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Screening, Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020153. [PMID: 35204874 PMCID: PMC8870449 DOI: 10.3390/children9020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
This special issue raises two thematic questions: (1) How will AI change learning in the future and what role will human beings play in the interaction with machine learning, and (2), What can we learn from the articles in this special issue for future research? These questions are reflected in the frame of the recent discussion of human and machine learning. AI for learning provides many applications and multimodal channels for supporting people in cognitive and non-cognitive task domains. The articles in this special issue evidence that agency, engagement, self-efficacy, and collaboration are needed in learning and working with intelligent tools and environments. The importance of social elements is also clear in the articles. The articles also point out that the teacher’s role in digital pedagogy primarily involves facilitating and coaching. AI in learning has a high potential, but it also has many limitations. Many worries are linked with ethical issues, such as biases in algorithms, privacy, transparency, and data ownership. This special issue also highlights the concepts of explainability and explicability in the context of human learning. We need much more research and research-based discussion for making AI more trustworthy for users in learning environments and to prevent misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Niemi
- University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 5 A, Box P.O. 9, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Rojas-Torres LP, Alonso-Esteban Y, López-Ramón MF, Alcantud-Marín F. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Self Compassion (SC) Training for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Trial in Community Services in Spain. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:316. [PMID: 33919405 PMCID: PMC8143306 DOI: 10.3390/children8050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a clinical trial to test the efficacy of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and self-compassion (SC) program on self-reported values of anxiety, depression, and stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in primary school, in order to assess their integration into the framework of community intervention programs in Spain. METHODS A brief 8-week training program using mindfulness-based intervention (MBSR) and self-compassion (SC) has been applied to twelve Valencian ASD parents, ten of whom completed the program. Participants were assigned to two groups; both groups received the same treatment but at two different measurement moments. Depression, anxiety, stress, satisfaction with life and mindful attention awareness measurements were performed, in all participants, in three testing stages. RESULTS Analysis of variance results suggested that MBSR and SC training reduces stress and anxiety and increases mindful attention awareness. No significant changes were found in life satisfaction measurements. CONCLUSIONS The small number of participants prevents us from generalizing the results found. More MBSR and SC clinical trials are needed in parents of ASD with results on anxiety, depression and stress in order to demonstrate the relevance of the inclusion of these programs in community-based early intervention services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Alcantud-Marín
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.R.-T.); (Y.A.-E.); (M.F.L.-R.)
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Rojas-Torres LP, Alonso-Esteban Y, Alcantud-Marín F. Early Intervention with Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Programs. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E294. [PMID: 33333900 PMCID: PMC7765314 DOI: 10.3390/children7120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to analyze the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intervention programs for children with autism based on the participation of their parents. To obtain the data, a systematic search was carried out in four databases (PsycARTICLES (ProQuest), ERIC (ProQuest), PubMed (ProQuest), and Scopus). The retrieved documents were refined under the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a total of 51 empirical studies were selected. These studies were first classified according to the function of the intervention objective and, later, by the methodology applied (19 studies were based on comprehensive interventions, 11 focused on the nuclear symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 12 focused on the promotion of positive parenting, and nine interactions focused on child play). Once all of the documents had been analyzed, the evidence indicated scientific efficacy in most studies, mainly in those based on child development and the application of behavioral analysis principles. Moreover, the positive influence of parent participation in such programs was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurena Alonso-Esteban
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Alcantud-Marín
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Pinar C, Trivino-Paredes J, Perreault ST, Christie BR. Hippocampal cognitive impairment in juvenile rats after repeated mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2020; 387:112585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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von Leden RE, Parker KN, Bates AA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Donovan MH. The emerging role of neutrophils as modifiers of recovery after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:144-154. [PMID: 30876905 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a critical role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to ongoing pathogenesis and worsening long-term outcomes. Here we focus on neutrophils, one of the "first responders" to TBI. These leukocytes are recruited to the injured brain where they release a host of toxic molecules including free radicals, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, all of which promote secondary tissue damage. There is mounting evidence that the developing brain is more vulnerable to injury that the adult brain. This vulnerability to greater damage from TBI is, in part, attributed to relatively low antioxidant reserves coupled with an early robust immune response. The latter is reflected in enhanced sensitivity to cytokines and a prolonged recruitment of neutrophils into both cortical and subcortical regions. This review considers the contribution of neutrophils to early secondary pathogenesis in the injured developing brain and raises the distinct possibility that these leukocytes, which exhibit phenotypic plasticity, may also be poised to support wound healing. We provide a basic review of the development, life cycle, and granular contents of neutrophils and evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets for early neuroprotection and functional recovery after injury at early age. While neutrophils have been broadly studied in neurotrauma, we are only beginning to appreciate their diverse roles in the developing brain and the extent to which their acute manipulation may result in enduring neurological recovery when TBI is superimposed upon brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaila N Parker
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Adrian A Bates
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Michael H Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Zhang Z, Rasmussen L, Saraswati M, Koehler RC, Robertson C, Kannan S. Traumatic Injury Leads to Inflammation and Altered Tryptophan Metabolism in the Juvenile Rabbit Brain. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:74-86. [PMID: 30019623 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to widespread cell death and tissue loss. Here, we evaluated sequential inflammatory response in the brain, as well as inflammation-induced changes in brain tryptophan metabolism over time, in a rabbit pediatric TBI model. On post-natal days 5-7 (P5-P7), New Zealand white rabbit littermates were randomized into three groups: naïve (no injury), sham (craniotomy alone), and TBI (controlled cortical impact). Animals were sacrificed at 6 h and 1, 3, 7, and 21 days post-injury for evaluating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the major components in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. We found that 1) pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain injury area were differentially regulated in a time-dependent manner post-injury; 2) indoleamine 2,3 dioxygeenase 1 (IDO1) was upregulated around the injury area in TBI kits that persisted at 21 days post-injury; 3) mean length of serotonin-staining fibers was significantly reduced in the injured brain region in TBI kits for at least 21 days post-injury; and 4) kynurenine level significantly increased at 7 days post-injury. A significant decrease in serotonin/tryptophan ratio and melatonin/tryptophan ratio at 21 days post-injury was noted, suggesting that tryptophan metabolism is altered after TBI. A better understanding of the temporal evolution of immune responses and tryptophan metabolism during injury and repair after TBI is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lindsey Rasmussen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Manda Saraswati
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Courtney Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Lindholm M. DNA Dispose, but Subjects Decide. Learning and the Extended Synthesis. BIOSEMIOTICS 2015; 8:443-461. [PMID: 26640605 PMCID: PMC4661179 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-015-9242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation by means of natural selection depends on the ability of populations to maintain variation in heritable traits. According to the Modern Synthesis this variation is sustained by mutations and genetic drift. Epigenetics, evodevo, niche construction and cultural factors have more recently been shown to contribute to heritable variation, however, leading an increasing number of biologists to call for an extended view of speciation and evolution. An additional common feature across the animal kingdom is learning, defined as the ability to change behavior according to novel experiences or skills. Learning constitutes an additional source for phenotypic variation, and change in behavior may induce long lasting shifts in fitness, and hence favor evolutionary novelties. Based on published studies, I demonstrate how learning about food, mate choice and habitats has contributed substantially to speciation in the canonical story of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands. Learning cannot be reduced to genetics, because it demands decisions, which requires a subject. Evolutionary novelties may hence emerge both from shifts in allelic frequencies and from shifts in learned, subject driven behavior. The existence of two principally different sources of variation also prevents the Modern Synthesis from self-referring explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lindholm
- />Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- />Rudolf Steiner University College, Dahls gate 30, 0260 Oslo, Norway
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Nadeem S, Rafique G, Khowaja L, Yameen A. Assessing Home Environment for Early Child Development in Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2013.859565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Important reminder: all neonatal caregivers are brain shapers. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2013; 27:199-200. [PMID: 23899795 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0b013e31829ea0b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Théodoridou ZD, Koutsoklenis A, del Cerro M, Triarhou LC. An avant-garde professorship of neurobiology in education: Christofredo Jakob (1866-1956) and the 1920s lead of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2013; 22:366-382. [PMID: 23789992 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2012.762830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interdisciplinary trend in "Mind, Brain, and Education" has witnessed dynamic international growth in recent years. Yet, it remains little known that the National University of La Plata in Argentina probably holds the historical precedent as the world's first institution of higher education that formally included neurobiology in the curriculum of an educational department, having done so as early as 1922. The responsibility of teaching neurobiology to educators was assigned to Professor Christofredo Jakob (1866-1956). In the present article, we highlight Jakob's emphasis on interdisciplinarity and, in particular, on the neuroscientific foundations of education, including special education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe D Théodoridou
- a Neuroscience Wing, Department of Educational and Social Policy , University of Macedonia , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Beauchamp C, Beauchamp MH. Boundary as Bridge: An Analysis of the Educational Neuroscience Literature from a Boundary Perspective. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-012-9207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The postinfancy period is crucial for normal brain development, providing subsequent optimal conditions for learning and cognition. Both iron deficiency and essential fatty acids deficiency may impair normal neurological development. This review examines the limited number of studies that have been performed in preschool children and offers a broader view of the relationships among nutrition, nutrients and cognition.
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Goulet O, Lebenthal E, Branski D, Martin A, Antoine JM, Jones PJH. Nutritional solutions to major health problems of preschool children: how to optimise growth and development. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43 Suppl 3:S1-3. [PMID: 17204973 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000255843.54164.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Potts MB, Koh SE, Whetstone WD, Walker BA, Yoneyama T, Claus CP, Manvelyan HM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic injury to the immature brain: inflammation, oxidative injury, and iron-mediated damage as potential therapeutic targets. NeuroRx 2006; 3:143-53. [PMID: 16554253 PMCID: PMC3593438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children and both clinical and experimental data reveal that the immature brain is unique in its response and vulnerability to TBI compared to the adult brain. Current therapies for pediatric TBI focus on physiologic derangements and are based primarily on adult data. However, it is now evident that secondary biochemical perturbations play an important role in the pathobiology of pediatric TBI and may provide specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of the head-injured child. In this review, we discuss three specific components of the secondary pathogenesis of pediatric TBI-- inflammation, oxidative injury, and iron-induced damage-- and potential therapeutic strategies associated with each. The inflammatory response in the immature brain is more robust than in the adult and characterized by greater disruption of the blood-brain barrier and elaboration of cytokines. The immature brain also has a muted response to oxidative stress compared to the adult due to inadequate expression of certain antioxidant molecules. In addition, the developing brain is less able to detoxify free iron after TBI-induced hemorrhage and cell death. These processes thus provide potential therapeutic targets that may be tailored to pediatric TBI, including anti-inflammatory agents such as minocycline, antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase, and the iron chelator deferoxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew B. Potts
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - Seong-Eun Koh
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - William D. Whetstone
- />Department of Medicine (Division of Emergency Medicine), University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - Breset A. Walker
- />Department of Medicine (Division of Emergency Medicine), University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - Tomoko Yoneyama
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine P. Claus
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
| | - Hovhannes M. Manvelyan
- />Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143 San Francisco, California
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Ansari D, Coch D. Bridges over troubled waters: education and cognitive neuroscience. Trends Cogn Sci 2006; 10:146-51. [PMID: 16530462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been growing interest in and debate about the relation between cognitive neuroscience and education. Our goal is to advance the debate beyond both recitation of potentially education-related cognitive neuroscience findings and the claim that a bridge between fields is chimerical. In an attempt to begin a dialogue about mechanisms among students, educators, researchers and practitioner-scientists, we propose that multiple bridges can be built to make connections between education and cognitive neuroscience, including teacher training, researcher training and collaboration. These bridges--concrete mechanisms that can advance the study of mind, brain and education--will benefit both educators and cognitive neuroscientists, who will gain new perspectives for posing and answering crucial questions about the learning brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ansari
- Dartmouth College, Department of Education, HB 6103, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Illes J, Blakemore C, Hansson MG, Hensch TK, Leshner A, Maestre G, Magistretti P, Quirion R, Strata P. International perspectives on engaging the public in neuroethics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:977-82. [PMID: 16340957 PMCID: PMC1794674 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With an ever-increasing understanding of the brain mechanisms associated with core human attributes and values, there is an increasing public interest in the results of neuroscience research and the ways in which that new knowledge will be used. Here, we present perspectives on engaging the public on these issues on an international scale, the role of the media, and prospects for the new field of neuroethics as both a focus and a driver of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Illes
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Department of Radiology, 701 Welch Road, Building A, Suite 1105, Palo Alto, California 94304-5748, USA.
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