 20.4% (trabecular) lower at the lumbar spine, respectively, compared with nondiabetic animals. BMD distribution measured by backscattered electron imaging postmortem was not different between diabetic and nondiabetic rats, but evaluation of histomorphometric indexes revealed lower mineralized bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. Osteoblast differentiation of diabetic rats was impaired based on lower alkaline phosphatase activity (-20%) and mineralized matrix formation (-55%). In addition, the expression of the osteoblast-specific genes bone morphogenetic protein-2, RUNX2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin was reduced by 40-80%. Osteoclast biology was not affected based on tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase staining, pit formation assay, and gene profiling. To validate the implications of these molecular and cellular findings in a clinically relevant model, a subcritical bone defect of 3 mm was created at the left femur after stabilization with a four-hole plate, and bone regeneration was monitored by X-ray and microcomputed tomography analyses over 12 wk. While nondiabetic rats filled the defects by 57%, diabetic rats showed delayed bone regeneration with only 21% defect filling. In conclusion, we identified suppressed osteoblastogenesis as a cause and mechanism for low bone mass and impaired bone regeneration in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hamann
- Department of Orthopedics, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
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Blakytny R, Spraul M, Jude EB. Review: The diabetic bone: a cellular and molecular perspective. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2011; 10:16-32. [PMID: 21444607 DOI: 10.1177/1534734611400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes the resulting complications, their consequences and treatment will lead to a greater social and financial burden on society. One of the many organs to be affected is bone. Loss of bone is observed in type 1 diabetes, in extreme cases mirroring osteoporosis, thus a greater risk of fracture. In the case of type 2 diabetes, both a loss and an increase of bone has been observed, although in both cases the quality of the bone overall was poorer, again leading to a greater risk of fracture. Once a fracture has occurred, healing is delayed in diabetes, including nonunion. The reasons leading to such changes in the state of the bone and fracture healing in diabetes is under investigation, including at the cellular and the molecular levels. In comparison with our knowledge of events in normal bone homeostasis and fracture healing, that for diabetes is much more limited, particularly in patients. However, progress is being made, especially with the use of animal models for both diabetes types. Identifying the molecular and cellular changes in the bone in diabetes and understanding how they arise will allow for targeted intervention to improve diabetic bone, thus helping to counter conditions such as Charcot foot as well as preventing fracture and accelerating healing when a fracture does occur.
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Goto S, Fujii H, Kono K, Nakai K, Hamada Y, Yamato H, Shinohara M, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Nishi S, Fukagawa M. Carvedilol ameliorates low-turnover bone disease in non-obese type 2 diabetes. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:281-90. [PMID: 21829007 DOI: 10.1159/000330853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic bone disease is a major complication in diabetes mellitus and is characterized by low-turnover bone formation. Recent studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress could be associated with diabetic bone disease and that β-adrenergic antagonists could increase bone formation. Our study investigated the effect of carvedilol (β-blocker), possessing an antioxidant effect, on diabetic bone disease. METHODS We used the non-obese, type 2 diabetes model Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats in this study. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls (control, n = 6). SDT rats were divided into four groups: diabetic (DM, n = 8), DM+insulin (DM+I, n = 7), DM+carvedilol (DM+C, n = 8), and DM+N-acetylcysteine (DM+N, n = 10) at 20 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at 30 weeks, after which blood and urine samples, bone mineral density, histomorphometry, and oxidative stress were evaluated. RESULTS The number of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive cells in bone tissue was significantly lower in the DM+C and DM+N groups than in the DM group. Mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate per bone surface in the DM+C and DM+N groups were significantly higher than those in the DM group, and these parameters were better in the DM+C group than in the DM+N group. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that carvedilol has stronger effects on diabetic low-turnover bone disease beyond that which can be attributed to its antioxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Waddington RJ, Alraies A, Colombo JS, Sloan AJ, Okazaki J, Moseley R. Characterization of oxidative stress status during diabetic bone healing. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:307-12. [PMID: 21576908 DOI: 10.1159/000324251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early events associated with bone healing in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus appear to be delayed. Hyperglycaemia and an associated increase in oxidative stress are cited as potential factors leading to a change in cellular behaviour. Using an in vivo model monitoring bone formation around implants placed into rat mandibles, we have previously identified that the onset of cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation are delayed and subsequently prolonged compared with normal bone. This study used the same implant model to characterize oxidative stress biomarkers and primary antioxidant enzyme profiles during diabetic bone healing in vivo. Implants were placed into the sockets of incisors extracted from the mandibles of normal Wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats for 3 and 9 weeks after implant insertion. Histochemical analysis confirmed a delay in bone healing around implants in diabetic animals. Immunohistochemical localization of peri-cellular staining for protein carbonyl groups, as a biomarker of oxidized protein content, was slightly higher in diabetic granulation tissue compared with normal tissue. However, no differences were observed in the staining patterns of advanced glycation end products. Minimal differences were observed in the number of cells positive for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 or mitochondrial SOD2. Significantly, catalase was absent in diabetic tissues. The results suggest that the oxidative environment in healing bone is differentially affected by hyperglycaemia, particularly in relation to catalase. The significance of these observations for diabetic bone healing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Waddington
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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