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Mondal S, Banerjee A, Das B. Spectroscopic and interfacial investigation on the interaction of hemoglobin with conventional and ionic liquid surfactants. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Patel BK, Sepay N, Mahapatra A. Structural alteration of myoglobin with two homologous cationic surfactants and effect of β-cyclodextrin: multifaceted insight and molecular docking study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural alteration and regeneration of myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
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3
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On the characteristic and stability of iron diet supplements. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2019-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The iron diet supplements: AproFER 1000 and AproTHEM were subjected to various chemical, microbial and magnetic analysis. The microbial analysis revealed no presence of pathogenic bacteria in the studied products. No significant changes in iron content or forms (bivalent/trivalent) were observed in EPR analysis of supplements stored at different conditions for a long period of time. The chemical and magnetic analysis showed that both AproFER 1000 and AproTHEM contain a high concentration of bivalent iron so they can be used as an iron diet supplements.
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4
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Patel BK, Sepay N, Rudra S, Mahapatra A. Deciphering the role of the head group of cationic surfactants in their binding interactions with heme protein and their release by β-cyclodextrin. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We decipher the mode of binding of surfactants with hemoglobin and their release by β-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Suparna Rudra
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
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5
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Binding interaction of sodium-N-dodecanoyl sarcosinate with hemoglobin and myoglobin: Physicochemical and spectroscopic studies with molecular docking analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 496:267-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Ryu WH, Gittleson FS, Thomsen JM, Li J, Schwab MJ, Brudvig GW, Taylor AD. Heme biomolecule as redox mediator and oxygen shuttle for efficient charging of lithium-oxygen batteries. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12925. [PMID: 27759005 PMCID: PMC5075788 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with lithium-oxygen batteries involves identifying catalysts that facilitate the growth and evolution of cathode species on an oxygen electrode. Heterogeneous solid catalysts cannot adequately address the problematic overpotentials when the surfaces become passivated. However, there exists a class of biomolecules which have been designed by nature to guide complex solution-based oxygen chemistries. Here, we show that the heme molecule, a common porphyrin cofactor in blood, can function as a soluble redox catalyst and oxygen shuttle for efficient oxygen evolution in non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries. The heme's oxygen binding capability facilitates battery recharge by accepting and releasing dissociated oxygen species while benefiting charge transfer with the cathode. We reveal the chemical change of heme redox molecules where synergy exists with the electrolyte species. This study brings focus to the rational design of solution-based catalysts and suggests a sustainable cross-link between biomolecules and advanced energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Forrest S. Gittleson
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Materials Chemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Julianne M. Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark J. Schwab
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - André D. Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Chi Z, Zhao J, You H, Wang M. Study on the Mechanism of Interaction between Phthalate Acid Esters and Bovine Hemoglobin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6035-6041. [PMID: 27379662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are widely used in plastic products as a series of chemical softeners. However, PAEs, which now exist in many environmental media such as the atmosphere, water, and soil, have been shown to be environmental endocrine disruptors. Hemoglobin is a functional protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells of animals. This study aims at revealing the interactions between bovine hemoglobin (BHb) and PAEs using spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. The results indicate that the selected representative PAEs-dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-can interact with BHb to form BHb-PAE complexes with one binding site, mainly relying on hydrophobic forces, with the affinity order DMP > DEP > DBP, opposite to the order of side-chain length. The binding of PAEs can cause conformational and micro-environmental changes in BHb, which may affect the physiological functions of Hb. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to define the specific binding sites, the results of which show that all the three PAEs can bind into the central cavity of BHb. The study contributes to expound the toxic mechanism of PAEs in vivo from the point of hematological toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, P.R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai , 2 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai , 2 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, P.R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai , 2 Wenhua West Road, Weihai 264209, P.R. China
| | - Mingjing Wang
- Weihai Blood Center , 28 Qingdao North Road, Weihai 264200, P.R. China
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8
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Ghosh C, Mukherjee S, Seal M, Dey SG. Peroxidase to Cytochrome b Type Transition in the Active Site of Heme-Bound Amyloid β Peptides Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1748-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Figueiredo KCDS, van de Ven W, Wessling M, Alves TLM, Borges CP. Immobilization of myoglobin in sodium alginate composite membranes. POLIMEROS 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Fotouhi L, Yousefinejad S, Salehi N, Saboury AA, Sheibani N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Application of merged spectroscopic data combined with chemometric analysis for resolution of hemoglobin intermediates during chemical unfolding. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt C:1974-1981. [PMID: 25468440 PMCID: PMC6690049 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) as a surfactant denaturant, and augmentation of different spectroscopic data, helped to detect the intermediates of hemoglobin (Hb) during unfolding process. UV-vis, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used simultaneously to monitor different aspects of hemoglobin species from the tertiary or secondary structure points of view. Application of the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS), using the initial estimates of spectral profiles and appropriate constraints on different parts of augmented spectroscopic data, showed good efficiency for characterization of intermediates during Hb unfolding. These results indicated the existence of five protein species, including three intermediate-like compounds in this process. The unfolding pathway in the presence of TTAB included conversion of oxyhemoglobin into deoxyhemoglobin, and then ferrylhemoglobin, ferrihemoglobin or aquamethemoglobin, which finally transformed into hemichrome. This is the first application of chemometric analysis on the merged spectroscopic data related to chemical denaturation of a protein. These types of analysis in multisubunit proteins not only increase the domain of information, but also can reduce the ambiguities of the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fotouhi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Yousefinejad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Salehi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and McPherson Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A A Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Grossi AB, do Nascimento ES, Cardoso DR, Skibsted LH. Proteolysis involvement in zinc–protoporphyrin IX formation during Parma ham maturation. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Yunta F, Di Foggia M, Bellido-Díaz V, Morales-Calderón M, Tessarin P, López-Rayo S, Tinti A, Kovács K, Klencsár Z, Fodor F, Rombolà AD. Blood meal-based compound. Good choice as iron fertilizer for organic farming. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3995-4003. [PMID: 23565571 DOI: 10.1021/jf305563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of iron chlorosis with Fe synthetic chelates is a widespread agronomical practice but implies high costs and environmental risks. Blood meal is one of the main fertilizers allowed to be used in organic farming. Through this work a novel blood meal fertilizer was audited. Measurements such as FTIR, Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy, UV-visible properties, stability against pH, and batch experiments were performed to characterize and assess the reactivity on soil constituents and agronomic soils. The spectroscopy findings give clear indications that Fe is in the ferric oxidation state, is hexacoordinated, and has a low-spin form suggesting a similar structure to hemin and hematin. A spectrophotometric method at 400 nm was validated to quantify blood meal concentration at low electrolyte concentrations. Batch experiments demonstrated high reactivity of blood meal fertilizer with soil constituents, mainly in the presence of calcium, where aggregation processes are predominant, and its ability to take Fe from synthetic Fe (hydr)oxides. The beneficial profile of blood meal by a providing nitrogen source together with the capability to keep the Fe bound to porphyrin organic compounds makes it a good candidate to be used as Fe fertilizer in organic farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Yunta
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Autonoma of Madrid , Avenida Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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de Oliveira GC, Maia GAS, Cortes VF, de Lima Santos H, Moreira LM, Barbosa LA. The effect of γ-radiation on the hemoglobin of stored red blood cells: the involvement of oxidative stress in hemoglobin conformation. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:899-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Mandal SS, Nagarajan B, Amenitsch H, Bhattacharyya AJ. Probing hemoglobin confinement inside submicron silica tubes using synchrotron SAXS and electrochemical response. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 42:371-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Simon M, Metzinger-Le Meuth V, Chevance S, Delalande O, Bondon A. Versatility of non-native forms of human cytochrome c: pH and micellar concentration dependence. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 18:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Moreira LM, Poli AL, Lyon JP, Aimbire F, Toledo JC, Costa-Filho AJ, Imasato H. Ligand changes in ferric species of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistusas function of pH: correlations between redox, spectroscopic and oligomeric properties and general implications with different hemoproteins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461000201x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review is focused on the relationship between oligomeric and heme properties of HbGp, emphasizing the characteristics that can be generalized to other hemoproteins. This study represents the state-of-the-art with respect to the approaches for investigating giant extracellular hemoglobins as well as the correlation between oligomeric assembly alterations and their consequent changes in the first coordination sphere. A wide introduction focused on the properties of this hemoglobin is developed. Indeed, this hemoprotein is considered an interesting prototype of blood substitute and biosensor due to its peculiar properties, such as resistance to autoxidation and oligomeric stability. Previous studies by our group employing UV-vis, EPR and CD spectroscopies have been revised in a complete approach, in agreement with recent and relevant data from the literature. In fact, a consistent and inter-related spectroscopic study is described propitiating a wide assignment of "fingerprint" peaks found in the techniques evaluated in this paper. This review furnishes physicochemical information regarding the identification of ferric heme species of hemoproteins and metallic complexes through their spectroscopic bands. This effort at the attribution of UV-vis, EPR and CD peaks is not restricted to HbGp, and includes a comparative analysis of several hemoproteins involving relevant implications regarding several types of iron-porphyrin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Marmo Moreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, 12244-000 São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Qualidade Acadêmica (IPQA), Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lima Poli
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Lyon
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, 12244-000 São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Aimbire
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, 12244-000 São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Qualidade Acadêmica (IPQA), Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São José dos Campos SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hidetake Imasato
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos SP, Brazil
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17
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Poli AL, Moreira LM, Imasato H. Autoxidation of giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus: molecular mechanism and oligomeric implications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 82:306-315. [PMID: 21824807 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Giant extracellular hemoglobins present high redox stability due to their supramolecular architecture, high number of polypeptide chains and great compaction of protein subunits. The oligomeric assembly and the changes in the polypeptidic structure can influence the autoxidation rate of the heme proteins, being that different nucleophiles can act in this process due to pH alterations. In the present work, we have studied the autoxidation rate of whole Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) giant extracellular hemoglobin, as well as the autoxidation rate of the isolated d monomer of HbGp studied regarding pH variations. The kinetic decay behavior is dependent on pH, presenting mono-exponential or bi-exponential character, depending on the oligomeric state of the protein. Thus, the oligomeric dissociation in specific pH values demonstrated a bi-exponential kinetic decay. A mono-exponential kinetic behavior was verified in the pH range of 5.9-7.3, which is assigned to the native whole protein. In alkaline medium, the presence of hydroxide ions leads the autoxidation of whole hemoglobin to a complex behavior, which is described by the combination of two first-order kinetics. The slow process occurs due to the d monomer autoxidation. At pH 7.0, the kinetic is mono-exponential, indicating a highly conserved oligomeric structure. In acid medium, the proton-catalyzed autoxidation occurs both on the whole hemoglobin and in the d monomer. It has been found that proximal and distal histidines develop determinant roles regarding the autoxidation rate, being that the distal histidine controls the contact of ligands with the ferrous center through a very interesting "swinging door" mechanism. Despite the significant sensitivity of the distal histidine to the presence of protons, water molecules and anions, the influence of chemical changes around the heme, such as pH changes, is much more effective in hemoproteins without this amino acid as distal residue. This fact denotes the ability of HbGp to adapt to environmental disturbances caused by the presence of the distal histidine, which is responsible for the great redox and oligomeric stabilities encountered in HbGp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lima Poli
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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18
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Merlino A, Howes BD, Prisco GD, Verde C, Smulevich G, Mazzarella L, Vergara A. Occurrence and formation of endogenous histidine hexa-coordination in cold-adapted hemoglobins. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:295-303. [PMID: 21491555 DOI: 10.1002/iub.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic and crystallographic evidence of endogenous (His) ligation at the sixth coordination site of the heme iron has been reported for monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric hemoglobins (Hbs) in both ferrous (hemochrome) and ferric (hemichrome) oxidation states. In particular, the ferric bis- histidyl adduct represents a common accessible ordered state for the β chains of all tetrameric Hbs isolated from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic fish. Indeed, the crystal structures of known tetrameric Hbs in the bis-His state are characterized by a different binding state of the α and β chains. An overall analysis of the bis-histidyl adduct of globin structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank reveals a marked difference between hemichromes in tetrameric Hbs compared to monomeric/dimeric Hbs. Herein, we review the structural, spectroscopic and stability features of hemichromes in tetrameric Antarctic fish Hbs. The role of bis-histidyl adducts is also addressed in a more evolutionary context alongside the concept of its potential physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemistry "Paolo Corradini," University of Naples "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Italy
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Qin P, Liu R, Teng Y. Perfluorodecanoic acid binding to hemoproteins: new insights from spectroscopic studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3246-52. [PMID: 21391606 DOI: 10.1021/jf200092y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a representative of the perfluoroalkyl acids, poses a great threat to humans and animals via food and other potential sources. In this work, we determined the effects of PFDA binding to two hemoproteins, bovine hemoglobin (BHb) and myoglobin (Mb). Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we found that PFDA greatly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of both hemoproteins, while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA) have minimal effects on the fluorescence. UV-vis absorption (UV) spectroscopy showed that PFDA induced the unfolding of the hemoproteins accompanied by exposure of the heme pocket and facilitating the formation of hemichrome. Additionally, as shown by the circular dichroism (CD) data, PFDA altered the secondary structure of both BHb and Mb. This work elucidates the interaction mechanism of PFDA with two hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Qin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
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20
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Gebicka L, Banasiak E. Interactions of anionic surfactants with methemoglobin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 83:116-21. [PMID: 21131182 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of two anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) at concentrations below and above critical micelle concentration with methemoglobin (metHb) have been investigated by conventional as well as by stopped-flow absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The absorption spectra of metHb in AOT reverse micelles have been also analyzed. Both surfactants in their monomeric form convert metHb to reversible hemichrome. This is connected with a diminution of peroxidase-like activity of metHb and with an increase of the susceptibility of heme for a damage by H(2)O(2). In micellar solutions of AOT and SDS as well as in AOT reverse micelles pentacoordinated ferric species seems to be the predominant form of this protein. It has been concluded, basing on a kinetic analysis, that conformational changes in the heme environment of metHb as induced by both surfactants occur independently of the alterations in the tertiary structure of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gebicka
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
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21
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Zou AH, Liu J, Mu BZ. Interaction between the natural lipopeptide [Glu1, Asp5] surfactin-C15 and hemoglobin: A spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Zou A, Liu J, Garamus VM, Zheng K, Willumeit R, Mu B. Interaction between the natural lipopeptide [Glu1, Asp5)] surfactin-C15 and hemoglobin in aqueous solution. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:593-9. [PMID: 20099842 DOI: 10.1021/bm9011453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between natural lipopeptide [Glu(1), Asp(5)] surfactin-C15 (surfactin) and hemoglobin (Hb) has been studied. Surface tension measurements show that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of surfactin increases from 1.54 x 10(-5) to 3.86 x 10(-5) mol/L with Hb. The UV spectra display that the effect of surfactin on Hb exhibits strong concentration-dependent fashion and the aquometHb convert to hemichrome at high surfactin concentration. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) measurements show that surfactin result in the formation of a fractal structure representing a "necklace model" of micelle-like clusters randomly distributed along the protein polypeptide chain at high surfactin concentration. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) results confirmed that surfactin can disrupt the helical structure of protein at high concentrations, although the enhanced native-like behavior of protein by low concentration of surfactin was observed. The microenvironment change around Phe amino residues and disulfide bonds of Hb was obtained from near-UV CD spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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23
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Vergara A, Franzese M, Merlino A, Bonomi G, Verde C, Giordano D, di Prisco G, Lee HC, Peisach J, Mazzarella L. Correlation between hemichrome stability and the root effect in tetrameric hemoglobins. Biophys J 2009; 97:866-74. [PMID: 19651045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of Hbs leads to the formation of different forms of Fe(III) that are relevant to a range of biochemical and physiological functions. Here we report a combined EPR/x-ray crystallography study performed at acidic pH on six ferric tetrameric Hbs. Five of the Hbs were isolated from the high-Antarctic notothenioid fishes Trematomus bernacchii, Trematomus newnesi, and Gymnodraco acuticeps, and one was isolated from the sub-Antarctic notothenioid Cottoperca gobio. Our EPR analysis reveals that 1), in all of these Hbs, at acidic pH the aquomet form and two hemichromes coexist; and 2), only in the three Hbs that exhibit the Root effect is a significant amount of the pentacoordinate (5C) high-spin Fe(III) form found. The crystal structure at acidic pH of the ferric form of the Root-effect Hb from T. bernacchii is also reported at 1.7 A resolution. This structure reveals a 5C state of the heme iron for both the alpha- and beta-chains within a T quaternary structure. Altogether, the spectroscopic and crystallographic results indicate that the Root effect and hemichrome stability at acidic pH are correlated in tetrameric Hbs. Furthermore, Antarctic fish Hbs exhibit higher peroxidase activity than mammalian and temperate fish Hbs, suggesting that a partial hemichrome state in tetrameric Hbs, unlike in monomeric Hbs, does not remove the need for protection from peroxide attack, in contrast to previous results from monomeric Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vergara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
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24
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Moreira LM, Poli AL, Lyon JP, Saade J, Costa-Filho AJ, Imasato H. Ferric species of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus as function of pH: An EPR study on the irreversibility of the heme transitions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Moreira LM, Poli AL, Costa-Filho AJ, Imasato H. Ferric species equilibrium of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus in alkaline medium: HALS hemichrome as a precursor of pentacoordinate species. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 42:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Moreira LM, Santiago PS, de Almeida EV, Tabak M. Interaction of giant extracellular Glossoscolex paulistus hemoglobin (HbGp) with zwitterionic surfactant N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS): Effects of oligomeric dissociation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 61:153-63. [PMID: 17825537 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the interaction between the zwitterionic surfactant N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) and the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp). Electronic optical absorption, fluorescence emission and circular dichroism spectroscopy techniques, together with Gel-filtration chromatography, were used in order to evaluate the oligomeric dissociation as well as the autoxidation of HbGp as a function of the interaction with HPS. A peculiar behavior was observed for the HPS-HbGp interaction: a complex ferric species formation equilibrium was promoted, as a consequence of the autoxidation and oligomeric dissociation processes. At pH 7.0, HPS is more effective up to 1mM while at pH 9.0 the surfactant effect is more intense above 1mM. Furthermore, the interaction of HPS with HbGp was clearly less intense than the interaction of this hemoglobin with cationic (CTAC) and anionic (SDS) surfactants. Probably, this lower interaction with HPS is due to two factors: (i) the lower electrostatic attraction between the HPS surfactant and the protein surface ionic sites when compared to the electrostatic interaction between HbGp and cationic and anionic surfactants, and (ii) the low cmc of HPS, which probably reduces the interaction of the surfactant in the monomeric form with the protein. The present work emphasizes the importance of the electrostatic contribution in the interaction between ionic surfactants and HbGp. Furthermore, in the whole HPS concentration range used in this study, no folding and autoxidation decrease induced by this surfactant were observed. This is quite different from the literature data on the interaction between surfactants and tetrameric hemoglobins, that supports the occurrence of this behavior for the intracellular hemoglobins at low surfactant concentration range. Spectroscopic data are discussed and compared with the literature in order to improve the understanding of hemoglobin-surfactant interaction as well as the acid isoelectric point (pI) influence of the giant extracellular hemoglobins on their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Moreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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27
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Moreira LM, Vieira dos Santos F, Lyon JP, Maftoum-Costa M, Pacheco-Soares C, Soares da Silva N. Photodynamic Therapy: Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work is focussed on the principles of photodynamic therapy (PDT), emphasizing the photochemical mechanisms of reactive oxygen species formation and the consequent biochemical processes generated by the action of reactive oxygen species on various biological macromolecules and organelles. This paper also presents some of the most used photosensitizers, including Photofrin, and the new prototypes of photosensitizers, analysing their physicochemical and spectroscopic properties. At this point, the review discusses the therapeutic window of absorption of specific wavelengths involving first- and second-generation photosensitizers, as well as the principal light sources used in PDT. Additionally, the aggregation process, which consists in a phenomenon common to several photosensitizers, is studied. J-aggregates and H-aggregates are discussed, along with their spectroscopic effects. Most photosensitizers have a significant hydrophobic character; thus, the study of the types of aggregation in aqueous solvent is very relevant. Important aspects of the coordination chemistry of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines used as photosensitizers are also discussed. The state-of-the-art in PDT is evaluated, discussing recent articles in this area. Furthermore, macrocyclic photosensitizers, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, are specifically described. The present review is an important contribution, because PDT is one of the most auspicious advances in the therapy against cancer and other non-malignant diseases.
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28
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Vergara A, Vitagliano L, Verde C, di Prisco G, Mazzarella L. Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of bis-histidyl adducts in tetrameric hemoglobins. Methods Enzymol 2008; 436:425-44. [PMID: 18237647 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)36024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobins (Hbs) are important proteins devoted to oxygen transport. Hbs carry out their function by keeping the iron atom, which binds the oxygen molecule, in its reduced Fe(II) state. Nonetheless, it is well known that Hbs frequently undergo, even under physiological conditions, spontaneous oxidation. Although these processes have been widely investigated, their role and impact in different biological contexts are still highly debated. In vertebrate Hbs, assembled in alpha2beta2 tetramers, it has traditionally been assumed that oxidized forms endowed with nativelike structures are either aquo-met or hydroxy-met states, depending on the pH of the medium. This view has been questioned by several independent investigations. In the past, indirect evidence of the existence of alternative nativelike oxidized forms was obtained from spectroscopic analyses. Indeed, it was suggested that, in tetrameric Hbs, bis-histidyl hemichrome states could be compatible with folded structures. Recent studies performed by complementing spectroscopic and crystallographic methodologies have provided a detailed picture of hemichrome structure and formation in these proteins. Here we review the methodological approaches adopted to achieve these results, the main structural features of these states, and the current hypotheses on their possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vergara
- Department of Chemistry and Consorzio Bioteknet, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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29
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Liu W, Guo X, Guo R. The interaction between hemoglobin and two surfactants with different charges. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:548-57. [PMID: 17889934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of hemoglobin (Hb) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) are investigated by several methods. We observed the formation of hemichrome below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of surfactant and the release of heme from Hb above the cmc. When pH value of Hb/surfactant system is lower than isoelectric point (pI) of Hb, the interaction of SDS with Hb is both electrostatic and hydrophobic, while the interaction of DTAB with Hb is hydrophobic mainly. On the contrary, when pH>pI, the interaction of SDS with Hb is hydrophobic mainly, while the interaction of DTAB with Hb is both electrostatic and hydrophobic. In the case where both the electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction exist, the electrostatic interaction plays a more important role. Thus, SDS tends to interact with Hb more obviously than DTAB does when pH<pI and the interaction between DTAB and Hb is stronger when pH>pI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, PR China
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30
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Giordano D, Vergara A, Lee HC, Peisach J, Balestrieri M, Mazzarella L, Parisi E, di Prisco G, Verde C. Hemoglobin structure/function and globin-gene evolution in the Arctic fish Liparis tunicatus. Gene 2007; 406:58-68. [PMID: 17618067 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the Arctic, in contributing to the knowledge of the overall ensemble of adaptive processes influencing the evolution of marine organisms, calls for investigations on molecular adaptations in Arctic fish. Unlike the vast majority of Antarctic Notothenioidei, several Arctic species display high hemoglobin multiplicity. The blood of four species, the spotted wolffish of the family Anarhichadidae and three Gadidae, contains three functionally distinct major components. Similar to many Antarctic notothenioids, Arctic Liparis tunicatus (suborder Cottoidei, family Liparidae) has one major hemoglobin (Hb 1) accompanied by a minor component (Hb 2). This paper reports the structural and functional characterisation of Hb 1 of L. tunicatus. This hemoglobin shows low oxygen affinity, and pronounced Bohr and Root effects. The amino-acid sequence of the beta chain displays an unusual substitution in NA2 (beta2) at the phosphate-binding site, and the replacement of Val E11 (beta67) with Ile. Similar to some Antarctic fish Hbs, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra reveal the formation of a ferric penta-coordinated species even at physiological pH. The amino-acid sequences have also been used to gain insight into the evolutionary history of globins of polar fish. L. tunicatus globins appear close to the notothenioid clades as predicted by teleostean phylogenies. Close phylogenetic relationships between Cottoidei and Notothenioidei, together with their life style, seem to be the main factor driving the globin-sequence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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31
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Ran Y, Zhu H, Liu M, Fabian M, Olson JS, Aranda R, Phillips GN, Dooley DM, Lei B. Bis-methionine ligation to heme iron in the streptococcal cell surface protein Shp facilitates rapid hemin transfer to HtsA of the HtsABC transporter. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31380-8. [PMID: 17699155 PMCID: PMC2424027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface protein Shp of Streptococcus pyogenes rapidly transfers its hemin to HtsA, the lipoprotein component of the HtsABC transporter, in a concerted two-step process with one kinetic phase. The structural basis and molecular mechanism of this hemin transfer have been explored by mutagenesis and truncation of Shp. The heme-binding domain of Shp is in the amino-terminal region and is functionally active by itself, although inclusion of the COOH-terminal domain speeds up the process approximately 10-fold. Single alanine replacements of the axial methionine 66 and 153 ligands (Shp(M66A) and Shp(M153A)) cause formation of pentacoordinate hemin-Met complexes. The association equilibrium constants for hemin binding to wild-type, M66A, and M153A Shp are 5,300, 22,000, and 38 microM(-1), respectively, showing that the Met(153)-Fe bond is critical for high affinity binding and that Met(66) destabilizes hemin binding to facilitate its rapid transfer. Shp(M66A) and Shp(M153A) rapidly bind to hemin-free HtsA (apoHtsA), forming stable transfer intermediates. These intermediates appear to be Shp-hemin-HtsA complexes with one axial ligand from each protein and decay to the products with rate constants of 0.4-3 s(-1). Thus, the M66A and M153A replacements alter the kinetic mechanism and unexpectedly slow down hemin transfer by stabilizing the intermediates. These results, in combination with the structure of the Shp heme-binding domain, allow us to propose a "plug-in" mechanism in which side chains from apoHtsA are inserted into the axial positions of hemin in Shp to extract it from the surface protein and pull it into the transporter active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Ran
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Marian Fabian
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the W. M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - John S. Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the W. M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Roman Aranda
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David M. Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Benfang Lei
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
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32
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Stojanović SD, Medaković VB, Predović G, Beljanski M, Zarić SD. XH/pi interactions with the pi system of porphyrin ring in porphyrin-containing proteins. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:1063-71. [PMID: 17659366 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Searching structures of porphyrin-containing proteins from the Protein Data Bank revealed that the pi system of every porphyrin ring is involved in XH/pi interactions, with most of the porphyrins having several interactions. Both five-membered pyrrole rings and six-membered chelate rings are involved in XH/pi interactions; the number of interactions with five-membered rings is larger than the number of interactions with six-membered rings. We found interactions with C-H and N-H groups as hydrogen-atom donors; however, the number of CH/pi interactions is much larger than the number of NH/pi interactions. The amino acids involved in the interactions show a high conservation score. Our results that every porphyrin is involved in XH/pi interactions and that amino acids involved in these interactions are highly conserved demonstrate that XH/pi interactions play an important role in porphyrin-protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdan D Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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33
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Vergara A, Franzese M, Merlino A, Vitagliano L, Verde C, di Prisco G, Lee HC, Peisach J, Mazzarella L. Structural characterization of ferric hemoglobins from three antarctic fish species of the suborder notothenioidei. Biophys J 2007; 93:2822-9. [PMID: 17545238 PMCID: PMC1989692 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous autoxidation of tetrameric Hbs leads to the formation of Fe (III) forms, whose physiological role is not fully understood. Here we report structural characterization by EPR of the oxidized states of tetrameric Hbs isolated from the Antarctic fish species Trematomus bernacchii, Trematomus newnesi, and Gymnodraco acuticeps, as well as the x-ray crystal structure of oxidized Trematomus bernacchii Hb, redetermined at high resolution. The oxidation of these Hbs leads to formation of states that were not usually detected in previous analyses of tetrameric Hbs. In addition to the commonly found aquo-met and hydroxy-met species, EPR analyses show that two distinct hemichromes coexist at physiological pH, referred to as hemichromes I and II, respectively. Together with the high-resolution crystal structure (1.5 A) of T. bernacchii and a survey of data available for other heme proteins, hemichrome I was assigned by x-ray crystallography and by EPR as a bis-His complex with a distorted geometry, whereas hemichrome II is a less constrained (cytochrome b5-like) bis-His complex. In four of the five Antartic fish Hbs examined, hemichrome I is the major form. EPR shows that for HbCTn, the amount of hemichrome I is substantially reduced. In addition, the concomitant presence of a penta-coordinated high-spin Fe (III) species, to our knowledge never reported before for a wild-type tetrameric Hb, was detected. A molecular modeling investigation demonstrates that the presence of the bulkier Ile in position 67beta in HbCTn in place of Val as in the other four Hbs impairs the formation of hemichrome I, thus favoring the formation of the ferric penta-coordinated species. Altogether the data show that ferric states commonly associated with monomeric and dimeric Hbs are also found in tetrameric Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vergara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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