The effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density: A longitudinal study on non-athlete adolescents

The Effect of Halo-Pelvic Traction on Bone Mineral Density of Vertebrae and Corresponding Risk Factors

OBJECTIVES

Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with complications in implantation surgery for severe spinal deformity. In this quantitative study, we aimed to investigate the impact of halo-pelvic traction on vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and identify the risk factors for a decrease in BMD.

METHODS

Patients who underwent halo-pelvic traction at our hospital between 2019 and 2022 were included in the study. Patients' data, including height, weight, and BMD pre- and post-traction, were collected and analyzed. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to determine the BMD. The paired rank sum test was used to evaluate the changes in each measurement parameter. Linear regression was used to identify risk factors for a decrease in BMD.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were included in the study, nine women and six men, with an average age of 21.2 ± 7.3 years. Eleven patients had severe rigid scoliosis, while four had tuberculotic kyphosis. One expert measured the BMD values of 345 vertebrae using QCT. The average traction time was 143.3 ± 44.4 days. The average pre-traction BMD was 183.1 ± 73.8 mg/cm3 , and the average post-traction BMD was 140.5 ± 61.3 mg/cm3 (p < 0.01) Patients' height increased from an average of 151.3 ± 12.8 cm pre-traction to 165.5 ± 13.7 cm post-traction (p < 0.01), with traction length averaging 14.3 ± 6.2 cm (p < 0.01). The Cobb angle of the main curve declined from an average of 112.5° ± 24.4° pre-traction to 67.7° ± 19.8° post-traction (p < 0.01). Linear regression revealed a positive correlation between BMD loss and traction length and a negative correlation between BMD loss and correction rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Halo-pelvic traction can lead to a decrease in the BMD of the spinal vertebrae, with traction length positively correlated with BMD loss and correction rate negatively correlated with BMD loss. To prevent osteoporosis, physicians should ensure a limited traction length while utilizing better management techniques.

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Multiple Exercise-Regulated Bone Homeostasis

Bone is a tissue that is active throughout the lifespan, and its physiological activities, such as growth, development, absorption, and formation, are always ongoing. All types of stimulation that occur in sports play an important role in regulating the physiological activities of bone. Here, we track the latest research progress locally and abroad, summarize the recent, relevant research results, and systematically summarize the effects of different types of exercise on bone mass, bone strength and bone metabolism. We found that different types of exercise have different effects on bone health due to their unique technical characteristics. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism mediating the exercise regulation of bone homeostasis. Excessive high-intensity exercise does not benefit bone health but induces a high level of oxidative stress in the body, which has a negative impact on bone tissue. Regular moderate exercise can improve the body's antioxidant defense ability, inhibit an excessive oxidative stress response, promote the positive balance of bone metabolism, delay age-related bone loss and deterioration of bone microstructures and have a prevention and treatment effect on osteoporosis caused by many factors. Based on the above findings, we provide evidence for the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. This study provides a systematic basis for clinicians and professionals to reasonably formulate exercise prescriptions and provides exercise guidance for patients and the general public. This study also provides a reference for follow-up research.

Lower bone mineral density can be a risk for an enlarging bone marrow lesion: A longitudinal cohort study of Japanese women without radiographic knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVES

The aim is to elucidate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline and the change of bone marrow lesion (BML) during a 2-year follow-up (2YFU) period.

METHODS

Seventy-eight female participants (mean age: 54.9 ± 9.6 years) without radiographic knee osteoarthritis were eligible. Based on right-knee magnetic resonance imaging, maximum BML area (BMLa) was calculated by tracing the BML border. The change in BMLa was defined using the following formula: [2YFU] - [Baseline] = ΔBMLa. Positive ΔBMLa was defined as enlarged; negative ΔBMLa was defined as regressed. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to measure the BMD of distal radius. Young adult mean [YAM (%)] of the BMD was used for statistical analysis. Linear regression analysis was conducted with ΔBMLa as the dependent variable and YAM as the independent variable. Receiver operating characteristic curve and logistic regression analyses were conducted for YAM to predict the prevalence of BML enlargement or regression.

RESULTS

Twenty-six (33.3%) patients had enlarged BMLa, 12 (15.4%) participants showed regressing BMLa, and 40 (51.3%) patients remained stable. YAM was negatively associated with ΔBMLa (β: - 0.375, P = 0.046). The best predictor of BML enlargement risk was 85% (odds ratio: 8.383, P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

Lower BMD could predict BML enlargement during a 2YFU period.

Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men

CONTEXT

Exercise is recognized as an important strategy to prevent bone loss, but its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTMs) and related markers remain uncertain.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the acute effects of two different exercise modes on BTMs and related markers in young adults of both sexes and elderly men.

DESIGN SETTING PARTICIPANTS

This was a three-group crossover within-subjects design study with a total of 53 participants-19 young women (aged 22-30), 20 young men (aged 21-30 years), and 14 elderly men (aged 63-74 years)-performing two different exercise sessions [strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] separated by 2 weeks, in a supervised laboratory setting.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Plasma volume-corrected serum measurements of the BTMs C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) and procollagen of type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after each of the two exercise modes were performed.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Analyses revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in BTMs and related bone markers at baseline and time-, sex-, and age-dependent differences in response to exercise. No differences between exercise modes were observed for BTM response except for sclerostin in young men and LCN2 in elderly men. An acute, transient, and uniform increase in P1NP/CTX-1 ratio was found in young participants, demonstrating that beneficial skeletal effects on bone metabolism can be attained through both aerobic endurance and resistance exercise, although this effect seems to be attenuated with age. The acute effects of exercise on bone-related biomarkers were generally blunted after 24 h, suggesting that persistent alterations following prolonged exercise interventions should be assessed at later time points.