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Nagao M, Asai A, Eliasson L, Oikawa S. Selectively bred rodent models for studying the etiology of type 2 diabetes: Goto-Kakizaki rats and Oikawa-Nagao mice. Endocr J 2023; 70:19-30. [PMID: 36477370 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic disease and studies to understand the etiology of the disease have required selectively bred animal models with polygenic background. In this review, we present two models; the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat and the Oikawa-Nagao Diabetes-Prone (ON-DP) and Diabetes-Resistant (ON-DR) mouse. The GK rat was developed by continuous selective breeding for glucose tolerance from the outbred Wistar rat around 50 years ago. The main cause of spontaneous hyperglycemia in this model is insulin secretion deficiency from pancreatic β-cells and mild insulin resistance in insulin target organs. A disadvantage of the GK rat is that environmental factors have not been considered in the selective breeding. Hence, the GK rat may not be suitable for elucidating predisposition to diabetes under certain environmental conditions, such as a high-fat diet. Therefore, we recently established two mouse lines with different susceptibilities to diet-induced diabetes, which are prone and resistant to the development of diabetes, designated as the ON-DP and ON-DR mouse, respectively. The two ON mouse lines were established by continuous selective breeding for inferior and superior glucose tolerance after high-fat diet feeding in hybrid mice of three inbred strains. Studies of phenotypic differences between ON-DP and ON-DR mice and their underlying molecular mechanisms will shed light on predisposing factors for the development of T2D in the modern obesogenic environment. This review summarizes the background and the phenotypic differences and similarities of GK rats and ON mice and highlights the advantages of using selectively bred rodent models in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
- Clincal Research Centre (CRC), Skåne University Hospital(SUS), Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| | - Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
- Clincal Research Centre (CRC), Skåne University Hospital(SUS), Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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Miskelly MG, Shcherbina L, Thorén Fischer AH, Abels M, Lindqvist A, Wierup N. GK-rats respond to gastric bypass surgery with improved glycemia despite unaffected insulin secretion and beta cell mass. Peptides 2021; 136:170445. [PMID: 33197511 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity and results in rapid remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D), before significant weight loss occurs. The underlying mechanisms for T2D remission are not fully understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms we used RYGB-operated diabetic GK-rats and Wistar control rats. Twelve adult male Wistar- and twelve adult male GK-rats were subjected to RYGB- or sham-operation. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed six weeks after surgery. RYGB normalized fasting glucose levels in GK-rats, without affecting fasting insulin levels. In both rat strains, RYGB caused increased postprandial responses in glucose, GLP-1, and GIP. RYGB caused elevated postprandial insulin secretion in Wistar-rats, but had no effect on insulin secretion in GK-rats. In agreement with this, RYGB improved HOMA-IR in GK-rats, but had no effect on HOMA-β. RYGB-operated GK-rats had an increased number of GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor immunoreactive islet cells, but RYGB had no major effect on beta or alpha cell mass. Furthermore, in RYGB-operated GK-rats, increased Slc5a1, Pck2 and Pfkfb1 and reduced Fasn hepatic mRNA expression was observed. In summary, our data shows that RYGB induces T2D remission and enhanced postprandial incretin hormone secretion in GK-rats, without affecting insulin secretion or beta cell mass. Thus our data question the dogmatic view of how T2D remission is achieved and instead point at improved insulin sensitivity as the main mechanism of remission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastric Bypass
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/genetics
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/genetics
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion/genetics
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Weight Loss/genetics
- Weight Loss/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Miskelly
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Liliya Shcherbina
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Mia Abels
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindqvist
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Wierup
- Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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Nagao M, Esguerra JLS, Wendt A, Asai A, Sugihara H, Oikawa S, Eliasson L. Selectively Bred Diabetes Models: GK Rats, NSY Mice, and ON Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2128:25-54. [PMID: 32180184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0385-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The polygenic background of selectively bred diabetes models mimics the etiology of type 2 diabetes. So far, three different rodent models (Goto-Kakizaki rats, Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda mice, and Oikawa-Nagao mice) have been established in the diabetes research field by continuous selective breeding for glucose tolerance from outbred rodent stocks. The origin of hyperglycemia in these rodents is mainly insulin secretion deficiency from the pancreatic β-cells and mild insulin resistance in insulin target organs. In this chapter, we summarize backgrounds and phenotypes of these rodent models to highlight their importance in diabetes research. Then, we introduce experimental methodologies to evaluate β-cell exocytosis as a putative common defect observed in these rodent models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Exocytosis
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Glucose Intolerance
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Insulin Secretion/physiology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/chemistry
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Selective Breeding/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Nagao
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jonathan Lou S Esguerra
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Wendt
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Akira Asai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Diabetes and Lifestyle-related Disease Center, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden.
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Gosman JH, Stout SD, Larsen CS. Skeletal biology over the life span: a view from the surfaces. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 146 Suppl 53:86-98. [PMID: 22101688 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biocultural interpretation of skeletal remains is based upon the foundation of skeletal biology. In this review we examine the current state of skeletal biology research outside of the mainstream anthropology literature. The focus is on the structural changes of bone development and growth, and modeling and repair in the four bone surfaces: periosteal, Haversian, endosteal, and trabecular. The pattern of skeletal changes is placed within the framework of the human life span. New perspectives and direction of research on the environmental, biological, and genetic influences on modeling and remodeling processes are discussed chronologically at each bone surface. Implications for biological anthropologists are considered. This approach emphasizes variation in skeletal biology as a dynamic record of development, maturity, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Gosman
- Department of Anthropology, 4034 Smith Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, USA.
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Lagerholm S, Park HB, Luthman H, Grynpas M, McGuigan F, Swanberg M, Åkesson K. Identification of candidate gene regions in the rat by co-localization of QTLs for bone density, size, structure and strength. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22462. [PMID: 21818327 PMCID: PMC3144887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to osteoporotic fracture is influenced by genetic factors that can be dissected by whole-genome linkage analysis in experimental animal crosses. The aim of this study was to characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for biomechanical and two-dimensional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) phenotypes in reciprocal F2 crosses between diabetic GK and normo-glycemic F344 rat strains and to identify possible co-localization with previously reported QTLs for bone size and structure. The biomechanical measurements of rat tibia included ultimate force, stiffness and work to failure while DXA was used to characterize tibial area, bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD). F2 progeny (108 males, 98 females) were genotyped with 192 genome-wide markers followed by sex- and reciprocal cross-separated whole-genome QTL analyses. Significant QTLs were identified on chromosome 8 (tibial area; logarithm of odds (LOD) = 4.7 and BMC; LOD = 4.1) in males and on chromosome 1 (stiffness; LOD = 5.5) in females. No QTLs showed significant sex-specific interactions. In contrast, significant cross-specific interactions were identified on chromosome 2 (aBMD; LOD = 4.7) and chromosome 6 (BMC; LOD = 4.8) for males carrying F344mtDNA, and on chromosome 15 (ultimate force; LOD = 3.9) for males carrying GKmtDNA, confirming the effect of reciprocal cross on osteoporosis-related phenotypes. By combining identified QTLs for biomechanical-, size- and qualitative phenotypes (pQCT and 3D CT) from the same population, overlapping regions were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10. These are strong candidate regions in the search for genetic risk factors for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lagerholm
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hee-Bok Park
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Holger Luthman
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fiona McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Åkesson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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