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Prasad K, Rubin J, Mitra A, Lewis M, Theis N, Muldoon B, Iyengar S, Cape J. Structural covariance networks in schizophrenia: A systematic review Part II. Schizophr Res 2022; 239:176-191. [PMID: 34902650 PMCID: PMC8785680 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Examination of structural covariance network (SCN) is gaining prominence among the strategies to delineate dysconnectivity that case-control morphometric comparisons cannot address. Part II of this review extends on the part I of the review that included SCN studies using statistical approaches by examining SCN studies applying graph theoretic approaches to elucidate network properties in schizophrenia. This review also includes SCN studies using graph theoretic or statistical approaches on persons at-risk for schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted for peer-reviewed publications using different keywords and keyword combinations for schizophrenia and risk for schizophrenia. Thirteen studies on schizophrenia and five on persons at risk for schizophrenia met the criteria. RESULTS A variety of findings from over the last 1½ decades showing qualitative and quantitative differences in the global and local structural connectome in schizophrenia are described. These observations include altered hub patterns, disrupted network topology and hierarchical organization of the brain, and impaired connections that may be localized to default mode, executive control, and dorsal attention networks. Some of these connectomic alterations were observed in persons at-risk for schizophrenia before the onset of the illness. CONCLUSIONS Observed disruptions may reduce network efficiency and capacity to integrate information. Further, global connectomic changes were not schizophrenia-specific but local network changes were. Existing studies have used different atlases for brain parcellation, examined different morphometric features, and patients at different stages of illness making it difficult to conduct meta-analysis. Future studies should harmonize such methodological differences to facilitate meta-analysis and also elucidate causal underpinnings of dysconnectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konasale Prasad
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 3700 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Dr C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, 917 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Anirban Mitra
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Madison Lewis
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 3700 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Theis
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Brendan Muldoon
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Joshua Cape
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
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Yuksel C, Chen X, Chouinard VA, Nickerson LD, Gardner M, Cohen T, Öngür D, Du F. Abnormal Brain Bioenergetics in First-Episode Psychosis. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2021; 2:sgaa073. [PMID: 33554120 PMCID: PMC7848946 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence indicates impaired brain energy metabolism in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Creatine kinase (CK) is pivotal in providing adenosine triphosphate in the cell and maintaining its levels when energy demand is increased. However, the activity of CK has not been investigated in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS Using in vivo phosphorus magnetization transfer spectroscopy, we measured CK first-order forward rate constant (k f ) in the frontal lobe, in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP; n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 34), at rest. RESULTS CK k f was significantly reduced in FEP compared to healthy controls. There were no differences in other energy metabolism-related measures, including phosphocreatine (PCr) or ATP, between groups. We also found increase in glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine, a putative membrane breakdown product, in patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that brain bioenergetic abnormalities are already present early in the course of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Future research is needed to identify the relationship of reduced CK k f with psychotic symptoms and to test treatment alternatives targeting this pathway. Increased glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine is consistent with earlier studies in medication-naïve patients and later studies in first-episode schizophrenia, and suggest enhanced synaptic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Yuksel
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xi Chen
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dost Öngür
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fei Du
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Haszto CS, Stanley JA, Iyengar S, Prasad KM. Regionally Distinct Alterations in Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:264-280. [PMID: 31748123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing data on altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia are diverse. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies of phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a noninvasive imaging approach that can assess molecular biochemistry of cortex by measuring phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE) levels, which can provide evidence of altered biochemical processes involved in neuropil membrane expansion and contraction in schizophrenia. METHODS We analyzed PME and PDE data in the frontal and temporal lobes in subjects with schizophrenia from 24 peer-reviewed publications using the MAVIS package in R by building random- and fixed-effects models. Heterogeneity of effect sizes, effects of publication bias, and file drawer analysis were also assessed. RESULTS Subjects with schizophrenia showed lower PME levels in the frontal regions (p = .008) and elevated PDE levels in the temporal regions (p < .001) with significant heterogeneity. We noted significant publication bias and file drawer effect for frontal PME and PDE and temporal PDE levels, but not for temporal PME levels. Fail-safe analysis estimated that a high number of negative studies were required to provide nonsignificant results. CONCLUSIONS Despite methodological differences, these phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies demonstrate regionally specific imbalance in membrane phospholipid metabolism related to neuropil in subjects with schizophrenia compared with control subjects reflecting neuropil contraction. Specifically, decreased PME levels in the frontal regions and elevated PDE levels in the temporal regions provide evidence of decreased synthesis and increased degradation of neuropil membrane, respectively. Notwithstanding significant heterogeneity and publication bias, a large number of negative studies are required to render the results of this meta-analysis nonsignificant. These findings warrant further postmortem and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Haszto
- Kenneth Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Konasale M Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Kopczynska M, Zelek W, Touchard S, Gaughran F, Di Forti M, Mondelli V, Murray R, O'Donovan MC, Morgan BP. Complement system biomarkers in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:16-22. [PMID: 29279246 PMCID: PMC6406022 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicate immunological/inflammatory factors in development of schizophrenia. Complement is a key driver of inflammation, and complement dysregulation causes pathology in many diseases. Here we explored whether complement dysregulation occurred in first episode psychosis (FEP) and whether this provides a source of biomarkers. Eleven complement analytes (C1q, C3, C4, C5, factor B [FB], terminal complement complex [TCC], factor H [FH], FH-related proteins [FHR125], Properdin, C1 inhibitor [C1inh], soluble complement receptor 1 [CR1]) plus C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in serum from 136 first episode psychosis (FEP) cases and 42 mentally healthy controls using established in-house or commercial ELISA. The relationship between caseness and variables (analytes measured, sex, age, ethnicity, tobacco/cannabis smoking) was tested by multivariate logistic regression. When measured individually, only TCC was significantly different between FEP and controls (p=0.01). Stepwise selection demonstrated interdependence between some variables and revealed other variables that significantly and independently contributed to distinguishing cases and controls. The final model included demographics (sex, ethnicity, age, tobacco smoking) and a subset of analytes (C3, C4, C5, TCC, C1inh, FHR125, CR1). A receiver operating curve analysis combining these variables yielded an area under the curve of 0.79 for differentiating FEP from controls. This model was confirmed by multiple replications using randomly selected sample subsets. The data suggest that complement dysregulation occurs in FEP, supporting an underlying immune/inflammatory component to the disorder. Classification of FEP cases according to biological variables rather than symptoms would help stratify cases to identify those that might most benefit from therapeutic modification of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kopczynska
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
| | - Wioleta Zelek
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
| | - Samuel Touchard
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK,Corresponding author at: Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN, UK.
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Plasma cytokines in minimally treated schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 199:292-296. [PMID: 29705005 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, plasma cytokines abnormalities offer vital support for immunopathogenetic basis. However, most of the previous studies on plasma cytokines are confounded by examination of antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia patients. In this study, we examined a large sample of antipsychotic-naïve/free schizophrenia patients (N = 75) in comparison with healthy controls (N = 102). Plasma cytokines (Interleukins ([IL] 2, 4, 6, 10, 17), Tumor necrosis factor [TNF] and Interferon gamma [IFN-g]) were assessed using cytometric bead array assay. Schizophrenia patients showed significantly greater levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IL-17 as well as IFN-g in comparison to healthy controls. However, after taking censoring into account and adjusting for potential confounders (sex, age, BMI and smoking), only IL-6 was found to be elevated in patients. Cytokine profile showed differential and pathogenetically relevant correlation with clinical symptoms. Together, these observations offer further support to immunological component in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Neuropil contraction in relation to Complement C4 gene copy numbers in independent cohorts of adolescent-onset and young adult-onset schizophrenia patients-a pilot study. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:134. [PMID: 30026462 PMCID: PMC6053402 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report suggested Complement 4 (C4A) gene copy numbers (GCN) as risk factors for schizophrenia. Rodent model showed association of C4 with synaptic pruning suggesting its pathophysiological significance (Sekar, A. et al. (2016)). We, therefore, predicted that C4A GCN would be positively correlated with neuropil contraction in the human brain among schizophrenia patients showing more prominent correlations in ventral regions among young adults and dorsal regions among adolescents since neuromaturation progresses dorsoventrally. Whole-brain, multi-voxel, in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) assessed neuropil changes by estimating levels of membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursors and catabolites. Increased MPL catabolites and/or decreased MPL precursors indexed neuropil contraction. Digital droplet PCR-based assay was used to estimate C4A and C4B GCN. We evaluated two independent cohorts (young adult-onset early-course schizophrenia (YASZ = 15) and adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOSZ = 12) patients), and controls matched for each group, n = 22 and 15, respectively. Separate forward stepwise linear regression models with Akaike information Criterion were built for MPL catabolites and precursors. YASZ cohort: Consistent with the rodent model (Sekar, A. et al. 2016)), C4A GCN positively correlated with neuropil contraction (increased pruning/decreased formation) in the inferior frontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule. AOSZ cohort: C4A GCN positively correlated with neuropil contraction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus. Exploratory analysis of C4B GCN showed positive correlation with neuropil contraction in the cerebellum and superior temporal gyrus among YASZ while AOSZ showed neuropil contraction in the prefrontal and subcortical structures. Thus, C4A and C4B GCN are associated with neuropil contraction in regions often associated with schizophrenia, and may be neuromaturationally dependent.
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Malavia TA, Chaparala S, Wood J, Chowdari K, Prasad KM, McClain L, Jegga AG, Ganapathiraju MK, Nimgaonkar VL. Generating testable hypotheses for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis by integrating epidemiological, genomic, and protein interaction data. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:11. [PMID: 28560257 PMCID: PMC5441529 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia and their relatives have reduced prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis. Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis genome-wide association studies also indicate negative genetic correlations, suggesting that there may be shared pathogenesis at the DNA level or downstream. A portion of the inverse prevalence could be attributed to pleiotropy, i.e., variants of a single nucleotide polymorphism that could confer differential risk for these disorders. To study the basis for such an interrelationship, we initially compared lists of single nucleotide polymorphisms with significant genetic associations (p < 1e-8) for schizophrenia or rheumatoid arthritis, evaluating patterns of linkage disequilibrium and apparent pleiotropic risk profiles. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that conferred risk for both schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis were localized solely to the extended HLA region. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms that conferred differential risk for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis, the majority were localized to HLA-B, TNXB, NOTCH4, HLA-C, HCP5, MICB, PSORS1C1, and C6orf10; published functional data indicate that HLA-B and HLA-C have the most plausible pathogenic roles in both disorders. Interactomes of these eight genes were constructed from protein-protein interaction information using publicly available databases and novel computational predictions. The genes harboring apparently pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms are closely connected to rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia associated genes through common interacting partners. A separate and independent analysis of the interactomes of rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia genes showed a significant overlap between the two interactomes and that they share several common pathways, motivating functional studies suggesting a relationship in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia/rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulsi A. Malavia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Chaparala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Anil G. Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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