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Xu X, Tang Y, Lang Y, Liu Y, Cheng W, Xu H, Liu Y. Oral Exposure to ZnO Nanoparticles Disrupt the Structure of Bone in Young Rats via the OPG/RANK/RANKL/IGF-1 Pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9657-9668. [PMID: 33299310 PMCID: PMC7721121 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s275553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of ZnO NPs on bone growth in rats and explore the possible mechanisms of action. Materials and Methods Three-week-old male rats received ultrapure water or 68, 203, and 610 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for 28 days, orally. Results The high-dosage groups caused significant differences in weight growth rate, body length, and tibia length (P<0.05), all decreasing with increased ZnO NP dosage. There were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI) (P>0.05). The zinc concentration in liver and bone tissue increased significantly with increased ZnO NP dosage (P<0.05). Clearly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were observed in the 610 mg/kg ZnO NP group (P>0.05), whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased in the 610 mg/kg ZnO NP group (P<0.05). Significant differences in insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) levels and a decrease in calcium (Ca) levels were observed in 203 and 610 mg/kg ZnO NP groups (P<0.05). Phosphorus (P) levels increased and the Ca/P ratio decreased in the 610 mg/kg ZnO NP group (P<0.05). Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of the tibia demonstrated signs of osteoporosis, such as decreased bone density, little trabecular bone structure and reduced cortical bone thickness. Micro-CT data further demonstrated significantly decreased bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), and relative bone volume (BV/TV) with increasing dosage of ZnO NPs. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and the ratio of OPG to receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were statistically lower in the 610 mg/kg ZnO NP group (P<0.05), whereas RANKL expression did not change significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion We infer that ZnO NPs affect bone growth in young rats directly or indirectly by altering IGF-1 levels. Overall, the results indicate that ZnO NPs promote osteoclast activity and increase bone loss through the OPG/RANK/RANKL/IGF-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Lang
- Medical Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
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Dalton HJ, Pradeep S, McGuire M, Hailemichael Y, Ma S, Lyons Y, Armaiz-Pena GN, Previs RA, Hansen JM, Rupaimoole R, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Cho MS, Wu SY, Mangala LS, Jennings NB, Hu W, Langley R, Mu H, Andreeff M, Bar-Eli M, Overwijk W, Ram P, Lopez-Berestein G, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Macrophages Facilitate Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy by Altered VEGFR Expression. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7034-7046. [PMID: 28855350 PMCID: PMC5690831 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: VEGF-targeted therapies have modest efficacy in cancer patients, but acquired resistance is common. The mechanisms underlying such resistance are poorly understood.Experimental Design: To evaluate the potential role of immune cells in the development of resistance to VEGF blockade, we first established a preclinical model of adaptive resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to characterize the role of macrophages in such resistance.Results: Using murine cancer models of adaptive resistance to anti-VEGF antibody (AVA), we found a previously unrecognized role of macrophages in such resistance. Macrophages were actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment and were responsible for the emergence of AVA resistance. Depletion of macrophages following emergence of resistance halted tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. In a macrophage-deficient mouse model, resistance to AVA failed to develop, but could be induced by injection of macrophages. Downregulation of macrophage VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-3 expression accompanied upregulation of alternative angiogenic pathways, facilitating escape from anti-VEGF therapy.Conclusions: These findings provide a new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the modest efficacy of current antiangiogenesis therapies and identify new opportunities for combination approaches for ovarian and other cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7034-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael McGuire
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | | | - Shaolin Ma
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Yasmin Lyons
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana
- Experimental Therapeutics
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Genetica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Min Soon Cho
- Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Wei Hu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Robert Langley
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Mu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Experimental Therapeutics
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Anil K Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine,
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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3
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Dalton HJ, Pradeep S, McGuire M, Hailemichael Y, Ma S, Lyons Y, Armaiz-Pena GN, Previs RA, Hansen JM, Rupaimoole R, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Cho MS, Wu SY, Mangala LS, Jennings NB, Hu W, Langley R, Mu H, Andreeff M, Bar-Eli M, Overwijk W, Ram P, Lopez-Berestein G, Coleman RL, Sood AK. Macrophages Facilitate Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy by Altered VEGFR Expression. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28855350 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0647] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: VEGF-targeted therapies have modest efficacy in cancer patients, but acquired resistance is common. The mechanisms underlying such resistance are poorly understood.Experimental Design: To evaluate the potential role of immune cells in the development of resistance to VEGF blockade, we first established a preclinical model of adaptive resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to characterize the role of macrophages in such resistance.Results: Using murine cancer models of adaptive resistance to anti-VEGF antibody (AVA), we found a previously unrecognized role of macrophages in such resistance. Macrophages were actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment and were responsible for the emergence of AVA resistance. Depletion of macrophages following emergence of resistance halted tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. In a macrophage-deficient mouse model, resistance to AVA failed to develop, but could be induced by injection of macrophages. Downregulation of macrophage VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-3 expression accompanied upregulation of alternative angiogenic pathways, facilitating escape from anti-VEGF therapy.Conclusions: These findings provide a new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the modest efficacy of current antiangiogenesis therapies and identify new opportunities for combination approaches for ovarian and other cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7034-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael McGuire
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | | | - Shaolin Ma
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Yasmin Lyons
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana
- Experimental Therapeutics.,Departamento de Biologia Celular y Genetica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Min Soon Cho
- Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Wei Hu
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
| | - Robert Langley
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Mu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Experimental Therapeutics.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Anil K Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, .,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Elshafae SM, Kohart NA, Altstadt LA, Dirksen WP, Rosol TJ. The Effect of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (AR-42) on Canine Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Prostate 2017; 77:776-793. [PMID: 28181686 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine prostate cancer (PCa) is an excellent preclinical model for human PCa. AR-42 is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) developed at The Ohio State University that inhibits the proliferation of several cancers, including multiple myeloma, lung, and hepatocellular cancer. In this study, we investigated whether AR-42 would prevent or decrease. The growth and metastasis of a canine PCa (Ace-1 cells) to bone in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Proliferation, cell viability, invasion, and metastasis of a canine prostate cancer cell line (Ace-1) were measured following treatment with AR-42. Expression of anoikis resistance, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stem cell-related markers were also evaluated. To assess the efficacy of AR-42 on prevention of PCa metastasis to bone, Ace-1 cells were injected in the left cardiac ventricle of nude mice, mice were treated with AR-42, and the incidence and growth of bone metastasis were measured. Bioluminescence was performed to monitor the bone metastases in nude mice. RESULTS AR-42 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of Ace-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The IC50 concentration of AR-42 for Ace-1 cells was 0.42 μM after 24 hr of treatment. AR-42 induced apoptosis, decreased cell migration, and increased the stem cell properties of Ace-1 cells in vitro. AR-42 downregulated E-cadherin, N-cadherin, TWIST, MYOF, anoikis resistance, and osteomimicry genes, while it upregulated SNAIL, PTEN, FAK, and ZEB1 gene expression in Ace-1 cells. Importantly, AR-42 decreased the bioluminescence and incidence of bone metastasis in nude mice. In addition, AR-42 induced apoptosis and altered the tumor cell morphology to an irregular cell phenotype with condensed chromatin in the bone metastases. CONCLUSION AR-42 decreased PCa growth and bone metastasis, induced apoptosis, and downregulated osteomimicry genes in PCa cells in the bone microenvironment. Prostate 77:776-793, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Nicole A Kohart
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lucas A Altstadt
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wessel P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Elshafae SM, Hassan BB, Supsavhad W, Dirksen WP, Camiener RY, Ding H, Tweedle MF, Rosol TJ. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) promotes EMT, growth, and invasion in canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:796-809. [PMID: 26939805 PMCID: PMC5867904 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) is upregulated in early and late-stage human prostate cancer (PCa) and other solid tumors of the mammary gland, lung, head and neck, colon, uterus, ovary, and kidney. However, little is known about its role in prostate cancer. This study examined the effects of a heterologous GRPr agonist, bombesin (BBN), on growth, motility, morphology, gene expression, and tumor phenotype of an osteoblastic canine prostate cancer cell line (Ace-1) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The Ace-1 cells were stably transfected with the human GRPr and tumor cells were grown in vitro and as subcutaneous and intratibial tumors in nude mice. The effect of BBN was measured on cell proliferation, cell migration, tumor growth (using bioluminescence), tumor cell morphology, bone tumor phenotype, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis gene expression (quantitative RT-PCR). GRPr mRNA expression was measured in primary canine prostate cancers and normal prostate glands. RESULTS Bombesin (BBN) increased tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth and invasion in vivo. BBN upregulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (TWIST, SNAIL, and SLUG mRNA) and downregulated epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin mRNA), and modified tumor cell morphology to a spindle cell phenotype. Blockade of GRPr upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated VIMENTIN and SNAIL mRNA. BBN altered the in vivo tumor phenotype in bone from an osteoblastic to osteolytic phenotype. Primary canine prostate cancers had increased GRPr mRNA expression compared to normal prostates. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated that the GRPr is important in prostate cancer growth and progression and targeting GRPr may be a promising strategy for treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 76:796-809, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M. Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Kalyubia, Egypt
| | - Bardes B. Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Wessel P. Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rachael Y. Camiener
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Haiming Ding
- Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael F. Tweedle
- Department of Radiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Simmons JK, Hildreth BE, Supsavhad W, Elshafae SM, Hassan BB, Dirksen WP, Toribio RE, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Bone Metastasis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:827-41. [PMID: 26021553 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815586223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Bone metastases are considered incurable and result in pain, pathologic fracture, and decreased quality of life. Animal models of skeletal metastases are essential to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways of cancer metastasis and growth in bone and to develop new therapies to inhibit and prevent bone metastases. The ideal animal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible, and representative of human disease. Currently, an ideal model does not exist; however, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the available models will lead to proper study design and successful cancer research. This review provides an overview of the current in vivo animal models used in the study of skeletal metastases or local tumor invasion into bone and focuses on mammary and prostate cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and miscellaneous tumors that metastasize to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B B Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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RANKL inhibition blocks osteolytic lesions and reduces skeletal tumor burden in models of non-small-cell lung cancer bone metastases. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:345-54. [PMID: 24496001 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone metastasis is a serious complication in patients with lung cancer, occurring in up to 40% of patients. Tumor cell-mediated osteolysis occurs ultimately through induction of RANK ligand (RANKL) within the bone stroma although this hypothesis has not been tested extensively in the setting of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By using two novel NSCLC bone metastasis mouse models, we examined the effects of RANKL inhibition on osteolysis and tumor progression. METHODS We treated mice bearing skeletal NSCLC tumors with osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) to assess whether osteoclast inhibition through RANKL inhibition would affect bone metastases at early or late stages of bone colonization. Progression of skeletal tumor was determined by radiography, longitudinal bioluminescent imaging, and histological analyses. RESULTS OPG-Fc reduced development and progression of radiographically evident osteolytic lesions and also significantly reduced skeletal tumor progression in both NSCLC bone metastasis models. In the H1299 human NSCLC bone metastasis model, OPG-Fc plus docetaxel in combination resulted in significantly greater inhibition of skeletal tumor growth compared with either single agent alone. The observed ability of RANKL inhibition to reduce NSCLC osteolytic bone destruction or skeletal tumor burden was associated with decreases in tumor-associated osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that RANKL is required for the development of tumor-induced osteolytic bone destruction caused by NSCLC cells in vivo. RANKL inhibition also reduced skeletal tumor burden, presumably through the indirect mechanism of blocking tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis and resultant production of growth factors and calcium from the bone microenvironment. RANKL inhibition also provided an additive benefit to docetaxel treatment by augmenting the reduction of tumor burden.
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Badraoui R, Ben-Nasr H, Amamou S, El-May MV, Rebai T. Walker 256/B malignant breast cancer cells disrupt osteoclast cytomorphometry and activity in rats: modulation by α-tocopherol acetate. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:135-41. [PMID: 24314812 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of vitamin E supplementation (VES) on osteoclast (OC) resorbing activity and cytomorphometry in Walker 256/B tumor osteolytic rats. Twenty-four aged male rats were randomized into 3 groups: 6 were sham operated; 9 were injected in the right hind limb with Walker 256/B cells (W256 group); and 9 were injected as above and supplemented with VE (45mg/kg BW) (W256VE group). Twenty days later, bone mass (BV/TV) and some microarchitectural parameters were assessed. Some histodynamic parameters, cellular and nuclear form factors (FFC and FFN), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) of OC were measured for each group. W256 group exhibited osteolytic lesions in the operated femora. Walker 256/B induced trabecular perforation and decreased BV/TV associated with significant increases in OC numbering (N.Oc/B.Ar and Oc.N/B.Pm) and activity (ES/BS and Oc.S/BS). While FFN remain unchanged, the FFC and N/C ratio increased in the W256 group. W256VE showed less osteolytic lesions. Moreover, disruption of bone microarchitecture and OC activity in W256VE group decreased. VES reduced the malignant Walker 256/B-induced enhanced OC resorbing activity with cytoinhibition rate reaching 41%. The protective effect of VE may be due to its modulation of OC cytomorphometry and subsequently their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Badraoui
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Cytology-Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El-Manar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Hmed Ben-Nasr
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Selma Amamou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Michèle Véronique El-May
- Laboratory of Cytology-Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El-Manar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Rebai
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
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Wei J, Wang Z, Makarov D, Li X. Current treatments and novel therapeutic targets for castration resistant prostate cancer with bone metastasis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2013; 1:30-8. [PMID: 25374898 PMCID: PMC4219282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men in developed countries. While early stage disease can often be cured, many patients eventually develop castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority of CRPC patients have bone metastases, which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Although there is no cure for prostate cancer metastatic to bone, several bone-targeted agents have been approved to prevent skeletal-related events (SREs). Among them, bisphosphonates were the first class of drugs investigated for prevention of SREs. Denosumab is a recently approved agent that binds to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) as a humanized monoclonal antibody. Both agents target prostate cancer skeletal metastasis through the inhibition of bone resorption. Alpharadin is the first radiopharmaceutical agent that has significant overall survival benefit. It has benefits in pain palliation and SREs as well. Another newly approved drug is Abiraterone acetate, which decreases circulating levels of testosterone by targeting an enzyme expressed in the testis and the adrenal, as well as in prostate cancer tissues. This review outlines the clinical and preclinical data supporting the use of these and new agents in development for CRPC with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Wei
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of DentistryNew York, NY 10010
- Tongji HospitalWuhan, China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of DentistryNew York, NY 10010
| | - Danil Makarov
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicalNew York, NY 10010
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of DentistryNew York, NY 10010
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicalNew York, NY 10010
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Park SI, Lee C, Sadler WD, Koh AJ, Jones J, Seo JW, Soki FN, Cho SW, Daignault SD, McCauley LK. Parathyroid hormone-related protein drives a CD11b+Gr1+ cell-mediated positive feedback loop to support prostate cancer growth. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6574-83. [PMID: 24072746 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, CD11b(+)Gr1(+) bone marrow-derived cells are a predominant source of protumorigenic factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), but how distal tumors regulate these cells in the bone marrow is unclear. Here we addressed the hypothesis that the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) potentiates CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells in the bone marrow of prostate tumor hosts. In two xenograft models of prostate cancer, levels of tumor-derived PTHrP correlated with CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cell recruitment and microvessel density in the tumor tissue, with evidence for mediation of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cell-derived MMP-9 but not tumor-derived VEGF-A. CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells isolated from mice with PTHrP-overexpressing tumors exhibited relatively increased proangiogenic potential, suggesting that prostate tumor-derived PTHrP potentiates this activity of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells. Administration of neutralizing PTHrP monoclonal antibody reduced CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells and MMP-9 in the tumors. Mechanistic investigations in vivo revealed that PTHrP elevated Y418 phosphorylation levels in Src family kinases in CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells via osteoblast-derived interleukin-6 and VEGF-A, thereby upregulating MMP-9. Taken together, our results showed that prostate cancer-derived PTHrP acts in the bone marrow to potentiate CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells, which are recruited to tumor tissue where they contribute to tumor angiogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serk In Park
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology; Center for Bone Biology; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry; Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics Core; and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Cody JJ, Rivera AA, Lyons GR, Yang SW, Wang M, Ashley JW, Meleth S, Feng X, Siegal GP, Douglas JT. Expression of osteoprotegerin from a replicating adenovirus inhibits the progression of prostate cancer bone metastases in a murine model. J Transl Med 2013; 93:268-78. [PMID: 23358109 PMCID: PMC3584184 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic involvement of the skeleton is a frequent consequence of advanced prostate cancer. These skeletal metastases cause a number of debilitating complications and are refractory to current treatments. New therapeutic options are being explored, including conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds). CRAds are engineered to selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells and can be 'armed' with exogenous transgenes for enhanced potency. We hypothesized that a CRAd armed with osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis, would inhibit the progression of prostate cancer bone metastases by directly lysing tumor cells and by reducing osteoclast activity. Although prostate cancer bone metastases are predominantly osteoblastic in nature, increased osteoclast activity is critical for the growth of these lesions. Ad5-Δ24-sOPG-Fc-RGD is a CRAd that carries a fusion of the ligand-binding domains of OPG and the Fc region of human IgG1 in place of the viral E3B genes. To circumvent low tumor cell expression of the native adenoviral receptor, an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide insertion within the viral fiber knob allows infection of cells expressing α(v) integrins. A 24-base pair deletion (Δ24) within viral E1A limits replication to cells with aberrant retinoblastoma cell cycle regulator/tumor suppressor expression. We have confirmed that Ad5-Δ24-sOPG-Fc-RGD replicates within and destroys prostate cancer cells and, in both murine and human coculture models, that infection of prostate cancer cells inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In a murine model, progression of advanced prostate cancer bone metastases was inhibited by treatment with Ad5-Δ24-sOPG-Fc-RGD but not by an unarmed control CRAd.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cody
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Angel A. Rivera
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gray R. Lyons
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sherry W. Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason W. Ashley
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sreelatha Meleth
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gene P. Siegal
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,The Center for Metabolic Bone Disease Core Laboratory, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,The Gene Therapy Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joanne T. Douglas
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,The Gene Therapy Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Soki FN, Li X, Berry J, Koh A, Sinder BP, Qian X, Kozloff KM, Taichman RS, McCauley LK. The effects of zoledronic acid in the bone and vasculature support of hematopoietic stem cell niches. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:67-78. [PMID: 22833499 PMCID: PMC3593195 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are maintained in a tightly regulated bone microenvironment constituted by a rich milieu of cells. Bone cells such as osteoblasts are associated with niche maintenance as regulators of the endosteal microenvironment. Bone remodeling also plays a role in HSC mobilization although it is poorly defined. The effects of zoledronic acid (ZA), a potent bisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption, were investigated on bone marrow cell populations focusing on HSCs, and the endosteal and vascular niches in bone. ZA treatment significantly increased bone volume and HSCs in both young and adult mice (4 week and 4 month old, respectively). ZA increased vessel numbers with no overall change in vascular volume in bones of young and had no effect on vasculature in adult mice. Since both young and adult mice had increased HSCs and bone mass with differing vasculature responses, this suggests that ZA indirectly supports HSCs via the osteoblastic niche and not the vascular niche. Additionally, gene expression in Lin- cells demonstrated increased expression of self-renewal-related genes Bmi1 and Ink4a suggesting a role of ZA in the modulation of cell commitment and differentiation toward a long-term self-renewing cell. Genes that support the osteoblastic niche, BMP2 and BMP6 were also augmented in ZA treated mice. In conclusion, ZA-induced HSC expansion occurs independent of the vascular niche via indirect modulation of the osteoblastic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana N. Soki
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Li
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Janice Berry
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amy Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin P. Sinder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Dougall WC. Molecular pathways: osteoclast-dependent and osteoclast-independent roles of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:326-35. [PMID: 22031096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a TNF ligand superfamily member that is essential for the formation, activation, and function of osteoclasts. RANKL functions via its cognate receptor RANK, and it is inhibited by the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). In skeletal metastases, the ratio of RANKL to OPG is upregulated, which leads to increased osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. These changes in the bone microenvironment not only compromise the structural integrity of bone, leading to severe clinical morbidities, but have also been implicated in establishment of de novo bone metastasis and the progression of existing skeletal tumors. Evaluation of RANKL inhibitors, including the fully human anti-RANKL antibody denosumab, in patients with cancer has shown reductions in tumor-induced bone resorption activity and successful management of skeletal complications of bone metastases. RANKL also functions as a major paracrine effector of the mitogenic action of progesterone in mouse mammary epithelium, and it has a role in ovarian hormone-dependent expansion and regenerative potential of mammary stem cells. RANKL inhibition attenuates mammary tumorigenesis and pulmonary metastases in mouse models. These data suggest that the contribution of progesterone to increased mammary cancer incidence is mediated, at least in part, by RANKL-dependent changes in the mammary epithelium; RANKL also directly promotes distant metastases. In summary, the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of RANKL inhibition can occur by at least 2 distinct mechanisms, one in the bone via osteoclast-dependent effects, and the second via direct effects on the tumor cells of various origins and/or mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Dougall
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
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