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Marcus MD, Link MS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Arrhythmias. Circulation 2024; 150:488-503. [PMID: 39102482 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The pro- and antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been extensively studied in preclinical and human trials. Despite early evidence of an antiarrhythmic role of n-3 PUFA in the prevention of sudden cardiac death and postoperative and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), subsequent well-designed randomized trials have largely not shown an antiarrhythmic benefit. Two trials that tested moderate and high-dose n-3 PUFA demonstrated a reduction in sudden cardiac death, but these findings have not been widely replicated, and the potential of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to reduce arrhythmic death in combination, or as monotherapy, remains uncertain. The accumulated clinical evidence does not support supplementation of n-3 PUFA for postoperative AF or secondary prevention of AF. Several large, contemporary, randomized controlled trials of high-dose n-3 PUFA for primary or secondary cardiovascular prevention have demonstrated a small, significant, dose-dependent increased risk of incident AF compared with mineral oil or corn oil comparator. These findings were reproduced with both icosapent ethyl monotherapy and a mixed EPA+DHA formulation. The proarrhythmic mechanism of increased AF in contemporary cohorts exposed to high-dose n-3 PUFA is unknown. EPA and DHA and their metabolites have pleiotropic cardiometabolic and pro- and antiarrhythmic effects, including modification of the lipid raft microenvironment; alteration of cell membrane structure and fluidity; modulation of sodium, potassium, and calcium currents; and regulation of gene transcription, cell proliferation, and inflammation. Further characterization of the complex association between EPA, EPA+DHA, and DHA and AF is needed. Which formulations, dose ranges, and patient subgroups are at highest risk, remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D Marcus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mark S Link
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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2
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Ebright B, Duro MV, Chen K, Louie S, Yassine HN. Effects of APOE4 on omega-3 brain metabolism across the lifespan. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:745-757. [PMID: 38609814 PMCID: PMC11321946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ebright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marlon V Duro
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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3
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Nicolella Z, Okamoto Y, Watanabe NM, Thompson GL, Umakoshi H. Significance of in situ quantitative membrane property-morphology relation (QmPMR) analysis. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4935-4949. [PMID: 38873752 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Deformation of the cell membrane is well understood from the viewpoint of protein interactions and free energy balance. However, the various dynamic properties of the membrane, such as lipid packing and hydrophobicity, and their relationship with cell membrane deformation are unknown. Therefore, the deformation of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and oleic acid (OA) giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) was induced by heating and cooling cycles, and time-lapse analysis was conducted based on the membrane hydrophobicity and physical parameters of "single-parent" and "daughter" vesicles. Fluorescence ratiometric analysis by simultaneous dual-wavelength detection revealed the variation of different hydrophilic GUVs and enabled inferences of the "daughter" vesicle composition and the "parent" membrane's local composition during deformation; the "daughter" vesicle composition of OA was lower than that of the "parents", and lateral movement of OA was the primary contributor to the formation of the "daughter" vesicles. Thus, our findings and the newly developed methodology, named in situ quantitative membrane property-morphology relation (QmPMR) analysis, would provide new insights into cell deformation and accelerate research on both deformation and its related events, such as budding and birthing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Nicolella
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Morishita Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Gary Lee Thompson
- Rowan University, Rowan Hall, Room 333 70 Sewell St., Ste. E Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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4
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Dinu M, Sofi F, Lotti S, Colombini B, Mattioli AV, Catapano AL, Casula M, Baragetti A, Wong ND, Steg PG, Ambrosio G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary revascularization and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024:zwae184. [PMID: 38869144 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Benefits of pharmacologic omega-3 fatty acid administration in cardiovascular prevention are controversial. Particularly, effects on coronary revascularization are unclear; also debated are specific benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). We investigated incident coronary revascularizations, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), unstable angina, and cardiovascular death, in subjects randomized to receive EPA or EPA + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) vs. control. METHODS AND RESULTS Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted after MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library search. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines were followed for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity. Data were pooled using a random effects model. Eighteen RCTs with 134 144 participants (primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention) receiving DHA + EPA (n = 52 498), EPA alone (n = 14 640), or control/placebo (n = 67 006) were included. Follow-up ranged from 4.5 months to 7.4 years. Overall, compared with controls, omega-3 supplementation reduced the risk of revascularization [0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.98; P = 0.001; P-heterogeneity = 0.0002; I2 = 68%], MI (0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.98; P = 0.02; P-heterogeneity = 0.06; I2 = 41%), and cardiovascular death (0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99; P = 0.02; P-heterogeneity = 0.13; I2 = 33%). Lower risk was still observed in trials where most participants (≥60%) were on statin therapy. Compared with DHA + EPA, EPA alone showed a further significant risk reduction of revascularizations (0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.88; P = 0.0002; P-interaction = 0.005) and all outcomes except HF. CONCLUSION Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the risk of cardiovascular events and coronary revascularization, regardless of background statin use. Eicosapentaenoic acid alone produced greater benefits. The role of specific omega-3 molecules in primary vs. secondary prevention and the potential benefits of reduced revascularizations on overall health status and cost savings warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dinu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia Lotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Casula
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nathan D Wong
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM U1148, FACT French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials, AP-HP Hopital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Clinical and Translational Research-CERICLET, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Via S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy
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Chinnathambi S, Desale SE. The crosstalk between extracellular matrix proteins and Tau. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 141:447-466. [PMID: 38960482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is progressive neurodegenerative disease characterize by the presence of extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles of Tau. Apart from axonal depositions pathological aggregated Tau protein is known to secrete into extracellular spaces and propagate through seeding mechanism. Microglia, the immune cells of the brain display modest ability to internalize the extracellular Tau and degrade it through endolysosomal pathway. However, the excessive burden of pathoproteins weakens the phagocytic ability of microglia. Extracellular supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) may regulate the phagocytosis of microglia as they mediate the anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia through membrane lipid compositions changes. The internalization of extracellular Tau in the microglia is regulated by cortical membrane-associated actin remodeling driven by interplay of actin-binding proteins. On the other hand, Tau display capability bind and interact with various actin-binding protein owing to the presence of proline-rich domain in the structure and regulate their activation. In this study, we hypothesize that internalization of Tau in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids would propagate the Tau-mediated activation of actin-binding proteins as well as extracellular matrix and in turn modulate cortical actin remodeling for phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Smita Eknath Desale
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kaur G, Mason RP, Steg PG, Bhatt DL. Omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular event lowering. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024; 31:1005-1014. [PMID: 38169319 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the main target for therapeutics aimed at reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and downstream cardiovascular (CV) events. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that high-risk patient populations harbour residual risk despite effective LDL-C lowering. While data support the causal relationship between triglycerides and ASCVD risk, triglyceride-lowering therapies such as omega-3 fatty acids have shown mixed results in CV outcomes trials. Notably, icosapent ethyl, a purified formulation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has garnered compelling evidence in lowering residual CV risk in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and treated with statins. In this review, we summarize studies that have investigated omega-3-fatty acids for CV event lowering and discuss the clinical implementation of these agents based on trial data and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurleen Kaur
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- Paris Cité University, Public Hospitals of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Djuricic I, Calder PC. Omega-3 ( n-3) Fatty Acid-Statin Interaction: Evidence for a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:962. [PMID: 38612996 PMCID: PMC11013773 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) often involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications aiming to decrease the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this article is to discuss possible omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid-statin interactions in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and to provide evidence to consider for clinical practice, highlighting novel insights in this field. Statins and n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are commonly used to control cardiovascular risk factors in order to treat ASCVD. Statins are an important lipid-lowering therapy, primarily targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while n-3 fatty acids address triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Both statins and n-3 fatty acids have pleiotropic actions which overlap, including improving endothelial function, modulation of inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, both statins and n-3 fatty acids potentially mitigate the residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond lipid lowering, such as persistent inflammation. EPA and DHA are both substrates for the synthesis of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a relatively recently recognized feature of their ability to combat inflammation. Interestingly, statins seem to have the ability to promote the production of some SPMs, suggesting a largely unrecognized interaction between statins and n-3 fatty acids with relevance to the control of inflammation. Although n-3 fatty acids are the major substrates for the production of SPMs, these signaling molecules may have additional therapeutic benefits beyond those provided by the precursor n-3 fatty acids themselves. In this article, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports SPMs as a novel therapeutic tool and the possible statin-n-3 fatty acid interactions relevant to the prevention and treatment of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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8
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Sherratt SCR, Mason RP, Libby P, Steg PG, Bhatt DL. Do patients benefit from omega-3 fatty acids? Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2884-2901. [PMID: 38252923 PMCID: PMC10874279 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) possess beneficial properties for cardiovascular (CV) health and elevated O3FA levels are associated with lower incident risk for CV disease (CVD.) Yet, treatment of at-risk patients with various O3FA formulations has produced disparate results in large, well-controlled and well-conducted clinical trials. Prescription formulations and fish oil supplements containing low-dose mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have routinely failed to prevent CV events in primary and secondary prevention settings when added to contemporary care, as shown most recently in the STRENGTH and OMEMI trials. However, as observed in JELIS, REDUCE-IT, and RESPECT-EPA, EPA-only formulations significantly reduce CVD events in high-risk patients. The CV mechanism of action of EPA, while certainly multifaceted, does not depend solely on reductions of circulating lipids, including triglycerides (TG) and LDL, and event reduction appears related to achieved EPA levels suggesting that the particular chemical and biological properties of EPA, as compared to DHA and other O3FAs, may contribute to its distinct clinical efficacy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown different effects of EPA compared with DHA alone or EPA/DHA combination treatments, on atherosclerotic plaque morphology, LDL and membrane oxidation, cholesterol distribution, membrane lipid dynamics, glucose homeostasis, endothelial function, and downstream lipid metabolite function. These findings indicate that prescription-grade, EPA-only formulations provide greater benefit than other O3FAs formulations tested. This review summarizes the clinical findings associated with various O3FA formulations, their efficacy in treating CV disease, and their underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM_UMR1148/LVTS, FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, NewYork 10029-5674, NY, USA
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9
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Menzel R, Zhang X, Pietrucik T, Bathelt A, Ruess L. Omega-3 PUFA and the fitness and cognition of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under different environmental conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110925. [PMID: 38040326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Many invertebrate species possess the metabolic ability to synthesize long-chain ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) de novo. Due to their diverse effects on membrane architecture, neuroplasticity, growth and reproduction, PUFA have a high potential to positively influence the fitness of an organism. But how and when do these supposed advantages actually come into play? Other species, that are often closely related, pass natural selection without this special metabolic ability. The ω3-PUFA rich model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) and its mutant fat-1(wa9), lacking these PUFA, are a suitable test system. We analyzed potential impairments in reproduction and growth in a soil assay. Further, chemotaxis after aversive olfactory, associative learning and integration of a second sensory signal were assessed on agar plates. Moreover, we analyzed the phospholipid pattern of both C. elegans strains and further free-living nematodes species at different temperatures. While the phenotypic effects were rather small under standard conditions, lowering the temperature to 15 or even 10 °C or reducing the soil moisture, led to significant limitations, with the investigated parameters for neuroplasticity being most impaired. The ω3-PUFA free C. elegans mutant strain fat-1 did not adapt the fatty acid composition of its phospholipids to a decreasing temperature, while ω3-PUFA containing nematodes proportionally increased this PUFA group. In contrats, other ω3-PUFA free nematode species produced significantly more ω6-PUFA. Thus, the ability to synthesize long-chain ω3-PUFA de novo likely is fundamental for an increase in neuroplasticity and an efficient way for regulating membrane fluidity to maintain their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Menzel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Pietrucik
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Bathelt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Lazzarin T, Martins D, Ballarin RS, Monte MG, Minicucci MF, Polegato BF, Zornoff L. The Role of Omega-3 in Attenuating Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure through the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2067. [PMID: 38136187 PMCID: PMC10741242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is defined as molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that manifest clinically as alterations in the size, shape, and function of the heart. Despite the pharmacological approaches, cardiac remodeling-related mortality rates remain high. Therefore, other therapeutic options are being increasingly studied. This review highlights the role of omega-3 as an adjunctive therapy to attenuate cardiac remodeling, with an emphasis on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Zornoff
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-000, Brazil; (T.L.); (D.M.); (R.S.B.); (M.G.M.); (M.F.M.); (B.F.P.)
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11
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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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12
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Girych M, Kulig W, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I. How Neuromembrane Lipids Modulate Membrane Proteins: Insights from G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041419. [PMID: 37487628 PMCID: PMC10547395 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a diverse and critical role in cellular processes in all tissues. The unique lipid composition of nerve membranes is particularly interesting because it contains, among other things, polyunsaturated lipids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which the body only gets through the diet. The crucial role of lipids in neurological processes, especially in receptor-mediated cell signaling, is emphasized by the fact that in many neuropathological diseases there are significant deviations in the lipid composition of nerve membranes compared to healthy individuals. The lipid composition of neuromembranes can significantly affect the function of receptors by regulating the physical properties of the membrane or by affecting specific interactions between receptors and lipids. In addition, it is worth noting that the ligand-binding pocket of many receptors is located inside the cell membrane, due to which lipids can even modulate the binding of ligands to their receptors. These mechanisms highlight the importance of lipids in the regulation of membrane receptor activation and function. In this article, we focus on two major protein families: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and discuss how lipids affect their function in neuronal membranes, elucidating the basic mechanisms underlying neuronal function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Paez-Perez M, Dent MR, Brooks NJ, Kuimova MK. Viscosity-Sensitive Membrane Dyes as Tools To Estimate the Crystalline Structure of Lipid Bilayers. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12006-12014. [PMID: 37526607 PMCID: PMC10433245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membranes are crucial for cellular integrity and regulation, and tight control of their structural and mechanical properties is vital to ensure that they function properly. Fluorescent probes sensitive to the membrane's microenvironment are useful for investigating lipid membrane properties; however, there is currently a lack of quantitative correlation between the exact parameters of lipid organization and a readout from these dyes. Here, we investigate this relationship for "molecular rotors", or microviscosity sensors, by simultaneously measuring their fluorescence lifetime to determine the membrane viscosity, while using X-ray diffraction to determine the membrane's structural properties. Our results reveal a phase-dependent correlation between the membrane's structural parameters and mechanical properties measured by a BODIPY-based molecular rotor, giving excellent predictive power for the structural descriptors of the lipid bilayer. We also demonstrate that differences in membrane thickness between different lipid phases are not a prerequisite for the formation of lipid microdomains and that this requirement can be disrupted by the presence of line-active molecules. Our results underpin the use of membrane-sensitive dyes as reporters of the structure of lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paez-Perez
- MSRH, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael R. Dent
- MSRH, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Brooks
- MSRH, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- MSRH, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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14
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Sherratt SCR, Libby P, Dawoud H, Bhatt DL, Malinski T, Mason RP. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and inflammation due to changes in protein expression during exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114629. [PMID: 37027984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Inhalation of air pollution small particle matter (PM) is a leading cause of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Exposure to PMs causes endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as evidenced by nitric oxide (NO) synthase uncoupling, vasoconstriction and inflammation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been shown to mitigate PM-induced adverse cardiac changes in patients receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. We set out to determine the pro-inflammatory effects of multiple PMs (urban and fine) on pulmonary EC NO bioavailability and protein expression, and whether EPA restores EC function under these conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS We pretreated pulmonary ECs with EPA and then exposed them to urban or fine air pollution PMs. LC/MS-based proteomic analysis to assess relative expression levels. Expression of adhesion molecules was measured by immunochemistry. The ratio of NO to peroxynitrite (ONOO-) release, an indication of eNOS coupling, was measured using porphyrinic nanosensors following calcium stimulation. Urban/fine PMs also modulated 9/12 and 13/36 proteins, respectively, linked to platelet and neutrophil degranulation pathways and caused > 50% (p < 0.001) decrease in the stimulated NO/ONOO- release ratio. EPA treatment altered expression of proteins involved in these inflammatory pathways, including a decrease in peroxiredoxin-5 and an increase in superoxide dismutase-1. EPA also increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), a cytoprotective protein, by 2.1-fold (p = 0.024). EPA reduced elevations in sICAM-1 levels by 22% (p < 0.01) and improved the NO/ONOO- release ratio by > 35% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These cellular changes may contribute to anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and lipid changes associated with EPA treatment during air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hazem Dawoud
- Nanomedical Research Laboratory, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Malinski
- Nanomedical Research Laboratory, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - R Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Hirata Y, Ferreri C, Yamada Y, Inoue A, Sansone A, Vetica F, Suzuki W, Takano S, Noguchi T, Matsuzawa A, Chatgilialoglu C. Geometrical isomerization of arachidonic acid during lipid peroxidation interferes with ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023:S0891-5849(23)00461-6. [PMID: 37257700 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Geometrical mono-trans isomers of arachidonic acid (mtAA) are endogenous products of free radical-induced cis-trans double bond isomerization occurring to natural fatty acids during cell metabolism, including lipid peroxidation (LPO). Very little is known about the functional roles of mtAA and in general on the effects of mono-trans isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mtPUFA) in various types of programmed cell death, including ferroptosis. Using HT1080 and MEF cell cultures, supplemented with 20 μM PUFA (i.e., AA, EPA or DHA) and their mtPUFA congeners, ferroptosis occurred in the presence of RSL3 (a direct inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4) only with the PUFA in their natural cis configuration, whereas mtPUFA showed an anti-ferroptotic effect. By performing the fatty acid-based membrane lipidome analyses, substantial differences emerged in the membrane fatty acid remodeling of the two different cell fates. In particular, during ferroptosis mtPUFA formation and their incorporation, together with the enrichment of SFA, occurred. This opens new perspectives in the role of the membrane composition for a ferroptotic outcome. While pre-treatment with AA promoted cell death for treatment with H2O2 and RSL3, mtAA did not. Cell death by AA supplementation was suppressed also in the presence of either ferroptosis inhibitors, such as the lipophilic antioxidant ferrostatin-1, or NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors, including diphenyleneiodonium chloride and apocynin. Our results confirm a more complex scenario for ferroptosis than actually believed. While LPO processes are active, the importance of environmental lipid levels, balance among SFA, MUFA and PUFA in lipid pools and formation of mtPUFA influence the membrane phospholipid turnover, with crucial effects in the occurrence of cell death by ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yuto Yamada
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Aya Inoue
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Anna Sansone
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wakana Suzuki
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Saya Takano
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Noguchi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy; Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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16
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Frajerman A, Chaumette B, Farabos D, Despres G, Simonard C, Lamazière A, Krebs MO, Kebir O. Membrane Lipids in Ultra-High-Risk Patients: Potential Predictive Biomarkers of Conversion to Psychosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2215. [PMID: 37432345 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in membrane lipids are reported in schizophrenia. However, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the extended and predictive value of these alterations in persons at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR). Recent studies suggested that sterols' impact on psychiatric disorders was underestimated. Here, we simultaneously explored sterols, fatty acids (FA), and phospholipids (PL) in UHR persons for the first time. We analysed erythrocyte membrane lipids in 61 UHR persons, including 29 who later converted to psychosis (UHR-C) and 32 who did not (UHC-NC). We used gas chromatography for FA and liquid chromatography tandem with mass spectrometry for sterols and phospholipids. Among UHR individuals, elevated baseline membrane linoleic acid level was associated with conversion to psychosis (26.1% vs. 60.5%, p = 0.02). Combining sterols, FA, and PL membrane composition improved the prediction of psychosis onset (AUC = 0.73). This is the first report showing that membrane sterol participates, with other membrane lipids, in modulating the risk of psychosis. It suggests that membrane lipids could be used as biomarkers for personalised medicine in UHR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Frajerman
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Dominique Farabos
- INSERM UMR S 938, Département METOMICS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Gaétan Despres
- INSERM UMR S 938, Département METOMICS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Simonard
- INSERM UMR S 938, Département METOMICS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- INSERM UMR S 938, Département METOMICS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Oussama Kebir
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
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17
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Jobin ML, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Ducrocq F, Baccouch R, Oummadi A, Pedersen MH, Medel-Lacruz B, Angelo MF, Villette S, Van Delft P, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Selent J, Tolentino-Cortez T, Barreda-Gómez G, Grégoire S, Masson E, Durroux T, Javitch JA, Guixà-González R, Alves ID, Trifilieff P. Impact of membrane lipid polyunsaturation on dopamine D2 receptor ligand binding and signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1960-1969. [PMID: 36604603 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a relationship between lipid metabolism and mental health. In particular, the biostatus of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) correlates with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders, as well as the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. Recent findings highlight a direct association between brain PUFA levels and dopamine transmission, a major neuromodulatory system implicated in the etiology of psychiatric symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unknown. Here we demonstrate that membrane enrichment in the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), potentiates ligand binding to the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), suggesting that DHA acts as an allosteric modulator of this receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that DHA has a high preference for interaction with the D2R and show that membrane unsaturation selectively enhances the conformational dynamics of the receptor around its second intracellular loop. We find that membrane unsaturation spares G protein activity but potentiates the recruitment of β-arrestin in cells. Furthermore, in vivo n-3 PUFA deficiency blunts the behavioral effects of two D2R ligands, quinpirole and aripiprazole. These results highlight the importance of membrane unsaturation for D2R activity and provide a putative mechanism for the ability of PUFAs to enhance antipsychotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Jobin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Fabien Ducrocq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rim Baccouch
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Asma Oummadi
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Hauge Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian Medel-Lacruz
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM)-Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandrine Villette
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre Van Delft
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Research Mix Unity (UMR) 5200, National Scientific Research Center (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Research Mix Unity (UMR) 5200, National Scientific Research Center (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Research Mix Unity (UMR) 5200, National Scientific Research Center (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM)-Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Barreda-Gómez
- Research Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., BIC Bizkaia (612), 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Masson
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ramon Guixà-González
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Isabel D Alves
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, CNRS UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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18
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Joardar A, Chakraborty H. Differential Behavior of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on the Organization, Dynamics, and Fusion of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4439-4449. [PMID: 36931902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a common course in innumerable biological processes that helps in the survival of eukaryotes. Enveloped viruses utilize this process to enter the host cells. Generally, the membrane lipid compositions play an important role in membrane fusion by modulating the membrane's physical properties and the behavior of membrane proteins in the cellular milieu. In this work, we have demonstrated the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, on the organization, dynamics, and fusion of homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes. We have exploited arrays of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic methods and polyethylene glycol-induced membrane fusion assay to elucidate the behavior of EPA and DHA on dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/cholesterol (CH) homogeneous and DOPC/sphingomyelin/CH heterogeneous membranes. Our results suggest that EPA and DHA display differential effects on two different membranes. The effects of PUFAs in homogeneous membranes are majorly attributed to their flexible chain dynamics, whereas the ability of PUFA-induced cholesterol transfer from the lo to the ld phase rules their behavior in heterogeneous membranes. Overall, our results provide detailed information on the effect of PUFAs on homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Joardar
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
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19
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Baccouch R, Shi Y, Vernay E, Mathelié-Guinlet M, Taib-Maamar N, Villette S, Feuillie C, Rascol E, Nuss P, Lecomte S, Molinari M, Staneva G, Alves ID. The impact of lipid polyunsaturation on the physical and mechanical properties of lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184084. [PMID: 36368636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipid composition of cellular membranes and the balance between the different lipid components can be impacted by aging, certain pathologies, specific diets and other factors. This is the case in a subgroup of individuals with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, where cell membranes of patients have been shown to be deprived in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), not only in brain areas where the target receptors are expressed but also in peripheral tissues. This PUFA deprivation thus represents a biomarker of such disorders that might impact not only the interaction of antipsychotic medications with these membranes but also the activation and signaling of the targeted receptors embedded in the lipid membrane. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how PUFAs levels alterations modulate the different physical properties of membranes. In this paper, several biophysical approaches were combined (Laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, molecular modeling) to characterize membrane properties such as fluidity, elasticity and thickness in PUFA-enriched cell membranes and lipid model systems reflecting the PUFA imbalance observed in some diseases. The impact of both the number of unsaturations and their position along the chain on the above properties was investigated. Briefly, data revealed that PUFA presence in membranes increases membrane fluidity, elasticity and flexibility and decreases its thickness and order parameter. Both the level of unsaturation and their position affect these membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Baccouch
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yarong Shi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN EA4682, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, France
| | - Emilie Vernay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marion Mathelié-Guinlet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nada Taib-Maamar
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sandrine Villette
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Cécile Feuillie
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Estelle Rascol
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Nuss
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM UMRS 938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Michael Molinari
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Galya Staneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Isabel D Alves
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Bat B14, allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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20
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Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: the Debate Continues. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:1-17. [PMID: 36580204 PMCID: PMC9834373 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The omega-3 fatty acids (n3-FAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have recently undergone testing for their ability to reduce residual cardiovascular (CV) risk among statin-treated subjects. The outcome trials have yielded highly inconsistent results, perhaps attributable to variations in dosage, formulation, and composition. In particular, CV trials using icosapent ethyl (IPE), a highly purified ethyl ester of EPA, reproducibly reduced CV events and progression of atherosclerosis compared with mixed EPA/DHA treatments. This review summarizes the mechanistic evidence for differences among n3-FAs on the development and manifestations of atherothrombotic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Large randomized clinical trials with n3-FAs have produced discordant outcomes despite similar patient profiles, doses, and triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects. A large, randomized trial with IPE, a prescription EPA only formulation, showed robust reduction in CV events in statin treated patients in a manner proportional to achieved blood EPA concentrations. Multiple trials using mixed EPA/DHA formulations have not shown such benefits, despite similar TG lowering. These inconsistencies have inspired investigations into mechanistic differences among n3-FAs, as EPA and DHA have distinct membrane interactions, metabolic products, effects on cholesterol efflux, antioxidant properties, and tissue distribution. EPA maintains normal membrane cholesterol distribution, enhances endothelial function, and in combination with statins improves features implicated in plaque stability and reduces lipid content of plaques. Insights into reductions in residual CV risk have emerged from clinical trials using different formulations of n3-FAs. Among high-risk patients on contemporary care, mixed n3-FA formulations showed no reduction in CV events. The distinct benefits of IPE in multiple trials may arise from pleiotropic actions that correlate with on-treatment EPA levels beyond TG-lowering. These effects include altered platelet function, inflammation, cholesterol distribution, and endothelial dysfunction. Elucidating such mechanisms of vascular protection for EPA may lead to new interventions for atherosclerosis, a disease that continues to expand worldwide.
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21
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Baragetti A, Norata GD. The High Fat Diet Impacts the Plasticity between Fresh and Aged Neutrophils. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 5:168-173. [PMID: 38327649 PMCID: PMC7615605 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.5.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations induced by unhealthy lifestyles, including obesity and insulin resistance are often associated with increased innate immune response and chronic inflammation. Cholesterol has been identified as a key metabolite driving the activation of the inflammasome and the "epigenetic memory" in long-term living hematopoietic stem cells. In addition to these mechanisms, the physiological aging of short-living neutrophils is a relevant modifier of their immune competency, as while they egress from medullary niches as "fresh", fully competent, cells, they turn into "aged", disarmed cells, when they extravasate into peripheral tissues to fight against pathogens or they reach the spleen for disposal. We recently observed that cardio-metabolic alterations induced by a lipid enriched unhealthy diet critically accelerate this process. Indeed, the chronic feeding with a high fat diet (HFD) results in the increase of aged neutrophils in the circulation and their accumulation in liver. This profile is associated with a deteriorated insulin response and obesity. The HFD primes aged, but not fresh neutrophils, to infiltrate in the liver and promotes inflammation coupled to altered cell immune architecture in visceral adipose tissue. Preventing the aging of neutrophils via selective ablation of CXCR2, reduces the development of obesity and improves the sensitivity to insulin. In humans, plasma levels of CXCL1, one of the cytokines binding CXCR2 and promoting neutrophil aging, are directly associated with abdominal adiposity and fatty liver independently of other risk factors. Together these findings point to a direct role of aged neutrophils in the development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- SISA Centre for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
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22
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Cholesterol crystals and atherosclerotic plaque instability: Therapeutic potential of Eicosapentaenoic acid. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108237. [PMID: 35772589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), i.e. culprit lesions, frequently feature a ruptured fibrous cap with thrombotic complications. On imaging, these plaques exhibit a low attenuation, lipid-rich, necrotic core containing cholesterol crystals and are inherently unstable. Indeed, cholesterol crystals are causally associated with plaque vulnerability in vivo; their formation results from spontaneous self-assembly of cholesterol molecules. Cholesterol homeostasis is a central determinant of the physicochemical conditions leading to crystal formation, which are favored by elevated membrane free cholesterol content in plaque endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and foam cells, and equally by lipid oxidation. Emerging evidence from imaging trials in patients with coronary heart disease has highlighted the impact of intervention involving the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on vulnerable, low attenuation atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, EPA decreased features associated with unstable plaque by increasing fibrous cap thickness in statin-treated patients, by reducing lipid volume and equally attenuating intraplaque inflammation. Importantly, atherosclerotic plaques rapidly incorporate EPA; indeed, a high content of EPA in plaque tissue is associated with decreased plaque inflammation and increased stability. These findings are entirely consistent with the major reduction seen in cardiovascular events in the REDUCE-IT trial, in which high dose EPA was administered as its esterified precursor, icosapent ethyl (IPE); moreover, clinical benefit was proportional to circulating EPA levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid is efficiently incorporated into phospholipids, where it modulates cholesterol-enriched domains in cell membranes through physicochemical lipid interactions and changes in rates of lipid oxidation. Indeed, biophysical analyses indicate that EPA exists in an extended conformation in membranes, thereby enhancing normal cholesterol distribution while reducing propagation of free radicals. Such effects mitigate cholesterol aggregation and crystal formation. In addition to its favorable effect on cholesterol domain structure, EPA/IPE exerts pleiotropic actions, including antithrombotic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and proresolving effects, whose plaque-stabilizing potential cannot be excluded. Docosahexaenoic acid is distinguished from EPA by a higher degree of unsaturation and longer carbon chain length; DHA is thus predisposed to changes in its conformation with ensuing increase in membrane lipid fluidity and promotion of cholesterol aggregation into discrete domains. Such distinct molecular effects between EPA and DHA are pronounced under conditions of high cellular cholesterol content and oxidative stress. This review will focus on the formation and role of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques, and on the potential of EPA as a therapeutic agent to attenuate the formation of deleterious cholesterol membrane domains and of cholesterol crystals. Such a therapeutic approach may translate to enhanced plaque stability and ultimately to reduction in cardiovascular risk.
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23
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Effects of Dietary n-3 LCPUFA Supplementation on the Hippocampus of Aging Female Mice: Impact on Memory, Lipid Raft-Associated Glutamatergic Receptors and Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137430. [PMID: 35806435 PMCID: PMC9267073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), essential molecules whose precursors must be dietary supplied, are highly represented in the brain contributing to numerous neuronal processes. Recent findings have demonstrated that LCPUFA are represented in lipid raft microstructures, where they favor molecular interactions of signaling complexes underlying neuronal functionality. During aging, the brain lipid composition changes affecting the lipid rafts’ integrity and protein signaling, which may induce memory detriment. We investigated the effect of a n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet on the cognitive function of 6- and 15-months-old female mice. Likewise, we explored the impact of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs on hippocampal lipid rafts, and their potential correlation with aging-induced neuroinflammation. Our results demonstrate that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation improves spatial and recognition memory and restores the expression of glutamate and estrogen receptors in the hippocampal lipid rafts of aged mice to similar profiles than young ones. Additionally, the n-3 LCPUFA-enriched diet stabilized the lipid composition of the old mice’s hippocampal lipid rafts to the levels of young ones and reduced the aged-induced neuroinflammatory markers. Hence, we propose that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation leads to beneficial cognitive performance by “rejuvenating” the lipid raft microenvironment that stabilizes the integrity and interactions of memory protein players embedded in these microdomains.
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24
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Ruscica M, Sirtori CR, Carugo S, Calder PC, Corsini A. OMEGA-3 AND CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION – IS THIS STILL A CHOICE? Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Sherratt SCR, Libby P, Bhatt DL, Mason RP. A biological rationale for the disparate effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease outcomes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 182:102450. [PMID: 35690002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acids (n3-FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rapidly incorporate into cell membranes where they modulate signal transduction pathways, lipid raft formation, and cholesterol distribution. Membrane n3-FAs also form specialized pro-resolving mediators and other intracellular oxylipins that modulate inflammatory pathways, including T-cell differentiation and gene expression. Cardiovascular (CV) trials have shown that EPA, administered as icosapent ethyl (IPE), reduces composite CV events, along with plaque volume, in statin-treated, high-risk patients. Mixed EPA/DHA regimens have not shown these benefits, perhaps as the result of differences in formulation, dosage, or potential counter-regulatory actions of DHA. Indeed, EPA and DHA have distinct, tissue-specific effects on membrane structural organization and cell function. This review summarizes: (1) results of clinical outcome and imaging trials using n3-FA formulations; (2) membrane interactions of n3-FAs; (3) effects of n3-FAs on membrane oxidative stress and cholesterol crystalline domain formation during hyperglycemia; (4) n3-FA effects on endothelial function; (5) role of n3-FA-generated metabolites in inflammation; and (6) ongoing and future clinical investigations exploring treatment targets for n3-FAs, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03823, USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, USA.
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26
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Mason RP, Sherratt SCR, Eckel RH. Omega-3-fatty acids: Do they prevent cardiovascular disease? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 37:101681. [PMID: 35739003 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite cardiovascular disease (CVD) reductions with high-intensity statins, there remains residual risk among patients with metabolic disorders. Alongside low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), elevated triglycerides (TG) are associated with incident CVD events. Omega-3 fatty acids (n3-FAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower TG levels, but their ability to reduce CV risk has been highly inconsistent. Trials using icosapent ethyl (IPE), a purified EPA ethyl ester, produced reductions in CVD events and atherosclerotic plaque regression compared with mixed EPA/DHA formulations despite similar TG-reductions. The separate effects of EPA and DHA on tissue distribution, oxidative stress, inflammation, membrane structure and endothelial function may contribute to these discordant outcomes. Additional mechanistic trials will provide further insights into the role of n3-FAs in reducing CVD risk beyond TG lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preston Mason
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03823, USA
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1635 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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27
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Toth PP, Chapman MJ, Parhofer KG, Nelson JR. Differentiating EPA from EPA/DHA in cardiovascular risk reduction. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 17:100148. [PMID: 38559888 PMCID: PMC10978325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
None of the clinical trials of omega-3 fatty acids using combinations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were able to show any effect on cardiovascular outcomes, despite reductions in triglyceride levels. In contrast, the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT), which employed high-dose (4 g) purified EPA, demonstrated a 25% reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease-related events compared with placebo (hazard ratio 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.83; P < 0.001). Moreover, REDUCE-IT is the first clinical trial using a lipid-lowering agent as adjuvant therapy to a statin to show a significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Significant reductions in stroke, need for revascularization, and myocardial infarction were also observed. The pharmacology of EPA is distinct from that of DHA, with a differential effect on membrane structure, lipoprotein oxidation, and the production of downstream metabolites that promote the resolution of inflammation. Attained plasma levels of EPA may be an important determinant of efficacy, with a substudy of REDUCE-IT suggesting that the threshold for clinical benefit of EPA is approximately 100 μg/mL, a level achieved in only a minority of patients in other studies. No similar clinical trials of DHA monotherapy have been conducted, so no such threshold has been established. The results of the REDUCE-IT and the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) together affirm the efficacy of EPA therapy for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Klaus G. Parhofer
- Medical Clinic IV – Grosshadern Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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28
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Mason RP, Sherratt SCR, Eckel RH. Rationale for different formulations of omega-3 fatty acids leading to differences in residual cardiovascular risk reduction. Metabolism 2022; 130:155161. [PMID: 35151755 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Preston Mason
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | | | - Robert H Eckel
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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29
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Tokgözoğlu L, Libby P. The dawn of a new era of targeted lipid-lowering therapies. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3198-3208. [PMID: 35051271 PMCID: PMC9448630 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease depend in part on lifestyle, but optimum control of lipids often demands additional measures. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) doubtless contributes causally to atherosclerosis. Recent human genetic findings have substantiated a number of novel targets for lipid-lowering therapy including apolipoprotein C-III, angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4, apolipoprotein V, and ATP citrate lyase. These discoveries coupled with advances in biotechnology development afford new avenues for management of LDL and other aspects of lipid risk. Beyond LDL, new treatments targeting triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a) have become available and have entered clinical development. Biological and RNA-directed agents have joined traditional small-molecule approaches, which themselves have undergone considerable refinement. Innovative targeting strategies have increased efficacy of some of these novel interventions and markedly improved their tolerability. Gene-editing approaches have appeared on the horizon of lipid management. This article reviews this progress offering insight into novel biological and therapeutic discoveries, and places them into a practical patient care perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Tokgözoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sıhhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Peter Libby
- Corresponding author. Tel: +1 617 525 4383, Fax: +1 617 525 4400,
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30
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Tokgozoglu L, Orringer C, Ginsberg HN, Catapano AL. The year in cardiovascular medicine 2021: dyslipidaemia. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:807-817. [PMID: 34974612 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The past year was an exciting time for clinical lipidology when we learnt more about existing therapies as well as therapies targeting novel pathways discovered through genetic studies. LDL cholesterol remained the main target and a variety of drugs to lower LDL cholesterol through different mechanisms were explored. Emerging evidence on the atherogenity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins led to renewed interest in lowering them with new treatments. Lp(a) was back in focus with evidence on causality and new targeted therapeutics which dramatically lower Lp(a) levels. We will be able to personalise lipid lowering therapy further with this enriched armamentarium once we have the results of the cardiovascular outcome studies with some of these new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Tokgozoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carl Orringer
- Department of Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan and IRCCS Multimedica, Milano, Italy
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31
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Sherratt SCR, Dawoud H, Bhatt DL, Malinski T, Mason RP. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have distinct effects on endothelial fatty acid content and nitric oxide bioavailability. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 173:102337. [PMID: 34464785 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with high dose icosapent ethyl (IPE), an ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), significantly reduced ischemic events in patients with either cardiovascular disease (CV) or diabetes plus other risk factors (REDUCE-IT) but the mechanism is not well understood. We compared the effects of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) on bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and fatty acid composition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with EPA, DHA, or AA (10 µM). Cells were stimulated with calcium ionophore and NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) were measured using porphyrinic nanosensors. Levels of EPA, DHA, AA and other fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography (GC). EPA treatment caused the greatest NO release (18%, p < 0.001) and reduction in ONOO- (13%, p < 0.05) compared to control; the [NO]/[ ONOO-] ratio increased by 35% (p < 0.001). DHA treatment increased NO levels by 12% (p < 0.01) but had no effect on ONOO- release. AA did not affect either NO or ONOO- release. Fatty acid treatments increased their respective levels in endothelial cells. EPA levels increased 10-fold to 4.59 mg/g protein (p < 0.001) with EPA treatment and the EPA/AA ratio increased by 10-fold (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle. Only EPA increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, omega-3) levels by 2-fold (p < 0.001). AA alone decreased the EPA/AA ratio 4-fold (p<0.001). These findings support a preferential benefit of EPA on endothelial function and omega-3 fatty acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
| | - Hazem Dawoud
- Nanomedical Research Laboratory, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, United States
| | - Tadeusz Malinski
- Nanomedical Research Laboratory, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - R Preston Mason
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, United States; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, United States.
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32
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Bhatt RD, Libby P, Verma S, Mason RP, Bhatt DL. The role of eicosapentaenoic acid in reducing important cardiovascular events, including coronary revascularization. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 69:3-10. [PMID: 34419485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid has an important role in human health. The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) examined the prescription omega-3 fatty acid icosapent ethyl (IPE) in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or with diabetes plus additional CVD risk factors. The trial found a large reduction in CVD events, including significant reductions in CVD death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina. These results led to the regulatory approval of IPE in a population similar to REDUCE-IT participants in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and the European Union. Moreover, multiple international guidelines have endorsed the use of IPE in such individuals. A secondary analysis of REDUCE-IT examined the endpoint of coronary artery revascularization. This analysis showed a significant reduction not only in coronary revascularization overall but also in elective, urgent, and emergent coronary revascularization. Additionally, IPE significantly reduced the need for both percutaneous coronary intervention and for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary imaging studies have demonstrated significant decreases in rates of plaque progression with IPE, with significant effects within 6-9 months. In parallel, experimental findings corroborate several effects of IPE that provide mechanisms that could contribute to the profound reductions in multiple types of ischemic events, including percutaneous and surgical coronary revascularization. Future trials should explore potential benefits of initiation of IPE at the time of revascularization in broader populations, potentially in conjunction with loading doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Libby
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Preston Mason
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Elucida Research, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Sherratt SCR, Juliano RA, Copland C, Bhatt DL, Libby P, Mason RP. EPA and DHA containing phospholipids have contrasting effects on membrane structure. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100106. [PMID: 34400132 PMCID: PMC8430377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 FAs EPA and DHA influence membrane fluidity, lipid rafts, and signal transduction. A clinical trial, Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial, demonstrated that high-dose EPA (4 g/d icosapent ethyl) reduced composite cardiovascular events in statin-treated high-risk patients. EPA benefits correlated with on-treatment levels, but similar trials using DHA-containing formulations did not show event reduction. We hypothesized that differences in clinical efficacy of various omega-3 FA preparations could result from differential effects on membrane structure. To test this, we used small-angle X-ray diffraction to compare 1-palmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PL-EPA), 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PL-DHA), and 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PL-AA) in membranes with and without 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and cholesterol. Electron density profiles (electrons/Å3 vs. Å) were used to determine membrane structure, including membrane width (d-space). PL-EPA and PL-DHA had similar membrane structures without POPC and/or cholesterol but had contrasting effects in the presence of POPC and cholesterol. PL-EPA increased membrane hydrocarbon core electron density over an area of ±0-10 Å from the center, indicating an extended orientation. PL-DHA increased electron density in the phospholipid head group region, concomitant with disordering in the hydrocarbon core and a similar d-space (58 Å). Adding equimolar amounts of PL-EPA and PL-DHA produced changes that were attenuated compared with their separate effects. PL-AA increased electron density centered ±12 Å from the membrane center. The contrasting effects of PL-EPA, PL-DHA, and PL-AA on membrane structure may contribute to differences observed in the biological activities and clinical actions of various omega-3 FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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34
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Barvitenko N, Aslam M, Lawen A, Saldanha C, Skverchinskaya E, Uras G, Manca A, Pantaleo A. Two Motors and One Spring: Hypothetic Roles of Non-Muscle Myosin II and Submembrane Actin-Based Cytoskeleton in Cell Volume Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7967. [PMID: 34360739 PMCID: PMC8347689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plasma membrane curvature and intracellular ionic strength are two key features of cell volume perturbations. In this hypothesis we present a model of the responsible molecular apparatus which is assembled of two molecular motors [non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) and protrusive actin polymerization], a spring [a complex between the plasma membrane (PM) and the submembrane actin-based cytoskeleton (smACSK) which behaves like a viscoelastic solid] and the associated signaling proteins. We hypothesize that this apparatus senses changes in both the plasma membrane curvature and the ionic strength and in turn activates signaling pathways responsible for regulatory volume increase (RVI) and regulatory volume decrease (RVD). During cell volume changes hydrostatic pressure (HP) changes drive alterations in the cell membrane curvature. HP difference has opposite directions in swelling versus shrinkage, thus allowing distinction between them. By analogy with actomyosin contractility that appears to sense stiffness of the extracellular matrix we propose that NMMII and actin polymerization can actively probe the transmembrane gradient in HP. Furthermore, NMMII and protein-protein interactions in the actin cortex are sensitive to ionic strength. Emerging data on direct binding to and regulating activities of transmembrane mechanosensors by NMMII and actin cortex provide routes for signal transduction from transmembrane mechanosensors to cell volume regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Experimental Cardiology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Alfons Lawen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Carlota Saldanha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | | | - Giuseppe Uras
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Alessia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Faizi HA, Dimova R, Vlahovska PM. Electromechanical characterization of biomimetic membranes using electrodeformation of vesicles. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2027-2032. [PMID: 34297846 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a facile method to simultaneously measure the bending rigidity and capacitance of biomimetic lipid bilayers. Our approach utilizes the ellipsoidal deformation of quasi-spherical giant unilamellar vesicles induced by a uniform AC electric field. Vesicle shape depends on the electric field frequency and amplitude. Membrane bending rigidity can be obtained from the variation of the vesicle elongation on either field amplitude at fixed frequency or frequency at fixed field amplitude. Membrane capacitance is determined from the frequency at which the vesicle shape changes from prolate to oblate ellipsoid as the frequency is increased at a given field amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad A Faizi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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