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Yang J, Han C, Ye J, Hu X, Wang R, Shen J, Li L, Hu G, Shi X, Jia Z, Qu X, Liu H, Zhang X, Wu Y. PM 2.5 exposure inhibits osteoblast differentiation by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad4. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:127-139. [PMID: 38914176 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological evidence has shown that PM2.5 exposure is significantly associated with the occurrence of osteoporosis. It has been well demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure enhanced the differentiation and function of osteoclasts by indirectly causing chronic inflammation, while the mechanism in osteoblasts remains unclear. In our study, toxic effects were evaluated by direct exposure of 20-80 μg/ml PM2.5 to MC3T3-E1 cells and BMSCs. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure did not affect cell viability via proliferation and apoptosis, but significantly inhibited osteoblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Osteogenic transcription factors Runx2 and Sp7 and other biomarkers Alp and Ocn decreased after PM2.5 exposure. RNA-seq revealed TGF-β signaling was involved in PM2.5 exposure inhibited osteoblast differentiation, which led to P-Smad1/5 and P-Smad2 reduction in the nucleus by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of Smad4. At last, the inflammation response increased in MC3T3-E1 cells with PM2.5 exposure. Moreover, the mRNA levels of Mmp9 increased in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells treated with the conditional medium collected from MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to PM2.5. Overall, these results indicated that PM2.5 exposure inhibits osteoblast differentiation and concurrently increases the maturation of osteoclasts. Our study provides in-depth mechanistic insights into the direct impact of PM2.5 exposure on osteoblast, which would indicate the unrecognized role of PM2.5 on osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Yang
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chunqing Han
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junxing Ye
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, China
| | - Xiping Hu
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijian Wang
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jin Shen
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoqin Hu
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Shi
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongtang Jia
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiuxia Qu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Spine, Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Lab of Modern Environmental Toxicology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Environment and Health Research Division, Public Health School and Health Research Centre, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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Chang YJ, Prince GMSH, Wei PL, Batzorig U, Huang CY, Hung CS, Chang TC. The role of thrombomodulin in modulating ITGB3 expression and its implications for triple-negative breast cancer progression. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:216-228. [PMID: 38081783 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) compared to other BC subtypes in clinical settings. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for TNBC treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify suitable biomarkers or therapeutic targets for TNBC patients. Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in cancer progression and metastasis in many different cancers. However, the role of TM in TNBC is not yet fully understood. First, silenced-TM in MDA-MB-231 cells caused an increase in proliferative and metastatic activity. In contrast, overexpression of TM in Hs578T cells caused a reduction in proliferation, invasion, and migration rate. Using RNA-seq analysis, we found that Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) expression may be a downstream target of TM. Furthermore, we found an increase in ITGB3 levels in TM-KD cells by QPCR and western blot analysis but a decrease in ITGB3 levels in TM-overexpressing cells. We found phospho-smad2/3 levels were increased in TM-KD cells but decreased in TM-overexpressing cells. This implies that TM negatively regulates ITGB3 levels through the activation of the smad2/3 pathway. Silencing ITGB3 in TM-KD cells caused a decrease in proliferation and migration. Finally, we found that higher ITGB3 levels were correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival in patients with TNBC. Our results indicated a novel regulatory relationship between TM and ITGB3 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Medical Research, Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Junod SL, Tingey M, Kelich JM, Goryaynov A, Herbine K, Yang W. Dynamics of nuclear export of pre-ribosomal subunits revealed by high-speed single-molecule microscopy in live cells. iScience 2023; 26:107445. [PMID: 37599825 PMCID: PMC10433129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a study on the nuclear export efficiency and time of pre-ribosomal subunits in live mammalian cells, using high-speed single-molecule tracking and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques. Our findings reveal that pre-ribosomal particles exhibit significantly higher nuclear export efficiency compared to other large cargos like mRNAs, with around two-thirds of interactions between the pre-60S or pre-40S and the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) resulting in successful export to the cytoplasm. We also demonstrate that nuclear transport receptor (NTR) chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1) plays a crucial role in nuclear export efficiency, with pre-60S and pre-40S particle export efficiency decreasing by 11-17-fold when CRM1 is inhibited. Our results suggest that multiple copies of CRM1 work cooperatively to chaperone pre-ribosomal subunits through the NPC, thus increasing export efficiency and decreasing export time. Significantly, this cooperative NTR mechanism extends beyond pre-ribosomal subunits, as evidenced by the enhanced nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Junod
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Tingey
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Karl Herbine
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fowler EW, van Venrooy EJ, Witt RL, Jia X. A TGFβR inhibitor represses keratin-7 expression in 3D cultures of human salivary gland progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15008. [PMID: 36056161 PMCID: PMC9440137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland tissue engineering offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Key to the success of this approach is the maintenance and expansion of secretory acinar cells in vitro. However, recent studies revealed that in vitro culture of primary salivary gland epithelial cells led to undesirable upregulation of the expression of keratin-7 (K7), a marker of ductal phenotype and frequently associated with cellular stress. We have previously shown that hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, RGDSP-decorated hydrogels support the 3D growth and assembly of primary human salivary gland stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs). Here, we investigate whether the RGDSP culture also promotes K7 expression, and if so, what factors govern the K7 expression. Compared to hS/PCs maintained in blank HA gels, those grown in RGDSP cultures expressed a significantly higher level of K7. In other tissues, various transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members are reported to regulate K7 expression. Similarly, our immunoblot array and ELISA experiments confirmed the increased expression of TGF-β1 and growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in RGDSP cultures. However, 2D model studies show that only TGF-β1 is required to induce K7 expression in hS/PCs. Immunocytochemical analysis of the intracellular effectors of TGF-β signaling, SMAD 2/3, further confirmed the elevated TGF-β signaling in RGDSP cultures. To maximize the regenerative potential of h/SPCs, cultures were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of TGF-β receptor, A83-01. Our results show that A83-01 treatment can repress K7 expression not only in 3D RGDSP cultures but also under 2D conditions with exogenous TGF-β1. Collectively, we provide a link between TGF-β signaling and K7 expression in hS/PC cultures and demonstrate the effectiveness of TGF-β inhibition to repress K7 expression while maintaining the ability of RGDSP-conjugated HA gels to facilitate the rapid development of amylase expressing spheroids. These findings represent an important step towards regenerating salivary function with a tissue-engineered salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Emmett J van Venrooy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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5
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The BMP Pathway in Blood Vessel and Lymphatic Vessel Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126364. [PMID: 34198654 PMCID: PMC8232321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were originally identified as the active components in bone extracts that can induce ectopic bone formation. In recent decades, their key role has broadly expanded beyond bone physiology and pathology. Nowadays, the BMP pathway is considered an important player in vascular signaling. Indeed, mutations in genes encoding different components of the BMP pathway cause various severe vascular diseases. Their signaling contributes to the morphological, functional and molecular heterogeneity among endothelial cells in different vessel types such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels and capillaries within different organs. The BMP pathway is a remarkably fine-tuned pathway. As a result, its signaling output in the vessel wall critically depends on the cellular context, which includes flow hemodynamics, interplay with other vascular signaling cascades and the interaction of endothelial cells with peri-endothelial cells and the surrounding matrix. In this review, the emerging role of BMP signaling in lymphatic vessel biology will be highlighted within the framework of BMP signaling in the circulatory vasculature.
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Mad dephosphorylation at the nuclear pore is essential for asymmetric stem cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2006786118. [PMID: 33753475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006786118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. Yet, it remains poorly understood how a stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell can receive distinct levels of niche signal and thus acquire different cell fates (self-renewal versus differentiation), despite being adjacent to each other and thus seemingly exposed to similar levels of niche signaling. In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) are maintained by short range bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling; the BMP ligands activate a receptor that phosphorylates the downstream molecule mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad). Phosphorylated Mad (pMad) accumulates in the GSC nucleus and activates the stem cell transcription program. Here, we demonstrate that pMad is highly concentrated in the nucleus of the GSC, while it quickly decreases in the nucleus of the differentiating daughter cell, the precystoblast (preCB), before the completion of cytokinesis. We show that a known Mad phosphatase, Dullard (Dd), is required for the asymmetric partitioning of pMad. Our mathematical modeling recapitulates the high sensitivity of the ratio of pMad levels to the Mad phosphatase activity and explains how the asymmetry arises in a shared cytoplasm. Together, these studies reveal a mechanism for breaking the symmetry of daughter cells during asymmetric stem cell division.
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High-speed super-resolution imaging of rotationally symmetric structures using SPEED microscopy and 2D-to-3D transformation. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:532-560. [PMID: 33318694 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Various super-resolution imaging techniques have been developed to break the diffraction-limited resolution of light microscopy. However, it still remains challenging to obtain three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution information of structures and dynamic processes in live cells at high speed. We recently developed high-speed single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy and its two-dimensional (2D)-to-3D transformation algorithm to provide an effective approach to achieving 3D sub-diffraction-limit information in subcellular structures and organelles that have rotational symmetry. In contrast to most other 3D super-resolution microscopy or 3D particle-tracking microscopy approaches, SPEED microscopy does not depend on complex optical components and can be implemented onto a standard inverted epifluorescence microscope. SPEED microscopy is specifically designed to obtain 2D spatial locations of individual immobile or moving fluorescent molecules inside sub-micrometer biological channels or cavities at high spatiotemporal resolution. After data collection, post-localization 2D-to-3D transformation is applied to obtain 3D super-resolution structural and dynamic information. The complete protocol, including cell culture and sample preparation (6-7 d), SPEED imaging (4-5 h), data analysis and validation through simulation (5-13 h), takes ~9 d to complete.
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Li Y, Yi J, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu J. Gaining insight into cellular cardiac physiology using single particle tracking. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:63-77. [PMID: 32871158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single particle tracking (SPT) is a robust technique to monitor single-molecule behaviors in living cells directly. By this approach, we can uncover the potential biological significance of particle dynamics by statistically characterizing individual molecular behaviors. SPT provides valuable information at the single-molecule level, that could be obscured by simple averaging that is inherent to conventional ensemble measurements. Here, we give a brief introduction to SPT including the commonly used optical implementations, fluorescence labeling strategies, and data analysis methods. We then focus on how SPT has been harnessed to decipher myocardial function. In this context, SPT has provided novel insight into the lateral diffusion of signal receptors and ion channels, the dynamic organization of cardiac nanodomains, subunit composition and stoichiometry of cardiac ion channels, myosin movement along actin filaments, the kinetic features of transcription factors involved in cardiac remodeling, and the intercellular communication by nanotubes. Finally, we speculate on the prospects and challenges of applying SPT to future questions regarding cellular cardiac physiology using SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jing Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Bozhokin MS, Sopova YV, Kachkin DV, Rubel AA, Khotin MG. Mechanisms of TGFβ3 Action as a Therapeutic Agent for Promoting the Synthesis of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Hyaline Cartilage. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:436-447. [PMID: 32569551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue covering the joint surface. It consists mostly of the extracellular matrix proteins and a small number of highly differentiated chondrocytes. At present, various techniques for repairing joint surfaces damage, for example, the use of modified cell cultures and biodegradable scaffolds, are under investigation. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage tissue proliferation have been also actively studied in recent years. TGFβ3, which plays a critical role in the proliferation of normal cartilage tissue, is one of the most important protein among cytokines and growth factors affecting chondrogenesis. By interacting directly with receptors on the cell membrane surface, TGFβ3 triggers a cascade of molecular interactions involving transcription factor Sox9. In this review, we describe the effects of TGFβ3 on the receptor complex activation and subsequent intracellular trafficking of Smad proteins and analyze the relation between these processes and upregulation of expression of major extracellular matrix genes, such as col2a1 and acan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bozhokin
- Vreden Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St. Petersburg, 195427, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Y V Sopova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - D V Kachkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Rubel
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - M G Khotin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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