1
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Yuan G, Salipante PF, Hudson SD, Gillilan RE, Huang Q, Hatch HW, Shen VK, Grishaev AV, Pabit S, Upadhya R, Adhikari S, Panchal J, Blanco MA, Liu Y. Flow Activation Energy of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Solutions and Protein-Protein Interactions Influenced by NaCl and Sucrose. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4553-4564. [PMID: 39163212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The solution viscosity and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) as a function of temperature (4-40 °C) were measured at a series of protein concentrations for a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with different formulation conditions, which include NaCl and sucrose. The flow activation energy (Eη) was extracted from the temperature dependence of solution viscosity using the Arrhenius equation. PPIs were quantified via the protein diffusion interaction parameter (kD) measured by dynamic light scattering, together with the osmotic second virial coefficient and the structure factor obtained through small-angle X-ray scattering. Both viscosity and PPIs were found to vary with the formulation conditions. Adding NaCl introduces an attractive interaction but leads to a significant reduction in the viscosity. However, adding sucrose enhances an overall repulsive effect and leads to a slight decrease in viscosity. Thus, the averaged (attractive or repulsive) PPI information is not a good indicator of viscosity at high protein concentrations for the mAb studied here. Instead, a correlation based on the temperature dependence of viscosity (i.e., Eη) and the temperature sensitivity in PPIs was observed for this specific mAb. When kD is more sensitive to the temperature variation, it corresponds to a larger value of Eη and thus a higher viscosity in concentrated protein solutions. When kD is less sensitive to temperature change, it corresponds to a smaller value of Eη and thus a lower viscosity at high protein concentrations. Rather than the absolute value of PPIs at a given temperature, our results show that the temperature sensitivity of PPIs may be a more useful metric for predicting issues with high viscosity of concentrated solutions. In addition, we also demonstrate that caution is required in choosing a proper protein concentration range to extract kD. In some excipient conditions studied here, the appropriate protein concentration range needs to be less than 4 mg/mL, remarkably lower than the typical concentration range used in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcui Yuan
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Paul F Salipante
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Steven D Hudson
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Richard E Gillilan
- Center for High-Energy X-ray Sciences at CHESS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- Center for High-Energy X-ray Sciences at CHESS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Harold W Hatch
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vincent K Shen
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alexander V Grishaev
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Suzette Pabit
- Analytical Enabling Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rahul Upadhya
- Analytical Enabling Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sudeep Adhikari
- Analytical Enabling Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jainik Panchal
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marco A Blanco
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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2
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Swanson P, Arnold GP, Curley CE, Wakita SC, Waters JDV, Balog ERM. Understanding the Phase Behavior of a Multistimuli-Responsive Elastin-like Polymer: Insights from Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5756-5765. [PMID: 38830627 PMCID: PMC11181320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Elastin-like polymers are a class of stimuli-responsive protein polymers that hold immense promise in applications such as drug delivery, hydrogels, and biosensors. Yet, understanding the intricate interplay of factors influencing their stimuli-responsive behavior remains a challenging frontier. Using temperature-controlled dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, we investigate the interactions between buffer, pH, salt, water, and protein using an elastin-like polymer containing ionizable lysine residues. We observed the elevation of transition temperature in the presence of the common buffering agent HEPES at low concentrations, suggesting a "salting-in" effect of HEPES as a cosolute through weak association with the protein. Our findings motivate a more comprehensive investigation of the influence of buffer and other cosolute molecules on elastin-like polymer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
C. Swanson
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Galen P. Arnold
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Curley
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Savannah C. Wakita
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Jeffery D. V. Waters
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
| | - Eva Rose M. Balog
- School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine 04005, United States
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3
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Huang J, Hong S, Goh LYH, Zhang H, Peng T, Chow KT, Gokhale R, Tuliani V. Investigation on the Combined Effect of Hydroxypropyl Beta-Cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and Polysorbate in Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:528. [PMID: 38675488 PMCID: PMC11054243 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies require careful formulation due to their inherent stability limitations. Polysorbates are commonly used to stabilize mAbs, but they are prone to degradation, which results in unwanted impurities. KLEPTOSE® HPβCD (hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin) has functioned as a stable stabilizer for protein formulations in our previous research. The current study investigates the collaborative impact of combining polysorbates and HPβCD as excipients in protein formulations. The introduction of HPβCD in formulations showed it considerably reduced aggregation in two model proteins, bevacizumab and ipilimumab, following exposure to various stress conditions. The diffusion interaction parameter revealed a reduction in protein-protein interactions by HPβCD. In bevacizumab formulations, the subvisible particle counts per 0.4 mL of samples in commercial formulations vs. formulations containing both HPβCD and polysorbates subjected to distinct stressors were as follows: agitation, 87,308 particles vs. 15,350 particles; light, 25,492 particles vs. 6765 particles; and heat, 1775 particles vs. 460 particles. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurement indicated a weak interaction between PS 80 and HPβCD, with a KD value of 74.7 ± 7.5 µM and binding sites of 5 × 10-3. Surface tension measurements illustrated that HPβCD enhanced the surface activity of polysorbates. The study suggests that combining these excipients can improve mAb stability in formulations, offering an alternative for the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Huang
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Shiqi Hong
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Lucas Yuan Hao Goh
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Tao Peng
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Keat Theng Chow
- Pharma Applied Sciences, Roquette Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore; (J.H.); (S.H.); (L.Y.H.G.); (H.Z.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Rajeev Gokhale
- Global Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roquette America Inc., 2211 Innovation Drive, Geneva, IL 60134, USA;
| | - Vinod Tuliani
- Roquette Pharmaceutical Innovation Center, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA 19002, USA;
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4
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Palakollu V, Motabar L, Roberts CJ. Impact of Glycosylation on Protein-Protein Self-Interactions of Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1414-1423. [PMID: 38386020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Protein self-interactions measured via second osmotic virial coefficients (B22) and dynamic light scattering interaction parameter values (kD) are often used as metrics for assessing the favorability of protein candidates and different formulations during monoclonal antibody (MAb) product development. Model predictions of B22 or kD typically do not account for glycans, though glycosylation can potentially impact experimental MAb self-interactions. To the best of our knowledge, the impact of MAb glycosylation on the experimentally measured B22 and kD values has not yet been reported. B22 and kD values of two fully deglycosylated MAbs and their native (i.e., fully glycosylated) counterparts were measured by light scattering over a range of pH and ionic strength conditions. Significant differences between B22 and kD of the native and deglycosylated forms were observed at a range of low to high ionic strengths used to modulate the effect of electrostatic contributions. Differences were most pronounced at low ionic strength, indicating that electrostatic interactions are a contributing factor. Though B22 and kD values were statistically equivalent at high ionic strengths where electrostatics were fully screened, we observed protein-dependent qualitative differences, which indicate that steric interactions may also play a role in the observed B22 and kD differences. A domain-level coarse-grained molecular model accounting for charge differences was considered to potentially provide additional insight but was not fully predictive of the behavior across all of the solution conditions investigated. This highlights that both the level of modeling and lack of inclusion of glycans may limit existing models in making quantitatively accurate predictions of self-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerabhadraiah Palakollu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lily Motabar
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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5
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Forder JK, Palakollu V, Adhikari S, Blanco MA, Derebe MG, Ferguson HM, Luthra SA, Munsell EV, Roberts CJ. Electrostatically Mediated Attractive Self-Interactions and Reversible Self-Association of Fc-Fusion Proteins. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1321-1333. [PMID: 38334418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Attractive self-interactions and reversible self-association are implicated in many problematic solution behaviors for therapeutic proteins, such as irreversible aggregation, elevated viscosity, phase separation, and opalescence. Protein self-interactions and reversible oligomerization of two Fc-fusion proteins (monovalent and bivalent) and the corresponding fusion partner protein were characterized experimentally with static and dynamic light scattering as a function of pH (5 and 6.5) and ionic strength (10 mM to at least 300 mM). The fusion partner protein and monovalent Fc-fusion each displayed net attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 and net repulsive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 5. Solutions of the bivalent Fc-fusion contained higher molecular weight species that prevented quantification of typical interaction parameters (B22 and kD). All three of the proteins displayed reversible self-association at pH 6.5, where oligomers dissociated with increased ionic strength. Coarse-grained molecular simulations were used to model the self-interactions measured experimentally, assess net self-interactions for the bivalent Fc-fusion, and probe the specific electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids that were involved in attractive electrostatic self-interactions. Mayer-weighted pairwise electrostatic energies from the simulations suggested that attractive electrostatic self-interactions at pH 6.5 for the two Fc-fusion proteins were due to cross-domain interactions between the fusion partner domain(s) and the Fc domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Forder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Veerabhadraiah Palakollu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Sudeep Adhikari
- Analytical R&D, Digital & NMR Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marco A Blanco
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mehabaw Getahun Derebe
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi M Ferguson
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Suman A Luthra
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erik V Munsell
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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6
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Torrente-López A, Hermosilla J, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza J, Ruiz-Martínez A, Navas N. Comprehensive physicochemical and functional analysis of pembrolizumab based on controlled degradation studies: Impact on antigen-antibody binding. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 194:131-147. [PMID: 38101489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies-based medicines are widely used in the treatment of different diseases. These medicines are very sensitive to exposure to different environmental conditions and their handling in hospitals may affect their safety and efficacy. This is the case for pembrolizumab (Keytruda®, 25 mg/mL), for which there is not yet much information on its risk behaviour associated with routine handling or unintentional mishandling. Here we performed a wider physicochemical and functional analysis of pembrolizumab medicine including controlled degradation studies: heat, freeze/thaw, agitation, accelerated light exposure and high hypertonic solution. After that, the samples were analysed by a set of analytical techniques to evaluated critical quality attributes: Far-UV CD, IT-FS, DLS, RP/UHPLC(UV)-MS, SE/UHPLC(UV), RP/UHPLC(UV)-MS/MS and ELISA. The results provide an in-depth understanding of the biochemical and biophysical properties of pembrolizumab, showing that the medicine is affected by accelerated light exposure and temperature of 60 °C, demonstrated by the detection of non-natural dimers and HMWS. Light exposure also revealed different isoform profile and increase in oxidations. Regarding functionality by means of the interaction antigen-antibody binding, all the stressors promoted a decrease in pembrolizumab capacity to bind to PD-1 receptor, although the biological activity remained still high for all of them, being 60 °C and accelerated light exposure the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Torrente-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Hermosilla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Salmerón-García
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), San Cecilio University Hospital, E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José Cabeza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), San Cecilio University Hospital, E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfina Ruiz-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Granada, E-18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Navas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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7
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Hada S, Burlakoti U, Kim KH, Han JS, Kim MJ, Kim NA, Jeong SH. A comprehensive evaluation of arginine and its derivatives as protein formulation stabilizers. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123545. [PMID: 37871869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Arginine and its derivatives (such as arginine ethyl ester and acetyl arginine) have varying degrees of protein aggregation suppressor effect across different protein solutions. To understand this performance ambiguity, we evaluated the activity of arginine, acetyl arginine, and arginine ethyl ester for aggregation suppressor effect against human intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution at pH 4.8. Both arginine and its cationic derivative arginine ethyl ester in their hydrochloride salt forms significantly reduced the colloidal and conformational stability (reduced kd and Tm) of IgG. Consequently, the monomer content was decreased with an increase in subvisible particulates after agitation or thermal stress. Furthermore, compared to arginine, arginine ethyl ester with one more cationic charge and hydrochloride salt form readily precipitated IgG at temperatures higher than 25 °C. On the contrary, acetyl arginine, which mostly exists in a neutral state at pH 4.8, efficiently suppressed the formation of subvisible particles retaining a high amount of monomer owing to its higher colloidal and conformational stability. Concisely, the charged state of additives significantly impacts protein stability. This study demonstrated that contrary to popular belief, arginine and its derivatives may either enhance or suppress protein aggregation depending on their net charge and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavron Hada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Urmila Burlakoti
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Soo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Meza NP, Hardy CA, Morin KH, Huang C, Raghava S, Song J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Predicting Colloidal Stability of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations in Common Pharmaceutical Buffers Using Improved Polyethylene Glycol Induced Protein Precipitation Assay. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5842-5855. [PMID: 37867303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal stability is an important consideration when developing high concentration mAb formulations. PEG-induced protein precipitation is a commonly used assay to assess the colloidal stability of protein solutions. However, the practical usefulness and the current theoretical model for this assay have yet to be verified over a large formulation space across multiple mAbs and mAb-based modalities. In the present study, we used PEG-induced protein precipitation assays to evaluate colloidal stability of 3 mAbs in 24 common formulation buffers at 20 and 5 °C. These prediction assays were conducted at low protein concentration (1 mg/mL). We also directly characterized high concentration (100 mg/mL) formulations for cold-induced phase separation, turbidity, and concentratibility by ultrafiltration. This systematic study allowed analysis of the correlation between the results of low concentration assays and the high concentration attributes. The key findings of this study include the following: (1) verification of the usefulness of three different parameters (Cmid, μB, and Tcloud) from PEG-induced protein precipitation assays for ranking colloidal stability of high concentration mAb formulations; (2) a new method to implement PEG-induced protein precipitation assay suitable for high throughput screening with low sample consumption; (3) improvement in the theoretical model for calculating robust thermodynamic parameters of colloidal stability (μB and εB) that are independent of specific experimental settings; (4) systematic evaluation of the effects of pH and buffer salts on colloidal stability of mAbs in common formulation buffers. These findings provide improved theoretical and practical tools for assessing the colloidal stability of mAbs and mAb-based modalities during formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi P Meza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Colin A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Kylie H Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Chengbin Huang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Smita Raghava
- Sterile and Specialty Products, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jing Song
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
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9
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Bluemel O, Buecheler JW, Hauptmann A, Hoelzl G, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The effect of mAb and excipient cryoconcentration on long-term frozen storage stability – part 2: Aggregate formation and oxidation. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100109. [PMID: 35024604 PMCID: PMC8724956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and buffer concentration, mimicking the cryoconcentration found upon freezing in a 2 L bottle, on mAb stability during frozen storage. Upon cryoconcentration, larger protein molecules and small excipient molecules freeze-concentrate differently, resulting in different protein to stabiliser ratios within a container. Understanding the impact of these shifted ratios on protein stability is essential. For two mAbs a set of samples with constant mAb (5 mg/mL) or buffer concentration (medium histidine/adipic acid) was prepared and stored for 6 months at −10 °C. Stability was evaluated via size-exclusion chromatography, flow imaging microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy at 350 nm, and protein A chromatography. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine kD values. Soluble aggregate levels were unaffected by mAb concentration, but increased with histidine concentration. No trend in optical density could be identified. In contrast, increasing mAb or buffer concentration facilitated the formation of subvisible particles. A trend towards attractive protein-protein interactions was seen with higher ionic strength. MAb oxidation levels were negatively affected by increasing histidine concentration, but became less with higher mAb concentration. Small changes in mAb and buffer composition had a significant impact on stability during six-month frozen storage. Thus, preventing cryoconcentration effects in larger freezing containers may improve long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bluemel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob W. Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Deiringer N, Friess W. Proteins on the rack: Mechanistic studies on protein particle formation during peristaltic pumping. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1370-1378. [PMID: 35122831 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peristaltic pumping can cause protein particle formation. The expected causes were unfolding by heat in the pump head, oxidative stress by cavitation generated during roller movement, interfacial adsorption to the tubing wall and mechanical stress by stretching of the tubing itself. The pump head reached 28°C during experiments stayed well below the onset of the melting point of the proteins. Thus, heat may only be a relevant root cause for proteins containing domains with very low unfolding temperature. Analysis by terephthalic acid dosimetry and protein oxidation via RP-HPLC ruled out major induction of reactive hydroxyl radicals by pumping, indicating that cavitation does not play a significant role in particle generation. Addition of surfactants suppresses protein adsorption to the tubing wall and drastically reduced protein particle formation. This indicates that interfacial protein adsorption is a key element. Repeated stretching of tubing filled with protein solution led to the formation of protein particles, demonstrating that expansion and compression of the protein film on the tubing surface is the second key component for particle formation. Thus, protein particle generation during peristaltic pumping originates from the formation of a protein film on the tubing surface which gets stretched and compressed, leading to film fragments entering the bulk solution. This interplay of protein film formation and its rupture has been also observed at liquid/liquid or liquid/air interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Deiringer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Catching Speedy Gonzales: Driving forces for protein film formation on silicone rubber tubing during pumping. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1577-1586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Hartl J, Friesen S, Johannsmann D, Buchner R, Hinderberger D, Blech M, Garidel P. Dipolar Interactions and Protein Hydration in Highly Concentrated Antibody Formulations. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:494-507. [PMID: 35073097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular interaction mechanisms in high-concentrated protein systems are of fundamental importance for the rational development of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. In such high-concentrated protein systems, the intermolecular distances between mAb molecules are reduced to the size of the protein diameter (approx. 10 nm). Thus, protein-protein interactions are more pronounced at high concentrations; so a direct extrapolation of physicochemical properties obtained from measurements at a low protein concentration of the corresponding properties at a high protein concentration is highly questionable. Besides the charge-charge interaction, the effects of molecular crowding, dipolar interaction, changes in protein hydration, and self-assembling tendency become more relevant. Here, protein hydration, protein dipole moment, and protein-protein interactions were studied in protein concentrations up to 200 mg/mL (= 1.3 mM) in different formulations for selected mAbs using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). These data are correlated with the second virial coefficient, A2, the diffusion interaction parameter, kD, the elastic shear modulus, G', and the dynamic viscosity, η. When large contributions of dipolar protein-protein interactions were observed, the tendency of self-assembling and an increase in solution viscosity were detected. These effects were examined using specific buffer conditions. Furthermore, different types of protein-water interactions were identified via DRS, whereby the effect of high protein concentration on protein hydration was investigated for different high-concentrated liquid formulations (HCLFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hartl
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sergej Friesen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Richard Buchner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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13
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Scannell MJ, Hyatt MW, Budyak IL, Woldeyes MA, Wang Y. Revisit PEG-Induced Precipitation Assay for Protein Solubility Assessment of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1947-1960. [PMID: 34647231 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein solubility is an important attribute of pharmaceutical monoclonal antibody (MAb) formulations, particularly at high MAb concentrations. PEG-induced protein precipitation has been routinely used to assess protein solubility. To provide insights for better understanding and implementation of PEG-induced protein precipitation assay, this work compares different solubility measures and examines their relevance to loss of protein solubility in concentrated formulations. METHODS Solubility of a MAb in 15 formulations was evaluated using PEG-induced precipitation assay. Three apparent protein solubility measures, the middle-point and onset PEG concentrations (cmid and conset) as well as the binding free energy (μB), were obtained from the PEG-induced protein precipitation assay and compared to the DLS protein interaction parameter (kD). Visual inspection of loss of protein solubility in concentrated formulations during storage was used to further examine the discrepancy of protein solubility ranking by these measures. RESULTS PEG-induced precipitation assay predicted overall protein solubility ranking similar to that by DLS kD. However, for three formulations with ionic excipients NaCl, Arg·Cl, and Arg·Glu·Cl, PEG-induced precipitation assay yielded more accurate predictions compared to DLS kD measurements. Furthermore, μB showed superior ability in distinguishing protein solubility for these formulations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated good correlations between the protein solubility measures obtained from PEG-induced precipitation experiments and DLS kD measurement. It also provides one example in which protein solubility ranking by binding free energy is more accurate than the other measures. The results support the theoretical proposition that μB has a potential to serve as standard protein solubility measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Scannell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Matthew W Hyatt
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Mahlet A Woldeyes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA.
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14
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Hirschman J, Venkataramani D, Murphy MI, Patel SM, Du J, Amin S. Application of thin gap rheometry for high shear rate viscosity measurement in monoclonal antibody formulations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Shahfar H, Forder JK, Roberts CJ. Toward a Suite of Coarse-Grained Models for Molecular Simulation of Monoclonal Antibodies and Therapeutic Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3574-3588. [PMID: 33821645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of coarse-grained models for molecular simulation of proteins are considered, with emphasis on the application of predicting protein-protein self-interactions for monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). As an illustrative example and for quantitative comparison, the models are used to predict osmotic virial coefficients over a broad range of attractive and repulsive self-interactions and solution conditions for a series of MAbs where the second osmotic virial coefficient has been experimentally determined in prior work. The models are compared based on how well they can predict experimental behavior, their computational burdens, and scalability. An intermediate-resolution model is also introduced that can capture specific electrostatic interactions with improved efficiency and similar or improved accuracy when compared to the previously published models. Guidance is included for the selection of coarse-grained models more generally for capturing a balance of electrostatic, steric, and short-ranged nonelectrostatic interactions for proteins from low to high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Shahfar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - James K Forder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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16
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Dauer K, Kamm W, Wagner KG, Pfeiffer-Marek S. High-Throughput Screening for Colloidal Stability of Peptide Formulations Using Dynamic and Static Light Scattering. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1939-1955. [PMID: 33789055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selection of an appropriate formulation to stabilize therapeutic proteins against aggregation is one of the most challenging tasks in early-stage drug product development. The amount of aggregates is more difficult to quantify in the case of peptides due to their small molecular size. Here, we investigated the suitability of diffusion self-interaction parameters (kD) and osmotic second virial coefficients (B22) for high-throughput (HT) screening of peptide formulations regarding their aggregation risk. These parameters were compared to the effect of thermal stress on colloidal stability. The formulation matrix comprised six buffering systems at two selected pH values, four tonicity agents, and a common preservative. The results revealed that electrostatic interactions are the main driver to control colloidal stability. Preferred formulations consisted of acetate and succinate buffer at pH 4.5 combined with glycerol or mannitol and optional m-cresol. kD proved to be a suitable surrogate for B22 as an indicator of high colloidal stability in the case of peptides as was previously described for globular proteins and antibodies. Formulation assessment solely based on kD obtained by HT methods offers important insights into the optimization of colloidal stability during the early development of peptide-based liquid formulations and can be performed with a limited amount of peptide (∼360 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Kamm
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Energetic Dissection of Mab-Specific Reversible Self-Association Reveals Unique Thermodynamic Signatures. Pharm Res 2021; 38:243-255. [PMID: 33604786 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reversible self-association (RSA) remains a challenge in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We recently analyzed the energetics of RSA for five IgG mAbs (designated as A-E) under matched conditions and using orthogonal methods. Here we examine the thermodynamics of RSA for two of the mAbs that showed the strongest evidence of RSA (mAbs C and E) to identify underlying mechanisms. METHODS Concentration-dependent dynamic light scattering and sedimentation velocity (SV) studies were carried out for each mAb over a range of temperatures. Because self-association was weak, the SV data were globally analyzed via direct boundary fitting to identify best-fit models, accurately determine interaction energetics, and account for the confounding effects of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic nonideality. RESULTS mAb C undergoes isodesmic self-association at all temperatures examined, with the energetics indicative of an enthalpically-driven reaction offset by a significant entropic penalty. By contrast, mAb E undergoes monomer-dimer self-association, with the reaction being entropically-driven and comprised of only a small enthalpic contribution. CONCLUSIONS Classical interpretations implicate van der Waals interactions and H-bond formation for mAb C RSA, and electrostatic interactions for mAb E. However, noting that RSA is likely coupled to additional equilibria, we also discuss the limitations of such interpretations.
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18
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Evaluation of biological activities, structural and conformational properties of bovine beta- and alpha-trypsin isoforms in aqueous-organic media. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:291-303. [PMID: 33592263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the biological activity of trypsin isoforms in aqueous-organic media is of great interest to various fields of knowledge and biochemistry applications. Thus enzymatic, structural, and energetic properties of bovine β- and α-trypsin isoforms were compared in aqueous-organic media using 30 mg of each isoform. The results showed that the changes induced on the structure and activity of the same trypsin isoform occur at different concentrations. Better results for activity (ionic strength of 0.11 mol·L-1, at 37 °C and pH 8.0) were found in 0-40% of ethanolic media in which the activity for β-trypsin was about 60% higher than ɑ-trypsin. The ethanolic system does not cause significant changes in the level of secondary structure but the β-trypsin isoform undergoes a major rearrangement. The use of until 60% (v/v) ethanol showed that β-trypsin presents a denaturation process 17% more cooperative. The organic solvent causes redistribution in the supramolecular arrangement of both isoforms: all concentrations used induced the β-trypsin molecules to rearrange into agglomerates. The ɑ-trypsin rearranges into agglomerates up to 60% (v/v) of ethanol and aggregates at 80% (v/v) of ethanol. Both isoforms keep the enzymatic activity up to 60% (v/v) of ethanol.
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19
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Dandekar R, Ardekani AM. Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation near Silicone Oil-Water Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1386-1398. [PMID: 33478225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the hydrodynamic behavior of monoclonal antibodies in the presence of silicone oil-water interfaces. We model the antibody molecules using a coarse-grained 24-bead model, where two beads are used to represent each antibody domain. We consider the spatial variation of the antibody polarity in our model as each bead represents a set of hydrophilic or hydrophobic amino acids. We use the dissipative particle dynamics scheme to represent the coarse-grained force field which governs the motion of the beads. In addition, interprotein interactions are modeled using an electrostatic force field. The model parameters are determined by comparing the structure factor against experimental structure factor data ranging from a low concentration regime (10 mg/mL) to a high concentration regime (150 mg/mL). Next, we conduct simulations for a suspension of antibody molecules in the presence of silicone oil-water interfaces. Protein loss from the bulk solution is noticed as the molecules adsorb at the interface. We observe dynamic cluster formation in the solution bulk and at the interface, as the antibody molecules self-associate along their trajectories. We quantify the aggregation using a density clustering algorithm and investigate the effect of the antibody concentration on the diffusivity of the antibody solution, aggregation propensity, and protein loss from the bulk. Our study shows that numerical simulations can be an important tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms driving protein aggregation near hydrophobic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Dandekar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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20
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Dauer K, Pfeiffer-Marek S, Kamm W, Wagner KG. Microwell Plate-Based Dynamic Light Scattering as a High-Throughput Characterization Tool in Biopharmaceutical Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020172. [PMID: 33514069 PMCID: PMC7911513 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput light scattering instruments are widely used in screening of biopharmaceutical formulations and can be easily incorporated into processes by utilizing multi-well plate formats. High-throughput plate readers are helpful tools to assess the aggregation tendency and colloidal stability of biological drug candidates based on the diffusion self-interaction parameter (kD). However, plate readers evoke issues about the precision and variability of determined data. In this article, we report about the statistical evaluation of intra- and inter-plate variability (384-well plates) for the kD analysis of protein and peptide solutions. ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the runs. In conclusion, the reliability and precision of kD was dependent on the plate position of the sample replicates and kD value. Positive kD values (57.0 mL/g, coefficients of variation (CV) 8.9%) showed a lower variability compared to negative kD values (−14.8 mL/g, CV 13.4%). The variability of kD was not reduced using more data points (120 vs. 30). A kD analysis exclusively based on center wells showed a lower CV (<2%) compared to edge wells (5–12%) or a combination of edge and center wells (2–5%). We present plate designs for kD analysis within the early formulation development, screening up to 20 formulations consuming less than 50 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Walter Kamm
- Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industrial Park Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.P.-M.); (W.K.)
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Jo S, Xu A, Curtis JE, Somani S, MacKerell AD. Computational Characterization of Antibody-Excipient Interactions for Rational Excipient Selection Using the Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation-Biologics Approach. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4323-4333. [PMID: 32965126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics typically require a concentrated protein formulation, which can lead to self-association and/or high viscosity due to protein-protein interaction (PPI). Excipients are often added to improve stability, bioavailability, and manufacturability of the protein therapeutics, but the selection of excipients often relies on trial and error. Therefore, understanding the excipient-protein interaction and its effect on non-specific PPI is important for rational selection of formulation development. In this study, we validate a general workflow based on the site identification by ligand competitive saturation (SILCS) technology, termed SILCS-Biologics, that can be applied to protein therapeutics for rational excipient selection. The National Institute of Standards and Technology monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb) reference along with the CNTO607 mAb is used as model antibody proteins to examine PPIs, and NISTmAb was used to further examine excipient-protein interactions, in silico. Metrics from SILCS include the distribution and predicted affinity of excipients, buffer interactions with the NISTmAb Fab, and the relation of the interactions to predicted PPI. Comparison with a range of experimental data showed multiple SILCS metrics to be predictive. Specifically, the number of favorable sites to which an excipient binds and the number of sites to which an excipient binds that are involved in predicted PPIs correlate with the experimentally determined viscosity. In addition, a combination of the number of binding sites and the predicted binding affinity is indicated to be predictive of relative protein stability. Comparison of arginine, trehalose, and sucrose, all of which give the highest viscosity in combination with analysis of B22 and kD and the SILCS metrics, indicates that higher viscosities are associated with a low number of predicted binding sites, with lower binding affinity of arginine leading to its anomalously high impact on viscosity. The present study indicates the potential for the SILCS-Biologics approach to be of utility in the rational design of excipients during biologics formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwan Jo
- SilcsBio, LLC, 8 Market Place, Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Amy Xu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development (Janssen R&D), Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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22
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N-Acetylated-L-arginine (NALA) is an enhanced protein aggregation suppressor under interfacial stresses and elevated temperature for protein liquid formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:654-664. [PMID: 33137385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Even though arginine hydrochloride has been recognized as a protein aggregation suppressor in the biopharmaceutical industry, its use has been questioned due to decreasing transition unfolding temperatures (Tm). Four compounds were designed to enhance the role of arginine by changing the length of the carbon chain with removal or N-acetylation of α-amino group. Biophysical properties were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and flow imaging (FI). N-Acetyl-L-arginine (NALA) performed the best at minimizing decrease in Tm with arginine at different pH. NALA also demonstrated relatively higher colloidal stability than arginine hydrochloride, especially in the acidic pH, thereby reducing agitation stress of IgG. Moreover, NALA exhibited a cooperative effect with commercially used glycine buffer for IVIG to maintain the monomer contents with almost no change and suppressed larger particle formation after agitation with heat. The study concludes that the decreasing Tm of proteins by arginine hydrochloride is due to amide group in the α-carbon chain. Moreover, chemical modification on the group compared to removing it will be a breakthrough of arginine's limitations and optimize storage stability of protein therapeutics.
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23
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Pohl C, Zalar M, Bialy IE, Indrakumar S, Peters GHJ, Friess W, Golovanov AP, Streicher WW, Noergaard A, Harris P. The Effect of Point Mutations on the Biophysical Properties of an Antimicrobial Peptide: Development of a Screening Protocol for Peptide Stability Screening. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3298-3313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matja Zalar
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Inas El Bialy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Soltermann F, Foley EDB, Pagnoni V, Galpin M, Benesch JLP, Kukura P, Struwe WB. Quantifying Protein–Protein Interactions by Molecular Counting with Mass Photometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Soltermann
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Eric D. B. Foley
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Veronica Pagnoni
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin Galpin
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Justin L. P. Benesch
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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25
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Soltermann F, Foley EDB, Pagnoni V, Galpin M, Benesch JLP, Kukura P, Struwe WB. Quantifying Protein-Protein Interactions by Molecular Counting with Mass Photometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10774-10779. [PMID: 32167227 PMCID: PMC7318626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between biomolecules control the processes of life in health and their malfunction in disease, making their characterization and quantification essential. Immobilization- and label-free analytical techniques are desirable because of their simplicity and minimal invasiveness, but they struggle with quantifying tight interactions. Here, we show that mass photometry can accurately count, distinguish by molecular mass, and thereby reveal the relative abundances of different unlabelled biomolecules and their complexes in mixtures at the single-molecule level. These measurements determine binding affinities over four orders of magnitude at equilibrium for both simple and complex stoichiometries within minutes, as well as the associated kinetics. These results introduce mass photometry as a rapid, simple and label-free method for studying sub-micromolar binding affinities, with potential for extension towards a universal approach for characterizing complex biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Soltermann
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eric D. B. Foley
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Veronica Pagnoni
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Martin Galpin
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Justin L. P. Benesch
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Physical and Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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26
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Pantuso E, Mastropietro TF, Briuglia ML, Gerard CJJ, Curcio E, Ter Horst JH, Nicoletta FP, Di Profio G. On the Aggregation and Nucleation Mechanism of the Monoclonal Antibody Anti-CD20 Near Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8902. [PMID: 32483267 PMCID: PMC7264149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization of Anti-CD20, a full-length monoclonal antibody, has been studied in the PEG400/Na2SO4/Water system near Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) conditions by both sitting-drop vapour diffusion and batch methods. In order to understand the Anti-CD20 crystallization propensity in the solvent system of different compositions, we investigated some measurable parameters, normally used to assess protein conformational and colloidal stability in solution, with the aim to understand the aggregation mechanism of this complex biomacromolecule. We propose that under crystallization conditions a minor population of specifically aggregated protein molecules are present. While this minor species hardly contributes to the measured average solution behaviour, it induces and promotes crystal formation. The existence of this minor species is the result of the LLPS occurring concomitantly under crystallization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Pantuso
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Teresa F Mastropietro
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM), Via P. Bucci Cubo 17/C, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria L Briuglia
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Charline J J Gerard
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Efrem Curcio
- Department of Environmental Engineering (DIAm), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 45/A, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
- Seligenda Membrane Technologies S.r.l., Via P. Bucci Cubo 45/A, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Joop H Ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Fiore P Nicoletta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Di Profio
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM), Via P. Bucci Cubo 17/C, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
- Seligenda Membrane Technologies S.r.l., Via P. Bucci Cubo 45/A, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Fahim A, Annunziata O. Amplification of Salt-Induced Protein Diffusiophoresis by Varying Salt from Potassium to Sodium to Magnesium Chloride in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2635-2643. [PMID: 32090560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt-induced diffusiophoresis is the migration of a macromolecule or a colloidal particle induced by a concentration gradient of salt in water. Here, the effect of salt type on salt-induced diffusiophoresis of the protein lysozyme at pH 4.5 and 25 °C was examined as a function of salt concentration for three chloride salts: NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2. Diffusiophoresis coefficients were calculated from experimental ternary diffusion coefficients on lysozyme-salt-water mixtures. In all cases, diffusiophoresis of this positively charged protein occurs from high to low salt concentration. An appropriate mass transfer process was theoretically examined to show that concentration gradients of MgCl2 produce significant lysozyme diffusiophoresis. This is attributed to the relatively low mobility of Mg2+ ions compared to that of Cl- ions at low salt concentration and a strong thermodynamic nonideality of this salt at high salt concentration. These findings indicate that MgCl2 concentration gradients could be exploited for protein manipulation in solution (e.g., using microfluidic technologies) with applications to protein adsorption and purification. The dependence of lysozyme diffusiophoresis on salt type was theoretically examined and linked to protein charge. The effect of salts on hydrogen-ion titration curves was experimentally characterized to understand the role of salt type on protein charge. Our results indicate that binding of Mg2+ ions to lysozyme further enhances protein diffusiophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Fahim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 West Bowie Street, Sid Richardson Building #438, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Onofrio Annunziata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 West Bowie Street, Sid Richardson Building #438, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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Container Surfaces Control Initiation of Cavitation and Resulting Particle Formation in Protein Formulations After Application of Mechanical Shock. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1270-1280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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The Molecular Interaction Process. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Orthogonal Techniques to Study the Effect of pH, Sucrose, and Arginine Salts on Monoclonal Antibody Physical Stability and Aggregation During Long-Term Storage. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:584-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Kendrick BS, Chi EY. Professors John F. Carpenter and Theodore W. Randolph: 2 Giants With a Special Synergy in the Field of Biopharmaceutical Science and Engineering. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Xu AY, Castellanos MM, Mattison K, Krueger S, Curtis JE. Studying Excipient Modulated Physical Stability and Viscosity of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Using Small-Angle Scattering. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4319-4338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuanyuan Xu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Maria Monica Castellanos
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kevin Mattison
- Malvern Panalytical, 117 Flanders Road, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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33
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Dear BJ, Chowdhury A, Hung JJ, Karouta CA, Ramachandran K, Nieto MP, Wilks LR, Sharma A, Shay TY, Cheung JK, Truskett TM, Johnston KP. Relating Collective Diffusion, Protein–Protein Interactions, and Viscosity of Highly Concentrated Monoclonal Antibodies through Dynamic Light Scattering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barton J. Dear
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amjad Chowdhury
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hung
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carl A. Karouta
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kishan Ramachandran
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Maria P. Nieto
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Logan R. Wilks
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ayush Sharma
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tony Y. Shay
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jason K. Cheung
- Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization, Sterile Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas M. Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Hung JJ, Zeno WF, Chowdhury AA, Dear BJ, Ramachandran K, Nieto MP, Shay TY, Karouta CA, Hayden CC, Cheung JK, Truskett TM, Stachowiak JC, Johnston KP. Self-diffusion of a highly concentrated monoclonal antibody by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: insight into protein-protein interactions and self-association. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6660-6676. [PMID: 31389467 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at high concentration provides insight into protein microstructure and protein-protein interactions (PPI) that influence solution viscosity and protein stability. At high concentration, interpretation of the collective-diffusion coefficient Dc, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), is highly challenging given the complex hydrodynamics and PPI at close spacings. In contrast, self-diffusion of a tracer particle by Brownian motion is simpler to understand. Herein, we develop fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) for the measurement of the long-time self-diffusion of mAb2 over a wide range of concentrations and viscosities in multiple co-solute formulations with varying PPI. The normalized self-diffusion coefficient D0/Ds (equal to the microscopic relative viscosity ηeff/η0) was found to be smaller than η/η0. Smaller ratios of the microscopic to macroscopic viscosity (ηeff/η) are attributed to a combination of weaker PPI and less self-association. The interaction parameters extracted from fits of D0/Ds with a length scale dependent viscosity model agree with previous measurements of PPI by SLS and SAXS. Trends in the degree of self-association, estimated from ηeff/η with a microviscosity model, are consistent with oligomer sizes measured by SLS. Finally, measurements of collective diffusion and osmotic compressibility were combined with FCS data to demonstrate that the changes in self-diffusion between formulations are due primarily to changes in the protein-protein friction in these systems, and not to protein-solvent friction. Thus, FCS is a robust and accessible technique for measuring mAb self-diffusion, and, by extension, microviscosity, PPI and self-association that govern mAb solution dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Hung
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E Dean Keeton St Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Enhancing Stability and Reducing Viscosity of a Monoclonal Antibody With Cosolutes by Weakening Protein-Protein Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2517-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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37
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Douglas JF, Curtis R, S Sarangapani P, D Hudson S, L Jones R, A Pathak J. Hard Spheres with Purely Repulsive Interactions Have Positive Diffusion Interaction Parameter, k D. Biophys J 2019; 113:753-754. [PMID: 28793228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Robin Curtis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven D Hudson
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ronald L Jones
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jai A Pathak
- Vaccine Production Program (VPP), Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Gaithersburg, Maryland.
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38
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Yu M, Silva TC, van Opstal A, Romeijn S, Every HA, Jiskoot W, Witkamp GJ, Ottens M. The Investigation of Protein Diffusion via H-Cell Microfluidics. Biophys J 2019; 116:595-609. [PMID: 30736981 PMCID: PMC6383004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a microfluidics method, using a so-called H-cell microfluidics device, for the determination of protein diffusion coefficients at different concentrations, pHs, ionic strengths, and solvent viscosities. Protein transfer takes place in the H-cell channels between two laminarly flowing streams with each containing a different initial protein concentration. The protein diffusion coefficients are calculated based on the measured protein mass transfer, the channel dimensions, and the contact time between the two streams. The diffusion rates of lysozyme, cytochrome c, myoglobin, ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and etanercept were investigated. The accuracy of the presented methodology was demonstrated by comparing the measured diffusion coefficients with literature values measured under similar solvent conditions using other techniques. At low pH and ionic strength, the measured lysozyme diffusion coefficient increased with the protein concentration gradient, suggesting stronger and more frequent intermolecular interactions. At comparable concentration gradients, the measured lysozyme diffusion coefficient decreased drastically as a function of increasing ionic strength (from zero onwards) and increasing medium viscosity. Additionally, a particle tracing numerical simulation was performed to achieve a better understanding of the macromolecular displacement in the H-cell microchannels. It was found that particle transfer between the two channels tends to speed up at low ionic strength and high concentration gradient. This confirms the corresponding experimental observation of protein diffusion measured via the H-cell microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Andries van Opstal
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hayley A Every
- FeyeCon Development & Implementation, Weesp, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Witkamp
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcel Ottens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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39
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Woldeyes MA, Qi W, Razinkov VI, Furst EM, Roberts CJ. How Well Do Low- and High-Concentration Protein Interactions Predict Solution Viscosities of Monoclonal Antibodies? J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:142-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Blaffert J, Haeri HH, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Spectroscopic methods for assessing the molecular origins of macroscopic solution properties of highly concentrated liquid protein solutions. Anal Biochem 2018; 561-562:70-88. [PMID: 30243977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In cases of subcutaneous injection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, high protein concentrations (>50 mg/ml) are often required. During the development of these high concentration liquid formulations (HCLF), challenges such as aggregation, gelation, opalescence, phase separation, and high solution viscosities are more prone compared to low concentrated protein formulations. These properties can impair manufacturing processes, as well as protein stability and shelf life. To avoid such unfavourable solution properties, a detailed understanding about the nature of these properties and their driving forces are required. However, the fundamental mechanisms that lead to macroscopic solution properties, as above mentioned, are complex and not fully understood, yet. Established analytical methods for assessing the colloidal stability, i.e. the ability of a native protein to remain dispersed in solution, are restricted to dilute conditions and provide parameters such as the second osmotic virial coefficient, B22, and the diffusion interaction coefficient, kD. These parameters are routinely applied for qualitative estimations and identifications of proteins with challenging solution behaviours, such as high viscosities and aggregation, although the assays are prepared for low protein concentration conditions, typically between 0.1 and 20 mg/ml ("ideal" solution conditions). Quantitative analysis of samples of high protein concentration is difficult and it is hard to obtain information about the driving forces of such solution properties and corresponding protein-protein self-interactions. An advantage of using specific spectroscopic methods is the potential of directly analysing highly concentrated protein solutions at different solution conditions. This allows for collecting/gaining valuable information about the fundamental mechanisms of solution properties of the high protein concentration regime. In addition, the derived parameters might be more predictive as compared to the parameters originating from assays which are optimized for the low protein concentration range. The provided information includes structural data, molecular dynamics at various timescales and protein-solvent interactions, which can be obtained at molecular resolution. Herein, we provide an overview about spectroscopic techniques for analysing the origins of macroscopic solution behaviours in general, with a specific focus on pharmaceutically relevant high protein concentration and formulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Blaffert
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Haleh Hashemi Haeri
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany.
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41
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Gandhi AV, Arlotta KJ, Chen HN, Owen SC, Carpenter JF. Biophysical Properties and Heating-Induced Aggregation of Lysine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1858-1869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Grisham DR, Nanda V. Hydrodynamic radius coincides with the slip plane position in the electrokinetic behavior of lysozyme. Proteins 2018; 86:515-523. [PMID: 29383755 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The zeta potential (ζ) is the effective charge energy of a solvated protein, describing the magnitude of electrostatic interactions in solution. It is commonly used in the assessment of adsorption processes and dispersion stability. Predicting ζ from molecular structure would be useful to the structure-based molecular design of drugs, proteins, and other molecules that hold charge-dependent function while remaining suspended in solution. One challenge in predicting ζ is identifying the location of the slip plane (XSP ), a distance from the protein surface where ζ is theoretically defined. This study tests the hypothesis that the XSP can be estimated by the Stokes-Einstein hydrodynamic radius (Rh ), using globular hen egg white lysozyme as a model system. Although the XSP and Rh differ in their theoretical definitions, with the XSP being the position of the ζ during electrokinetic phenomena (e.g., electrophoresis) and the Rh being a radius pertaining to the edge of solvation during diffusion, they both represent the point where water and ions no longer adhere to a molecule. This work identifies the limited range of ionic strengths in which the XSP can be determined using diffusivity measurements and the Stokes-Einstein equation. In addition, a computational protocol is developed for determining the ζ from a protein crystal structure. At low ionic strengths, a hyperdiffusivity regime exists, requiring direct measurement of electrophoretic mobility to determine ζ. This work, therefore, supports a basic tenant of EDL theory that the electric double layer during diffusion and electrophoresis are equivalent in the Stokes-Einstein regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Grisham
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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43
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Manning MC, Liu J, Li T, Holcomb RE. Rational Design of Liquid Formulations of Proteins. THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES 2018; 112:1-59. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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44
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Felderhof BU. Generalized Einstein relation for the mutual diffusion coefficient of a binary fluid mixture. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:074902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4993958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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45
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Response to Comment to the Editor. Biophys J 2017; 113:755-756. [PMID: 28793229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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46
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High Throughput Prediction Approach for Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation at High Concentration. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1831-1839. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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