1
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Wilde EA, Hyseni I, Lindsey HM, Faber J, McHenry JM, Bigler ED, Biekman BD, Hollowell LL, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, Ewing-Cobbs L, Aitken ME, MacLeod M, Chu ZD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Levin HS. A Preliminary DTI Tractography Study of Developmental Neuroplasticity 5-15 Years After Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:734055. [PMID: 35002913 PMCID: PMC8732947 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.734055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity is often implicated as a reparative mechanism when addressing structural and functional brain development in young children following traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, conventional imaging methods may not capture the complexities of post-trauma development. The present study examined the cingulum bundles and perforant pathways using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 21 children and adolescents (ages 10–18 years) 5–15 years after sustaining early childhood TBI in comparison with 19 demographically-matched typically-developing children. Verbal memory and executive functioning were also evaluated and analyzed in relation to DTI metrics. Beyond the expected direction of quantitative DTI metrics in the TBI group, we also found qualitative differences in the streamline density of both pathways generated from DTI tractography in over half of those with early TBI. These children exhibited hypertrophic cingulum bundles relative to the comparison group, and the number of tract streamlines negatively correlated with age at injury, particularly in the late-developing anterior regions of the cingulum; however, streamline density did not relate to executive functioning. Although streamline density of the perforant pathway was not related to age at injury, streamline density of the left perforant pathway was significantly and positively related to verbal memory scores in those with TBI, and a moderate effect size was found in the right hemisphere. DTI tractography may provide insight into developmental plasticity in children post-injury. While traditional DTI metrics demonstrate expected relations to cognitive performance in group-based analyses, altered growth is reflected in the white matter structures themselves in some children several years post-injury. Whether this plasticity is adaptive or maladaptive, and whether the alterations are structure-specific, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Wilde
- Department of Neurology, Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ilirjana Hyseni
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hannah M Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jessica Faber
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James M McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Department of Neurology, Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Brian D Biekman
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura L Hollowell
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen R McCauley
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jill V Hunter
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linda Ewing-Cobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary E Aitken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Marianne MacLeod
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zili D Chu
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Harvey S Levin
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Almeida CA, Torres-Espin A, Huie JR, Sun D, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Young W, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Nielson JL, Ferguson AR. Excavating FAIR Data: the Case of the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS), Blood Pressure, and Neuro-Recovery. Neuroinformatics 2022; 20:39-52. [PMID: 33651310 PMCID: PMC9015816 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-021-09512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses suggest that the published literature represents only a small minority of the total data collected in biomedical research, with most becoming 'dark data' unreported in the literature. Dark data is due to publication bias toward novel results that confirm investigator hypotheses and omission of data that do not. Publication bias contributes to scientific irreproducibility and failures in bench-to-bedside translation. Sharing dark data by making it Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) may reduce the burden of irreproducible science by increasing transparency and support data-driven discoveries beyond the lifecycle of the original study. We illustrate feasibility of dark data sharing by recovering original raw data from the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS), an NIH-funded multi-site preclinical drug trial conducted in the 1990s that tested efficacy of several therapies after a spinal cord injury (SCI). The original drug treatments did not produce clear positive results and MASCIS data were stored in boxes for more than two decades. The goal of the present study was to independently confirm published machine learning findings that perioperative blood pressure is a major predictor of SCI neuromotor outcome (Nielson et al., 2015). We recovered, digitized, and curated the data from 1125 rats from MASCIS. Analyses indicated that high perioperative blood pressure at the time of SCI is associated with poorer health and worse neuromotor outcomes in more severe SCI, whereas low perioperative blood pressure is associated with poorer health and worse neuromotor outcome in moderate SCI. These findings confirm and expand prior results that a narrow window of blood-pressure control optimizes outcome, and demonstrate the value of recovering dark data for assessing reproducibility of findings with implications for precision therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abel Torres-Espin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dongming Sun
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wise Young
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Parker KN, Donovan MH, Smith K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic Injury to the Developing Brain: Emerging Relationship to Early Life Stress. Front Neurol 2021; 12:708800. [PMID: 34484104 PMCID: PMC8416304 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.708800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of brain injuries in children, we have yet to fully understand the unique vulnerability of a young brain to an injury and key determinants of long-term recovery. Here we consider how early life stress may influence recovery after an early age brain injury. Studies of early life stress alone reveal persistent structural and functional impairments at adulthood. We consider the interacting pathologies imposed by early life stress and subsequent brain injuries during early brain development as well as at adulthood. This review outlines how early life stress primes the immune cells of the brain and periphery to elicit a heightened response to injury. While the focus of this review is on early age traumatic brain injuries, there is also a consideration of preclinical models of neonatal hypoxia and stroke, as each further speaks to the vulnerability of the brain and reinforces those characteristics that are common across each of these injuries. Lastly, we identify a common mechanistic trend; namely, early life stress worsens outcomes independent of its temporal proximity to a brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila N. Parker
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michael H. Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kylee Smith
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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4
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Trivedi A, Tercovich KG, Casbon AJ, Raber J, Lowell C, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Neutrophil-specific deletion of Syk results in recruitment-independent stabilization of the barrier and a long-term improvement in cognitive function after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105430. [PMID: 34153467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children, we have yet to identify those pathogenic events that determine the extent of recovery. Neutrophils are best known as "first responders" to sites of infection and trauma where they become fully activated, killing pathogens via proteases that are released during degranulation. However, this activational state may generate substantial toxicity in the young brain after TBI that is partially due to developmentally regulated inadequate antioxidant reserves. Neutrophil degranulation is triggered via a downstream signaling pathway that is dependent on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). To test the hypothesis that the activational state of neutrophils is a determinant of early pathogenesis and long-term recovery, we compared young, brain-injured conditional knockouts of Syk (sykf/fMRP8-cre+) to congenic littermates (sykf/f). Based upon flow cytometry, there was an extended recruitment of distinct leukocyte subsets, including Ly6G+/Ly6C- and Ly6G+/Ly6Cint, over the first several weeks post-injury which was similar between genotypes. Subsequent assessment of the acutely injured brain revealed a reduction in blood-brain barrier disruption to both high and low molecular weight dextrans and reactive oxygen species in sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice compared to congenic littermates, and this was associated with greater preservation of claudin 5 and neuronal integrity, as determined by Western blot analyses. At adulthood, motor learning was less affected in brain-injured sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice as compared to sykf/f mice. Performance in the Morris Water Maze revealed a robust improvement in hippocampal-dependent acquisition and short and long-term spatial memory retention in sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice. Subsequent analyses of swim path lengths during hidden platform training and probe trials showed greater thigmotaxis in brain-injured sykf/f mice than sham sykf/f mice and injured sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice. Our results establish the first mechanistic link between the activation state of neutrophils and long-term functional recovery after traumatic injury to the developing brain. These results also highlight Syk kinase as a novel therapeutic target that could be further developed for the brain-injured child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kayleen G Tercovich
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy Jo Casbon
- Departments of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology, and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Clifford Lowell
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Psychology, The Dell Medical School and the College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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5
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LaPlaca MC, Huie JR, Alam HB, Bachstetter AD, Bayir H, Bellgowan PF, Cummings D, Dixon CE, Ferguson AR, Ferland-Beckham C, Floyd CL, Friess SH, Galanopoulou AS, Hall ED, Harris NG, Hawkins BE, Hicks RR, Hulbert LE, Johnson VE, Kabitzke PA, Lafrenaye AD, Lemmon VP, Lifshitz CW, Lifshitz J, Loane DJ, Misquitta L, Nikolian VC, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Smith DH, Taylor-Burds C, Umoh N, Vovk O, Williams AM, Young M, Zai LJ. Pre-Clinical Common Data Elements for Traumatic Brain Injury Research: Progress and Use Cases. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1399-1410. [PMID: 33297844 PMCID: PMC8082734 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an extremely complex condition due to heterogeneity in injury mechanism, underlying conditions, and secondary injury. Pre-clinical and clinical researchers face challenges with reproducibility that negatively impact translation and therapeutic development for improved TBI patient outcomes. To address this challenge, TBI Pre-clinical Working Groups expanded upon previous efforts and developed common data elements (CDEs) to describe the most frequently used experimental parameters. The working groups created 913 CDEs to describe study metadata, animal characteristics, animal history, injury models, and behavioral tests. Use cases applied a set of commonly used CDEs to address and evaluate the degree of missing data resulting from combining legacy data from different laboratories for two different outcome measures (Morris water maze [MWM]; RotorRod/Rotarod). Data were cleaned and harmonized to Form Structures containing the relevant CDEs and subjected to missing value analysis. For the MWM dataset (358 animals from five studies, 44 CDEs), 50% of the CDEs contained at least one missing value, while for the Rotarod dataset (97 animals from three studies, 48 CDEs), over 60% of CDEs contained at least one missing value. Overall, 35% of values were missing across the MWM dataset, and 33% of values were missing for the Rotarod dataset, demonstrating both the feasibility and the challenge of combining legacy datasets using CDEs. The CDEs and the associated forms created here are available to the broader pre-clinical research community to promote consistent and comprehensive data acquisition, as well as to facilitate data sharing and formation of data repositories. In addition to addressing the challenge of standardization in TBI pre-clinical studies, this effort is intended to bring attention to the discrepancies in assessment and outcome metrics among pre-clinical laboratories and ultimately accelerate translation to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. LaPlaca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J. Russell Huie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hűlya Bayir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Candace L. Floyd
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stuart H. Friess
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Edward D. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Neil G. Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lindsey E. Hulbert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Victoria E. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Audrey D. Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vance P. Lemmon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carrie W. Lifshitz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Douglas H. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nsini Umoh
- Department of Defense, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Vovk
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron M. Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Margaret Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Morse LR, Field-Fote EC, Contreras-Vidal J, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Rodreick M, Shields RK, Sofroniew M, Wudlick R, Zanca JM. Meeting Proceedings for SCI 2020: Launching a Decade of Disruption in Spinal Cord Injury Research. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1251-1266. [PMID: 33353467 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) research community has experienced great advances in discovery research, technology development, and promising clinical interventions in the past decade. To build upon these advances and maximize the benefit to persons with SCI, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) hosted a conference February 12-13, 2019 titled "SCI 2020: Launching a Decade of Disruption in Spinal Cord Injury Research." The purpose of the conference was to bring together a broad range of stakeholders, including researchers, clinicians and healthcare professionals, persons with SCI, industry partners, regulators, and funding agency representatives to break down existing communication silos. Invited speakers were asked to summarize the state of the science, assess areas of technological and community readiness, and build collaborations that could change the trajectory of research and clinical options for people with SCI. In this report, we summarize the state of the science in each of five key domains and identify the gaps in the scientific literature that need to be addressed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Morse
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edelle C Field-Fote
- Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jose Contreras-Vidal
- Laboratory for Non-Invasive Brain Machine Interfaces, NSF IUCRC BRAIN, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychology and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Wudlick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeanne M Zanca
- Spinal Cord Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Wilde EA, Merkley TL, Lindsey HM, Bigler ED, Hunter JV, Ewing-Cobbs L, Aitken ME, MacLeod MC, Hanten G, Chu ZD, Abildskov TJ, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Levin HS. Developmental Alterations in Cortical Organization and Socialization in Adolescents Who Sustained a Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Childhood. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:133-143. [PMID: 32503385 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated patterns of cortical organization in adolescents who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during early childhood to determine ways in which early head injury may alter typical brain development. Increased gyrification in other patient populations is associated with polymicrogyria and aberrant development, but this has not been investigated in TBI. Seventeen adolescents (mean age = 14.1 ± 2.4) who sustained a TBI between 1-8 years of age, and 17 demographically-matched typically developing children (TDC) underwent a high-resolution, T1-weighted 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6-15 years post-injury. Cortical white matter volume and organization was measured using FreeSurfer's Local Gyrification Index (LGI). Despite a lack of significant difference in white matter volume, participants with TBI demonstrated significantly increased LGI in several cortical regions that are among those latest to mature in normal development, including left parietal association areas, bilateral dorsolateral and medial frontal areas, and the right posterior temporal gyrus, relative to the TDC group. Additionally, there was no evidence of increased surface area in the regions that demonstrated increased LGI. Higher Vineland-II Socialization scores were associated with decreased LGI in right frontal and temporal regions. The present results suggest an altered pattern of expected development in cortical gyrification in the TBI group, with changes in late-developing frontal and parietal association areas. Such changes in brain structure may underlie cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with pediatric TBI. Alternatively, increased gyrification following TBI may represent a compensatory mechanism that allows for typical development of cortical surface area, despite reduced brain volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Wilde
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tricia L Merkley
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Hannah M Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jill V Hunter
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda Ewing-Cobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Learning Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary E Aitken
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arizona, USA
| | - Marianne C MacLeod
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gerri Hanten
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zili D Chu
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tracy J Abildskov
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychology and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Harvey S Levin
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Munji RN, Soung AL, Weiner GA, Sohet F, Semple BD, Trivedi A, Gimlin K, Kotoda M, Korai M, Aydin S, Batugal A, Cabangcala AC, Schupp PG, Oldham MC, Hashimoto T, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Daneman R. Profiling the mouse brain endothelial transcriptome in health and disease models reveals a core blood-brain barrier dysfunction module. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1892-1902. [PMID: 31611708 PMCID: PMC6858546 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels in the CNS form a specialized and critical structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We present a resource to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate BBB function in health and dysfunction during disease. Using endothelial cell enrichment and RNA sequencing, we analyzed the gene expression of endothelial cells in mice, comparing brain endothelial cells with peripheral endothelial cells. We also assessed the regulation of CNS endothelial gene expression in models of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and seizure, each having profound BBB disruption. We found that although each is caused by a distinct trigger, they exhibit strikingly similar endothelial gene expression changes during BBB disruption, comprising a core BBB dysfunction module that shifts the CNS endothelial cells into a peripheral endothelial cell-like state. The identification of a common pathway for BBB dysfunction suggests that targeting therapeutic agents to limit it may be effective across multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeben Nocon Munji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allison Luen Soung
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Aaron Weiner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fabien Sohet
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bridgette Deanne Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masakazu Kotoda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Masaaki Korai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Austin Batugal
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Georg Schupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Clark Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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9
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Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Levine JM, Santucci AD, Reeves TM, Phillips LL. Matrix metalloproteinase signals following neurotrauma are right on cue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3141-3156. [PMID: 31168660 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma, a term referencing both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, is unique to neurodegeneration in that onset is clearly defined. From the perspective of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), there is opportunity to define their temporal participation in injury and recovery beginning at the level of the synapse. Here we examine the diverse roles of MMPs in the context of targeted insults (optic nerve lesion and hippocampal and olfactory bulb deafferentation), and clinically relevant focal models of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Time-specific MMP postinjury signaling is critical to synaptic recovery after focal axonal injuries; members of the MMP family exhibit a signature temporal profile corresponding to axonal degeneration and regrowth, where they direct postinjury reorganization and synaptic stabilization. In both traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, MMPs mediate early secondary pathogenesis including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, creating an environment that may be hostile to recovery. They are also critical players in wound healing including angiogenesis and the formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Experimental strategies to reduce their activity in the acute phase result in long-term neurological recovery after neurotrauma and have led to the first clinical trial in spinal cord injured pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE 760, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, and Neurology, the Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alison D Santucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Thomas M Reeves
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Linda L Phillips
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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10
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von Leden RE, Parker KN, Bates AA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Donovan MH. The emerging role of neutrophils as modifiers of recovery after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:144-154. [PMID: 30876905 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a critical role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to ongoing pathogenesis and worsening long-term outcomes. Here we focus on neutrophils, one of the "first responders" to TBI. These leukocytes are recruited to the injured brain where they release a host of toxic molecules including free radicals, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, all of which promote secondary tissue damage. There is mounting evidence that the developing brain is more vulnerable to injury that the adult brain. This vulnerability to greater damage from TBI is, in part, attributed to relatively low antioxidant reserves coupled with an early robust immune response. The latter is reflected in enhanced sensitivity to cytokines and a prolonged recruitment of neutrophils into both cortical and subcortical regions. This review considers the contribution of neutrophils to early secondary pathogenesis in the injured developing brain and raises the distinct possibility that these leukocytes, which exhibit phenotypic plasticity, may also be poised to support wound healing. We provide a basic review of the development, life cycle, and granular contents of neutrophils and evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets for early neuroprotection and functional recovery after injury at early age. While neutrophils have been broadly studied in neurotrauma, we are only beginning to appreciate their diverse roles in the developing brain and the extent to which their acute manipulation may result in enduring neurological recovery when TBI is superimposed upon brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaila N Parker
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Adrian A Bates
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Michael H Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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11
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DeWitt DS, Hawkins BE, Dixon CE, Kochanek PM, Armstead W, Bass CR, Bramlett HM, Buki A, Dietrich WD, Ferguson AR, Hall ED, Hayes RL, Hinds SR, LaPlaca MC, Long JB, Meaney DF, Mondello S, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Poloyac SM, Prough DS, Robertson CS, Saatman KE, Shultz SR, Shear DA, Smith DH, Valadka AB, VandeVord P, Zhang L. Pre-Clinical Testing of Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2737-2754. [PMID: 29756522 PMCID: PMC8349722 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large number of promising neuroprotective agents identified in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, none has yet shown meaningful improvements in long-term outcome in clinical trials. To develop recommendations and guidelines for pre-clinical testing of pharmacological or biological therapies for TBI, the Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research hosted a symposium attended by investigators with extensive experience in pre-clinical TBI testing. The symposium participants discussed issues related to pre-clinical TBI testing including experimental models, therapy and outcome selection, study design, data analysis, and dissemination. Consensus recommendations included the creation of a manual of standard operating procedures with sufficiently detailed descriptions of modeling and outcome measurement procedures to permit replication. The importance of the selection of clinically relevant outcome variables, especially related to behavior testing, was noted. Considering the heterogeneous nature of human TBI, evidence of therapeutic efficacy in multiple, diverse (e.g., diffuse vs. focused) rodent models and a species with a gyrencephalic brain prior to clinical testing was encouraged. Basing drug doses, times, and routes of administration on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in the test species was recommended. Symposium participants agreed that the publication of negative results would reduce costly and unnecessary duplication of unsuccessful experiments. Although some of the recommendations are more relevant to multi-center, multi-investigator collaborations, most are applicable to pre-clinical therapy testing in general. The goal of these consensus guidelines is to increase the likelihood that therapies that improve outcomes in pre-clinical studies will also improve outcomes in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cameron R. Bass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Helen M. Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida
| | - Andras Buki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Edward D. Hall
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ronald L. Hayes
- University of Florida, Virginia Commonwealth University, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - Sidney R. Hinds
- United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | - Joseph B. Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, Italy
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Samuel M. Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Center, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Douglas H. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex B. Valadka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pamela VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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12
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Neumann M, Liu W, Sun C, Yang SY, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Liu J. Training of the impaired forelimb after traumatic brain injury enhances hippocampal neurogenesis in the Emx1 null mice lacking a corpus callosum. Behav Brain Res 2018; 340:165-171. [PMID: 27614007 PMCID: PMC5342952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral brain injury is known to disrupt the balance between the two cortices, as evidenced by an abnormally high interhemispheric inhibitory drive from motor cortex M1intact to M1lesioned transmitted transcallosally. Our previous work has shown that the deletion of homeobox gene Emx1 not only led to the agenesis of the corpus callosum (cc), but also to reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. The current study sought to determine whether lacking the cc affected the recovery of forelimb function and hippocampal plasticity following training of the affected limb in mice with unilateral traumatic brain injuries (TBI). One week after TBI, produced by a controlled cortical impact to impair the preferred limb, Emx1 wild type (WT) and knock out (KO) mice were subjected to the single-pellet reaching task with the affected limb for 4 weeks. Both TBI and Emx1 deletion had overall adverse effects on the successful rate of reaching. However, TBI significantly affected reaching performance only in the WT mice and not in the KO mice. Both TBI and Emx1 gene deletion also negatively affected hippocampal neurogenesis, demonstrated by a reduction in doublecortin (DCX)-expressing immature neurons, while limb training enhanced DCX expression. However, limb training increased DCX cells in KO mice only in the TBI-treated group, whereas it induced neurogenesis in both WT mice groups regardless of the treatment. Our finding also suggests that limb training enhances neuroplasticity after brain injury at functionally remote regions including the hippocampus, which may have implications for promoting overall recovery of function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Neumann
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chongran Sun
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shih Yen Yang
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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13
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Levine JM, Cohen ND, Fandel TM, Levine GJ, Mankin J, Griffin JF, Kerwin SC, Boudreau CE, Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Early Blockade of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Spinal-Cord–Injured Dogs Results in a Long-Term Increase in Bladder Compliance. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2656-2667. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Thomas M. Fandel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joseph Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John F. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - C. Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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14
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Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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15
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Whetstone WD, Walker B, Trivedi A, Lee S, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Hsu JYC. Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Supports Locomotor Recovery by Biased Agonist Activated Protein C after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170512. [PMID: 28122028 PMCID: PMC5266300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-induced secondary injury is mediated through its receptor, protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), by "biased agonism." Activated protein C (APC) acts through the same PAR-1 receptor but functions as an anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory protein, which counteracts many of the effects of thrombin. Although the working mechanism of PAR-1 is becoming clear, the functional role of PAR-1 and its correlation with APC in the injured spinal cord remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated if PAR-1 and APC are determinants of long-term functional recovery after a spinal cord contusive injury using PAR-1 null and wild-type mice. We found that neutrophil infiltration and disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier were significantly reduced in spinal cord injured PAR-1 null mice relative to the wild-type group. Both locomotor recovery and ability to descend an inclined grid were significantly improved in the PAR-1 null group 42 days after injury and this improvement was associated with greater long-term sparing of white matter and a reduction in glial scarring. Wild-type mice treated with APC acutely after injury showed a similar level of improved locomotor recovery to that of PAR-1 null mice. However, improvement of APC-treated PAR-1 null mice was indistinguishable from that of vehicle-treated PAR-1 null mice, suggesting that APC acts through PAR-1. Collectively, our findings define a detrimental role of thrombin-activated PAR-1 in wound healing and further validate APC, also acting through the PAR-1 by biased agonism, as a promising therapeutic target for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Whetstone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Breset Walker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jung-Yu C. Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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16
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Gao M, Zhang H, Trivedi A, Mahasenan KV, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Suckow MA, Mobashery S, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Chang M. Selective Inhibition of MMP-2 Does Not Alter Neurological Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1482-1487. [PMID: 27551907 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 knockout (KO) mice show impaired neurological recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting that this proteinase is critical to recovery processes. However, this finding in the KO has been confounded by a compensatory increase in MMP-9. We synthesized the thiirane mechanism-based inhibitor ND-378 and document that it is a potent (nanomolar) and selective slow-binding inhibitor of MMP-2 that does not inhibit the closely related MMP-9 and MMP-14. ND-378 crosses the blood-spinal cord barrier, achieving therapeutic concentrations in the injured spinal cord. Spinal-cord injured mice treated with ND-378 showed no change in long-term neurological outcomes, suggesting that MMP-2 is not a key determinant of locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Haoqian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kiran V. Mahasenan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Valerie A. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - William R. Wolter
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Freimann Life Sciences Center and
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Neurological
Surgery and Physical Therapy and ∥Rehabilitation
Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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17
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Fandel TM, Trivedi A, Nicholas CR, Zhang H, Chen J, Martinez AF, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Kriegstein AR. Transplanted Human Stem Cell-Derived Interneuron Precursors Mitigate Mouse Bladder Dysfunction and Central Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:544-557. [PMID: 27666009 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain and bladder dysfunction represent significant quality-of-life issues for many spinal cord injury patients. Loss of GABAergic tone in the injured spinal cord may contribute to the emergence of these symptoms. Previous studies have shown that transplantation of rodent inhibitory interneuron precursors from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) enhances GABAergic signaling in the brain and spinal cord. Here we look at whether transplanted MGE-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-MGEs) can mitigate the pathological effects of spinal cord injury. We find that 6 months after transplantation into injured mouse spinal cords, hESC-MGEs differentiate into GABAergic neuron subtypes and receive synaptic inputs, suggesting functional integration into host spinal cord. Moreover, the transplanted animals show improved bladder function and mitigation of pain-related symptoms. Our results therefore suggest that this approach may be a valuable strategy for ameliorating the adverse effects of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Fandel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cory R Nicholas
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neurona Therapeutics, 650 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Haoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jiadong Chen
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aida F Martinez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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Semple BD, Sadjadi R, Carlson J, Chen Y, Xu D, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Long-Term Anesthetic-Dependent Hypoactivity after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Adolescent Mice. Dev Neurosci 2016; 38:220-238. [PMID: 27548472 DOI: 10.1159/000448089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBIs) culminate in neurological impairments and chronic neurodegeneration, which have wide-ranging implications for patient management and return-to-play decisions for athletes. Adolescents show a high prevalence of sports-related head injuries and may be particularly vulnerable to rmTBIs due to ongoing brain maturation. However, it remains unclear whether rmTBIs, below the threshold for acute neuronal injury or symptomology, influence long-term outcomes. To address this issue, we first defined a very mild injury in adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) as evidenced by an increase in Iba-1- labeled microglia in white matter in the acutely injured brain, in the absence of indices of cell death, axonal injury, and vasogenic edema. Using this level of injury severity and Avertin (2,2,2-tribromoethanol) as the anesthetic, we compared mice subjected to either a single mTBI or 2 rmTBIs, each separated by 48 h. Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted at 1 week and at 1 and 3 months postimpact. Mice subjected to rmTBIs showed transient anxiety and persistent and pronounced hypoactivity compared to sham control mice, alongside normal sensorimotor, cognitive, social, and emotional function. As isoflurane is more commonly used than Avertin in animal models of TBI, we next examined long-term outcomes after rmTBIs in mice that were anesthetized with this agent. However, there was no evidence of abnormal behaviors even with the addition of a third rmTBI. To determine whether isoflurane may be neuroprotective, we compared the acute pathology after a single mTBI in mice anesthetized with either Avertin or isoflurane. Pathological findings were more pronounced in the group exposed to Avertin compared to the isoflurane group. These collective findings reveal distinct behavioral phenotypes (transient anxiety and prolonged hypoactivity) that emerge in response to rmTBIs. Our findings further suggest that selected anesthetics may confer early neuroprotection after rmTBIs, and as such mask long-term abnormal phenotypes that may otherwise emerge as a consequence of acute pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif., USA
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19
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Trivedi A, Zhang H, Ekeledo A, Lee S, Werb Z, Plant GW, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Deficiency in matrix metalloproteinase-2 results in long-term vascular instability and regression in the injured mouse spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:50-62. [PMID: 27468657 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in wound healing after spinal cord injury. Therefore, understanding the events that regulate angiogenesis has considerable relevance from a therapeutic standpoint. We evaluated the contribution of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 to angiogenesis and vascular stability in spinal cord injured MMP-2 knockout and wildtype (WT) littermates. While MMP-2 deficiency resulted in reduced endothelial cell division within the lesioned epicenter, there were no genotypic differences in vascularity (vascular density, vascular area, and endothelial cell number) over the first two weeks post-injury. However, by 21days post-injury MMP-2 deficiency resulted in a sharp decline in vascularity, indicative of vascular regression. Complementary in vitro studies of brain capillary endothelial cells confirmed MMP-2 dependent proliferation and tube formation. As deficiency in MMP-2 led to prolonged MMP-9 expression in the injured spinal cord, we examined both short-term and long-term exposure to MMP-9 in vitro. While MMP-9 supported endothelial tube formation and proliferation, prolonged exposure resulted in loss of tubes, findings consistent with vascular regression. Vascular instability is frequently associated with pericyte dissociation and precedes vascular regression. Quantification of PDGFrβ+ pericyte coverage of mature vessels within the glial scar (the reactive gliosis zone), a known source of MMP-9, revealed reduced coverage in MMP-2 deficient animals. These findings suggest that acting in the absence of MMP-2, MMP-9 transiently supports angiogenesis during the early phase of wound healing while its prolonged expression leads to vascular instability and regression. These findings should be considered while developing therapeutic interventions that block MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Haoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adanma Ekeledo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giles W Plant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Godfrey C, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Shultz SR, O'Brien TJ, Anderson V, Semple BD. Social dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A translational perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:196-214. [PMID: 26949224 PMCID: PMC5627971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social dysfunction is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to reduced quality of life for survivors. Factors which influence the development or persistence of social deficits after injury remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of ongoing brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Aberrant social interactions have recently been modeled in adult and juvenile rodents after experimental TBI, providing an opportunity to gain new insights into the underlying neurobiology of these behaviors. Here, we review our current understanding of social dysfunction in both humans and rodent models of TBI, with a focus on brain injuries acquired during early development. Modulators of social outcomes are discussed, including injury-related and environmental risk and resilience factors. Disruption of social brain network connectivity and aberrant neuroendocrine function are identified as potential mechanisms of social impairments after pediatric TBI. Throughout, we highlight the overlap and disparities between outcome measures and findings from clinical and experimental approaches, and explore the translational potential of future research to prevent or ameliorate social dysfunction after childhood TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Ryan
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Celia Godfrey
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Due to a high incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents, age-specific studies are necessary to fully understand the long-term consequences of injuries to the immature brain. Preclinical and translational research can help elucidate the vulnerabilities of the developing brain to insult, and provide model systems to formulate and evaluate potential treatments aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of TBI. Several experimental TBI models have therefore been scaled down from adult rodents for use in juvenile animals. The following chapter discusses these adapted models for pediatric TBI, and the importance of age equivalence across species during model development and interpretation. Many neurodevelopmental processes are ongoing throughout childhood and adolescence, such that neuropathological mechanisms secondary to a brain insult, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, may be influenced by the age at the time of insult. The long-term evaluation of clinically relevant functional outcomes is imperative to better understand the persistence and evolution of behavioral deficits over time after injury to the developing brain. Strategies to modify or protect against the chronic consequences of pediatric TBI, by supporting the trajectory of normal brain development, have the potential to improve quality of life for brain-injured children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE 814, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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22
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Bondi CO, Semple BD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Osier ND, Carlson SW, Dixon CE, Giza CC, Kline AE. Found in translation: Understanding the biology and behavior of experimental traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:123-46. [PMID: 25496906 PMCID: PMC4465064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss in greater detail the topics covered in the recent symposium entitled "Traumatic brain injury: laboratory and clinical perspectives," presented at the 2014 International Behavioral Neuroscience Society annual meeting. Herein, we review contemporary laboratory models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) including common assays for sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. New modalities to evaluate social behavior after injury to the developing brain, as well as the attentional set-shifting test (AST) as a measure of executive function in TBI, will be highlighted. Environmental enrichment (EE) will be discussed as a preclinical model of neurorehabilitation, and finally, an evidence-based approach to sports-related concussion will be considered. The review consists predominantly of published data, but some discussion of ongoing or future directions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Neurological Surgery and the Graduate Program in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Neurological Surgery and the Graduate Program in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicole D Osier
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shaun W Carlson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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23
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Semple BD, Lee S, Sadjadi R, Fritz N, Carlson J, Griep C, Ho V, Jang P, Lamb A, Popolizio B, Saini S, Bazarian JJ, Prins ML, Ferriero DM, Basso DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Repetitive concussions in adolescent athletes - translating clinical and experimental research into perspectives on rehabilitation strategies. Front Neurol 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25883586 PMCID: PMC4382966 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports-related concussions are particularly common during adolescence, a time when even mild brain injuries may disrupt ongoing brain maturation and result in long-term complications. A recent focus on the consequences of repetitive concussions among professional athletes has prompted the development of several new experimental models in rodents, as well as the revision of guidelines for best management of sports concussions. Here, we consider the utility of rodent models to understand the functional consequences and pathobiology of concussions in the developing brain, identifying the unique behavioral and pathological signatures of concussive brain injuries. The impact of repetitive concussions on behavioral consequences and injury progression is also addressed. In particular, we focus on the epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence underlying current recommendations for physical and cognitive rest after concussion, and highlight key areas in which further research is needed. Lastly, we consider how best to promote recovery after injury, recognizing that optimally timed, activity-based rehabilitative strategies may hold promise for the adolescent athlete who has sustained single or repetitive concussions. The purpose of this review is to inform the clinical research community as it strives to develop and optimize evidence-based guidelines for the concussed adolescent, in terms of both acute and long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sangmi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raha Sadjadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nora Fritz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaclyn Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Griep
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Ho
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrice Jang
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annick Lamb
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Popolizio
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Saini
- San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Bazarian
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi L. Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D. Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Semple BD, Trivedi A, Gimlin K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Neutrophil elastase mediates acute pathogenesis and is a determinant of long-term behavioral recovery after traumatic injury to the immature brain. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:263-80. [PMID: 25497734 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While neutrophil elastase (NE), released by activated neutrophils, is a key mediator of secondary pathogenesis in adult models of brain ischemia and spinal cord injury, no studies to date have examined this protease in the context of the injured immature brain, where there is notable vulnerability resulting from inadequate antioxidant reserves and prolonged exposure to infiltrating neutrophils. We thus reasoned that NE may be a key determinant of secondary pathogenesis, and as such, adversely influence long-term neurological recovery. To address this hypothesis, wild-type (WT) and NE knockout (KO) mice were subjected to a controlled cortical impact at post-natal day 21, approximating a toddler-aged child. To determine if NE is required for neutrophil infiltration into the injured brain, and whether this protease contributes to vasogenic edema, we quantified neutrophil numbers and measured water content in the brains of each of these genotypes. While leukocyte trafficking was indistinguishable between genotypes, vasogenic edema was markedly attenuated in the NE KO. To determine if early pathogenesis is dependent on NE, indices of cell death (TUNEL and activated caspase-3) were quantified across genotypes. NE KO mice showed a reduction in these markers of cell death in the injured hippocampus, which corresponded to greater preservation of neuronal integrity as well as reduced expression of heme oxygenase-1, a marker of oxidative stress. WT mice, treated with a competitive inhibitor of NE at 2, 6 and 12h post-injury, likewise showed a reduction in cell death and oxidative stress compared to vehicle-treated controls. We next examined the long-term behavioral and structural consequences of NE deficiency. NE KO mice showed an improvement in long-term spatial memory retention and amelioration of injury-induced hyperactivity. However, volumetric and stereological analyses found comparable tissue loss in the injured cortex and hippocampus independent of genotype. Further, WT mice treated acutely with the NE inhibitor showed no long-term behavioral or structural improvements. Together, these findings validate the central role of NE in both acute pathogenesis and chronic functional recovery, and support future exploration of the therapeutic window, taking into account the prolonged period of neutrophil trafficking into the injured immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Semple BD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Jun Kwon Y, Sam PN, Gibson AM, Grissom S, Brown S, Adahman Z, Hollingsworth CA, Kwakye A, Gimlin K, Wilde EA, Hanten G, Levin HS, Schenk AK. Sociosexual and communication deficits after traumatic injury to the developing murine brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103386. [PMID: 25106033 PMCID: PMC4126664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the life-long implications of social and communication dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury, there is a poor understanding of these deficits in terms of their developmental trajectory and underlying mechanisms. In a well-characterized murine model of pediatric brain injury, we recently demonstrated that pronounced deficits in social interactions emerge across maturation to adulthood after injury at postnatal day (p) 21, approximating a toddler-aged child. Extending these findings, we here hypothesized that these social deficits are dependent upon brain maturation at the time of injury, and coincide with abnormal sociosexual behaviors and communication. Age-dependent vulnerability of the developing brain to social deficits was addressed by comparing behavioral and neuroanatomical outcomes in mice injured at either a pediatric age (p21) or during adolescence (p35). Sociosexual behaviors including social investigation and mounting were evaluated in a resident-intruder paradigm at adulthood. These outcomes were complemented by assays of urine scent marking and ultrasonic vocalizations as indices of social communication. We provide evidence of sociosexual deficits after brain injury at p21, which manifest as reduced mounting behavior and scent marking towards an unfamiliar female at adulthood. In contrast, with the exception of the loss of social recognition in a three-chamber social approach task, mice that received TBI at adolescence were remarkably resilient to social deficits at adulthood. Increased emission of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as well as preferential emission of high frequency USVs after injury was dependent upon both the stimulus and prior social experience. Contrary to the hypothesis that changes in white matter volume may underlie social dysfunction, injury at both p21 and p35 resulted in a similar degree of atrophy of the corpus callosum by adulthood. However, loss of hippocampal tissue was greater after p21 compared to p35 injury, suggesting that a longer period of lesion progression or differences in the kinetics of secondary pathogenesis after p21 injury may contribute to observed behavioral differences. Together, these findings indicate vulnerability of the developing brain to social dysfunction, and suggest that a younger age-at-insult results in poorer social and sociosexual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yong Jun Kwon
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - A. Matt Gibson
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Grissom
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sienna Brown
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zahra Adahman
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander Kwakye
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth A. Wilde
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gerri Hanten
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harvey S. Levin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - A. Katrin Schenk
- Department of Physics, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America
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26
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Levine JM, Cohen ND, Heller M, Fajt VR, Levine GJ, Kerwin SC, Trivedi AA, Fandel TM, Werb Z, Modestino A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Efficacy of a metalloproteinase inhibitor in spinal cord injured dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96408. [PMID: 24788791 PMCID: PMC4006832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is elevated within the acutely injured murine spinal cord and blockade of this early proteolytic activity with GM6001, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, results in improved recovery after spinal cord injury. As matrix metalloproteinase-9 is likewise acutely elevated in dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injuries, we evaluated efficacy of GM6001 solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide in this second species. Safety and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in naïve dogs. After confirming safety, subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated that a 100 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of GM6001 resulted in plasma concentrations that peaked shortly after administration and were sustained for at least 4 days at levels that produced robust in vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study was then conducted to assess efficacy of GM6001 given within 48 hours of spinal cord injury. Dogs were enrolled in 3 groups: GM6001 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 35), dimethyl sulfoxide (n = 37), or saline (n = 41). Matrix metalloproteinase activity was increased in the serum of injured dogs and GM6001 reduced this serum protease activity compared to the other two groups. To assess recovery, dogs were a priori stratified into a severely injured group and a mild-to-moderate injured group, using a Modified Frankel Scale. The Texas Spinal Cord Injury Score was then used to assess long-term motor/sensory function. In dogs with severe spinal cord injuries, those treated with saline had a mean motor score of 2 (95% CI 0–4.0) that was significantly (P<0.05; generalized linear model) less than the estimated mean motor score for dogs receiving dimethyl sulfoxide (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0–8.0) or GM6001 (mean, 5; 95% CI 2.0–8.0). As there was no independent effect of GM6001, we attribute improved neurological outcomes to dimethyl sulfoxide, a pleotropic agent that may target diverse secondary pathogenic events that emerge in the acutely injured cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Heller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia R. Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alpa A. Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Fandel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Augusta Modestino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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27
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Chen CY, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Ferriero D, Semple BD. Traumatic injury to the immature frontal lobe: a new murine model of long-term motor impairment in the absence of psychosocial or cognitive deficits. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:474-90. [PMID: 24247103 DOI: 10.1159/000355874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury in children commonly involves the frontal lobes and is associated with distinct structural and behavioral changes. Despite the clinical significance of injuries localized to this region during brain development, the mechanisms underlying secondary damage and long-term recovery are poorly understood. Here, we have characterized the first model of unilateral focal traumatic injury to the developing frontal lobe. Male C57Bl/6J mice at postnatal day (p)21, an age approximating a toddler-aged child, received a controlled cortical impact or sham surgery to the left frontal lobe and were euthanized 1 or 7 days later. A necrotic cavity and local inflammatory response were largely confined to the unilateral frontal lobe, dorsal corpus callosum and striatum anterior to the bregma. While cell death and accumulated β-amyloid precursor protein were characteristic features of the pericontusional motor cortex, corpus callosum, cingulum and dorsal striatum, underlying structures including the hippocampus showed no overt pathology. To determine the long-term functional consequences of injury at p21, two additional cohorts were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests in adolescence (p35-45) or adulthood (p70-80). In both cohorts, brain-injured mice showed normal levels of anxiety, sociability, spatial learning and memory. The signature phenotypic features were deficits in motor function and motor learning, coincident with a reduction in ipsilateral cortical brain volumes. Together, these findings demonstrate classic morphological features of a focal traumatic injury, including early cell death and axonal injury, and long-term volumetric loss of cortical volumes. The presence of deficits in sensorimotor function and coordination in the absence of abnormal findings related to anxiety, sociability and memory likely reflects several variables, including the unique location of the injury and the emergence of favorable compensatory mechanisms during subsequent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yi Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif., USA
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28
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Semple BD, Blomgren K, Gimlin K, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:1-16. [PMID: 23583307 PMCID: PMC3737272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1315] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are leading causes of long-term mortality and disability in infants and children. Although several preclinical models using rodents of different ages have been developed, species differences in the timing of key brain maturation events can render comparisons of vulnerability and regenerative capacities difficult to interpret. Traditional models of developmental brain injury have utilized rodents at postnatal day 7-10 as being roughly equivalent to a term human infant, based historically on the measurement of post-mortem brain weights during the 1970s. Here we will examine fundamental brain development processes that occur in both rodents and humans, to delineate a comparable time course of postnatal brain development across species. We consider the timing of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, oligodendrocyte maturation and age-dependent behaviors that coincide with developmentally regulated molecular and biochemical changes. In general, while the time scale is considerably different, the sequence of key events in brain maturation is largely consistent between humans and rodents. Further, there are distinct parallels in regional vulnerability as well as functional consequences in response to brain injuries. With a focus on developmental hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury, this review offers guidelines for researchers when considering the most appropriate rodent age for the developmental stage or process of interest to approximate human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Q2:07, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Lapchak PA, Zhang JH, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. RIGOR guidelines: escalating STAIR and STEPS for effective translational research. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:279-85. [PMID: 23658596 PMCID: PMC3644408 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stroke continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the USA and worldwide. This article will emphasize the need for good laboratory practices, transparent scientific reporting, and the use of translational research models representative of the disease state to develop effective treatments. This will allow for the testing and development of new innovative strategies so that efficacious therapies can be developed to treat ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This article recommends guidelines for effective translational research, most importantly, the need for study blinding, study group randomization, power analysis, accurate statistical analysis, and a conflict of interest statement. Additional guidelines to ensure reproducibility of results and confirmation of efficacy in multiple species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anesthesiology, Neurology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, and Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, Box 0112, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112 USA
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30
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Abstract
The pediatric brain may be particularly vulnerable to social deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to the protracted nature of psychosocial development through adolescence. However, the majority of pre-clinical studies fail to assess social outcomes in experimental pediatric TBI. The current study evaluated social behavior in mice subjected to TBI at post-natal day (p)21. Social behaviors were assessed by a partition test, resident-intruder, three-chamber, and tube dominance tasks during adolescence (p35-42) and again during early adulthood (p60-70), during encounters with unfamiliar, naïve stimulus mice. Despite normal olfactory function and normal social behaviors during adolescence, brain-injured mice showed impaired social investigation by adulthood, evidenced by reduced ano-genital sniffing and reduced following of stimulus mice in the resident-intruder task, as well as a loss of preference for sociability in the three-chamber task. TBI mice also lacked a preference for social novelty, suggestive of a deficit in social recognition or memory. By adulthood, brain-injured mice exerted more frequent dominance in the tube task compared to sham-operated controls, a finding suggestive of aggressive tendencies. Together these findings reveal reduced social interaction and a tendency towards increased aggression, which evolves across development to adulthood. This emergence of aberrant social behavior, which parallels the development of other cognitive deficits in this model and behaviors seen in brain-injured children, is consistent with the hypothesis that the full extent of deficits is not realized until the associated skills reach maturity. Thus, efficacy of therapeutics for pediatric TBI should take into account the time-dependent emergence of abnormal behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA.
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31
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Wang Y, Neumann M, Hansen K, Hong SM, Kim S, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Liu J. Fluoxetine increases hippocampal neurogenesis and induces epigenetic factors but does not improve functional recovery after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:259-68. [PMID: 21175261 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine induces hippocampal neurogenesis, stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult hippocampal neurons, and reduces motor/sensory and memory impairments in several CNS disorders. In the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI), its effects on neuroplasticity and function have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here we examined the efficacy of fluoxetine after a moderate to severe TBI, produced by a controlled cortical impact. Three days after TBI or sham surgery, mice were treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/d) or vehicle for 4 weeks. To evaluate the effects of fluoxetine on neuroplasticity, hippocampal neurogenesis and epigenetic modification were studied. Stereologic analysis of the dentate gyrus revealed a significant increase in doublecortin-positive cells in brain-injured animals treated with fluoxetine relative to controls, a finding consistent with enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. Epigenetic modifications, including an increase in histone 3 acetylation and induction of methyl-CpG-binding protein, a transcription factor involved in DNA methylation, were likewise seen by immunohistochemistry and quantitative Western immunoblots, respectively, in brain-injured animals treated with fluoxetine. To determine if fluoxetine improves neurological outcomes after TBI, gait function and spatial learning and memory were assessed by the CatWalk-assisted gait test and Barnes maze test, respectively. No differences in these parameters were seen between fluoxetine- and vehicle-treated animals. Thus while fluoxetine enhanced neuroplasticity in the hippocampus after TBI, its chronic administration did not restore locomotor function or ameliorate memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Wang
- San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Lee SM, Rosen S, Weinstein P, van Rooijen N, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Prevention of both neutrophil and monocyte recruitment promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1893-907. [PMID: 21657851 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies that block infiltration of leukocytes into the injured spinal cord improve sparing of white matter and neurological recovery. In this article, we examine the dependency of recovery on hematogenous depletion of neutrophils and monocytes. Mice were depleted of neutrophils or monocytes by systemic administration of anti-Ly6G or clodronate-liposomes. A third group was depleted of both subsets. Neurological improvement, based on a battery of tests of performance, and white matter sparing, occurred only in animals depleted of both neutrophils and monocytes. We also attempted to define the nature of the environment that was favorable to recovery. Hemeoxygenase-1 and malondialdehyde, markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, respectively, were reduced to similar levels in animals depleted of both neutrophils and monocytes, or only monocytes, but remained elevated in the group only depleted of neutrophils. Matrix metalloproteinase-9, a protease involved in early damage, was most strongly reduced in animals depleted of both leukocyte subsets. Finally, disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier and abnormal nonheme iron accumulation were reduced only in animals depleted of both neutrophils and monocytes. Together, these findings indicate cooperation between neutrophils and monocytes in mediating early pathogenesis in the contused spinal cord and defining long-term neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0112, USA.
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33
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Abstract
This review will focus on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI). MMPs have a specific cellular and temporal pattern of expression in the injured spinal cord. Here we consider their diverse functions in the acutely injured cord and during wound healing. Excessive activity of MMPs, and in particular gelatinase B (MMP-9), in the acutely injured cord contributes to disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, and the influx of leukocytes into the injured cord, as well as apoptosis. MMP-9 and MMP-2 regulate inflammation and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury and may contribute to SCI-induced pain. Early pharmacologic inhibition of MMPs or the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) results in an improvement in long-term neurological recovery and is associated with reduced glial scarring and neuropathic pain. During wound healing, gelatinase A (MMP-2) plays a critical role in limiting the formation of an inhibitory glial scar, and mice that are genetically deficient in this protease showed impaired recovery. Together, these findings illustrate complex, temporally distinct roles of MMPs in SCIs. As early gelatinase activity is detrimental, there is an emerging interest in developing gelatinase-targeted therapeutics that would be specifically tailored to the acute injured spinal cord. Thus, we focus this review on the development of selective gelatinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0110, USA.
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34
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Levine JM, Levine GJ, Porter BF, Topp K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Naturally occurring disk herniation in dogs: an opportunity for pre-clinical spinal cord injury research. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:675-88. [PMID: 21438715 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries represent a significant source of morbidity in humans. Despite decades of research using experimental models of spinal cord injury to identify candidate therapeutics, there has been only limited progress toward translating beneficial findings to human spinal cord injury. Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation is a naturally occurring disease that affects dogs and results in compressive/contusive spinal cord injury. Here we discuss aspects of this disease that are analogous to human spinal cord injury, including injury mechanisms, pathology, and metrics for determining outcomes. We address both the strengths and weaknesses of conducting pre-clinical research in these dogs, and include a review of studies that have utilized these animals to assess efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Finally, we consider a two-species approach to pre-clinical data acquisition, beginning with a reproducible model of spinal cord injury in the rodent as a tool for discovery with validation in pet dogs with intervertebral disk herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4474, USA.
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35
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Semple BD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Broad-spectrum neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury by agonism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:195-7. [PMID: 21316363 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Experimental Neurology, Sauerbeck and colleagues demonstrated that treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist Pioglitazone after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats was protective against mitochondrial dysfunction, cognitive impairment, cortical tissue loss and microglial activation. In this commentary, we review the key findings of this work and their relevance to previous and future neurotrauma research. More broadly, we speculate about their significance in the context of developing therapeutic strategies for a wide range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143–0112, USA.
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36
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McKenna MC, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Robertson CL. Pediatric traumatic brain injury. Preface. Dev Neurosci 2011; 32:333-4. [PMID: 21212657 DOI: 10.1159/000323378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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37
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Mao H, Jin X, Zhang L, Yang KH, Igarashi T, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, King AI. Finite element analysis of controlled cortical impact-induced cell loss. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:877-88. [PMID: 20199194 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model has been extensively used to study region-specific patterns of neuronal injury and cell death after a focal traumatic brain injury. Although external parameters such as impact velocity and depth of penetration have been defined in this injury model, little is known about the intracranial mechanical responses within cortical and subcortical brain regions where neuronal loss is prevalent. At present, one of the best methods to determine the internal responses of the brain is finite element (FE) modeling. A previously developed and biomechanically validated detailed three-dimensional FE rat brain model, consisting of 255,700 hexahedral elements and representing all essential anatomical features of a rat brain, was used to study intracranial responses in a series of CCI experiments in which injury severity ranged from mild to severe. A linear relationship was found between the percentage of the neuronal loss observed in vivo and the FE model-predicted maximum principal strain (R(2) = 0.602). Interestingly, the FE model also predicted some risk of injury in the cerebellum, located remote from the point of impact, with a 25% neuronal loss for the "severe" impact condition. More research is needed to examine other regions that do not have histological data for comparison with FE model predictions before this injury mechanism and the associated injury threshold can be fully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Mao
- Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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38
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Zhang H, Adwanikar H, Werb Z, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Matrix metalloproteinases and neurotrauma: evolving roles in injury and reparative processes. Neuroscientist 2010; 16:156-70. [PMID: 20400713 DOI: 10.1177/1073858409355830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in a wide range of proteolytic events in fetal development and normal tissue remodeling as well as wound healing and inflammation. In the CNS, they have been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis to Alzheimer disease and are integral to stroke-related cell damage. Although studies implicate increased activity of MMPs in pathogenesis in the CNS, there is also a growing literature to support their participation in events that support recovery processes. Here the authors provide a brief overview of MMPs and their regulation, address their complex roles following traumatic injuries to the adult and developing CNS, and consider their time- and context-dependent signatures that influence both injury and reparative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0110, USA.
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39
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Chui K, Trivedi A, Cheng CY, Cherbavaz DB, Dazin PF, Huynh ALT, Mitchell JB, Rabinovich GA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, John CM. Characterization and functionality of proliferative human Sertoli cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:619-35. [PMID: 21054948 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x536563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that mammalian Sertoli cells are terminally differentiated and nondividing postpuberty. For most previous in vitro studies immature rodent testes have been the source of Sertoli cells and these have shown little proliferative ability when cultured. We have isolated and characterized Sertoli cells from human cadaveric testes from seven donors ranging from 12 to 36 years of age. The cells proliferated readily in vitro under the optimized conditions used with a doubling time of approximately 4 days. Nuclear 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation confirmed that dividing cells represented the majority of the population. Classical Sertoli cell ultrastructural features, lipid droplet accumulation, and immunoexpression of GATA-4, Sox9, and the FSH receptor (FSHr) were observed by electron and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Flow cytometry revealed the expression of GATA-4 and Sox9 by more than 99% of the cells, and abundant expression of a number of markers indicative of multipotent mesenchymal cells. Low detection of endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity after passaging showed that few peritubular myoid cells were present. GATA-4 and SOX9 expression were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), along with expression of stem cell factor (SCF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4). Tight junctions were formed by Sertoli cells plated on transwell inserts coated with fibronectin as revealed by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and polarized secretion of the immunoregulatory protein, galectin-1. These primary Sertoli cell populations could be expanded dramatically in vitro and could be cryopreserved. The results show that functional human Sertoli cells can be propagated in vitro from testicular cells isolated from adult testis. The proliferative human Sertoli cells should have important applications in studying infertility, reproductive toxicology, testicular cancer, and spermatogenesis, and due to their unique biological properties potentially could be useful in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Chui
- MandalMed, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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40
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Claus CP, Tsuru-Aoyagi K, Adwanikar H, Walker B, Manvelyan H, Whetstone W, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Age is a determinant of leukocyte infiltration and loss of cortical volume after traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:454-65. [PMID: 20847543 DOI: 10.1159/000316805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory response differs in the injured developing brain as compared to the adult brain. Here we compared cerebral blood flow and profiled the inflammatory response in mice that had been subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) at postnatal day (P)21 or at adulthood. Relative blood flow, determined by laser Doppler, revealed a 30% decrease in flow immediately after injury followed by prominent hyperemia between 7 and 35 days after injury in both age groups. The animals were euthanized at 1-35 days after injury and the brains prepared for the immunolocalization and quantification of CD45-, GR-1-, CD4- and CD8-positive (+) cells. On average, the number of CD45+ leukocytes in the cortex was significantly higher in the P21 as compared to the adult group. A similar trend was seen for GR-1+ granulocytes, whereas no age-related differences were noted for CD4+ and CD8+ cells. While CD45+ and GR-1+ cells in the P21 group remained elevated, relative to shams, over the first 2 weeks after injury, the adult group showed a time course limited to the first 3 days after injury. The loss of ipsilateral cortical volumes at 2 weeks after injury was significantly greater in the adult relative to the P21 group. While the adult group showed no further change in cortical volumes, there was a significant loss of cortical volumes between 2 and 5 weeks after injury in the P21 group, reaching values similar to that of the adult group by 5 weeks after injury. Together, these findings demonstrate age-dependent temporal patterns of leukocyte infiltration and loss of cortical volume after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Claus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
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Yoneyama-Sarnecky T, Olivas AD, Azari S, Ferriero DM, Manvelyan HM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Heme oxygenase-2 modulates early pathogenesis after traumatic injury to the immature brain. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:81-90. [PMID: 20389079 DOI: 10.1159/000258700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined if heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), an enzyme that degrades the pro-oxidant heme, confers neuroprotection in the developing brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Male HO-2 wild-type (WT) and homozygous knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day 21 were subjected to TBI and euthanized 1, 7, and 14 days later. Relative cerebral blood flow, measured by laser Doppler, cortical and hippocampal pathogenesis, and motor recovery were evaluated at all time points. Cerebral blood flow was found to be similar between experimental groups. Blood flow significantly decreased immediately after injury, returned to baseline by 1 day, and was significantly elevated by 7 days, post-injury. Nonheme iron preferentially accumulated in the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus, and external capsule in both WT and KO brain-injured genotypes. There were, however, a significantly greater number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and a significantly greater cortical lesion volume in KOs relative to WTs within the first week post-injury. By 14 days post-injury, however, cortical lesion volume and cell density in the hippocampal CA3 region and dorsal thalamus were similar between the two groups. Assays of fine motor function (grip strength) over the first 2 weeks post-injury revealed a general pattern of decreased strength in the contralateral forelimbs of KOs as compared to WTs. Together, these findings demonstrate that deficiency in HO-2 alters both the kinetics of secondary damage and fine motor recovery after TBI.
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Abstract
This review considers the pathobiology of non-impact blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT). The pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been historically studied in experimental models mimicking features seen in the civilian population. These brain injuries are characterized by primary damage to both gray and white matter and subsequent evolution of secondary pathogenic events at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels, which collectively mediate widespread neurodegeneration. An emerging field of research addresses brain injuries related to the military, in particular blast-induced brain injuries. What is clear from the effort to date is that the pathobiology of military TBIs, particularly BINT, has characteristics not seen in other types of brain injury, despite similar secondary injury cascades. The pathobiology of primary BINT is extremely complex. It comprises systemic, local, and cerebral responses interacting and often occurring in parallel. Activation of the autonomous nervous system, sudden pressure-increase in vital organs such as lungs and liver, and activation of neuroendocrine-immune system are among the most important mechanisms significantly contributing to molecular changes and cascading injury mechanisms in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolja Cernak
- National Security Technology Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA.
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Tsuru-Aoyagi K, Potts MB, Trivedi A, Pfankuch T, Raber J, Wendland M, Claus CP, Koh SE, Ferriero D, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Glutathione peroxidase activity modulates recovery in the injured immature brain. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:540-9. [PMID: 19475669 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice subjected to traumatic brain injury at postnatal day 21 show emerging cognitive deficits that coincide with hippocampal neuronal loss. Here we consider glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity as a determinant of recovery in the injured immature brain. METHODS Wild-type and transgenic (GPxTg) mice overexpressing GPx were subjected to traumatic brain injury or sham surgery at postnatal day 21. Animals were killed acutely (3 or 24 hours after injury) to assess oxidative stress and cell injury in the hippocampus or 4 months after injury after behavioral assessments. RESULTS In the acutely injured brains, a reduction in oxidative stress markers including nitrotyrosine was seen in the injured GPxTg group relative to wild-type control mice. In contrast, cell injury, with marked vulnerability in the dentate gyrus, was apparent despite no differences between genotypes. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an emerging cortical lesion during brain maturation that was also indistinguishable between injured genotypes. Stereological analyses of cortical volumes likewise confirmed no genotypic differences between injured groups. However, behavioral tests beginning 3 months after injury demonstrated improved spatial memory learning in the GPxTg group. Moreover, stereological analysis within hippocampal subregions demonstrated a significantly greater number of neurons within the dentate of the GPx group. INTERPRETATION Our results implicate GPx in recovery of spatial memory after traumatic brain injury. This recovery may be attributed, in part, to a reduction in early oxidative stress and selective, long-term sparing of neurons in the dentate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tsuru-Aoyagi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies of human TBI demonstrate that the cerebellum is sometimes affected even when the initial mechanical insult is directed to the cerebral cortex. Some of the components of TBI, including ataxia, postural instability, tremor, impairments in balance and fine motor skills, and even cognitive deficits, may be attributed in part to cerebellar damage. Animal models of TBI have begun to explore the vulnerability of the cerebellum. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and putative mechanisms underlying cerebellar damage with an emphasis on experimental models that have been used to further elucidate this poorly understood but important aspect of TBI. Animal models of indirect (supratentorial) trauma to the cerebellum, including fluid percussion, controlled cortical impact, weight drop impact acceleration, and rotational acceleration injuries, are considered. In addition, we describe models that produce direct trauma to the cerebellum as well as those that reproduce specific components of TBI including axotomy, stab injury, in vitro stretch injury, and excitotoxicity. Overall, these models reveal robust characteristics of cerebellar damage including regionally specific Purkinje cell injury or loss, activation of glia in a distinct spatial pattern, and traumatic axonal injury. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cerebellar trauma, and the experimental models discussed here offer an important first step toward achieving that objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Potts MB, Rola R, Claus CP, Ferriero DM, Fike JR, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Glutathione peroxidase overexpression does not rescue impaired neurogenesis in the injured immature brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1848-57. [PMID: 19170177 PMCID: PMC3306805 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability among young children and is associated with long-term cognitive deficits. These clinical findings have prompted an investigation of the hippocampus in an experimental model of trauma to the developing brain at postnatal day (p21). Previous studies using this model have revealed a progressive loss of neurons in the hippocampus as brain-injured animals mature to young adulthood. Here we determined whether this hippocampal vulnerability is likewise reflected in altered neurogenesis and whether the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPx) modulates neurogenesis during maturation of the injured immature brain. Male transgenic mice that overexpress GPx and wild-type littermates were subjected to controlled cortical impact or sham surgery on p21. At 2 weeks postinjury, the numbers of proliferating cells and immature neurons within the subgranular zone were measured by using Ki-67 and doublecortin, respectively. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label dividing cells beginning 2 weeks postinjury. Survival (BrdU(+)) and neuronal differentiation (BrdU(+)/NeuN(+)) were then measured 4 weeks later via confocal microscopy. Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between genotype and injury. Subsequent analysis of the individual effects of injury and genotype, however, showed a significant reduction in subgranular zone proliferation (Ki-67) at 2 weeks postinjury (P = 0.0003) and precursor cell survival (BrdU(+)) at 6 weeks postinjury (P = 0.016) and a trend toward reduced neuronal differentiation (BrdU(+)/NeuN(+)) at 6 weeks postinjury (P = 0.087). Overall, these data demonstrate that traumatic injury to the injured immature brain impairs neurogenesis during maturation and suggest that GPx cannot rescue this reduced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Catherine P Claus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - John R Fike
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 9414
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Lin Y, Vreman HJ, Wong RJ, Tjoa T, Yamauchi T, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Heme oxygenase-1 stabilizes the blood-spinal cord barrier and limits oxidative stress and white matter damage in the acutely injured murine spinal cord. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1010-21. [PMID: 17047682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inducible form of HO, represents an important defense against early oxidative injury in the traumatized spinal cord by stabilizing the blood-spinal cord barrier and limiting the infiltration of leukocytes. To test this hypothesis, we first examined the immunoexpression of HO-1 and compared barrier permeability and leukocyte infiltration in spinal cord-injured HO-1-deficient (+/-) and wild-type (WT, +/+) mice. Heme oxygenase was expressed in both endothelial cells and glia of the injured cord. Barrier disruption to luciferase and infiltration of neutrophils were significantly greater in the HO-1+/- than WT mice at 24 h postinjury (P<or=0.019 and =0.049, respectively). We next examined by Western immunoblots the generation of 4-hydroxynoneal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), major products of lipid peroxidation, in the injured epicenter. There was a significant increase in 10 kDa HNE- and MDA-modified proteins in the HO-1+/- as compared with WT mice (P=0.037 and 0.043, respectively). Finally, we compared the degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP), an indicator of white matter damage, in the HO-1+/- and WT mice by Western immunoblots. There was significantly greater degradation of MBP in the HO-1+/- compared with WT mice (P=0.049). Together, these findings show that HO-1 modulates oxidative stress and white matter injury in the acutely injured spinal cord. This modulation may be partially attributed to the ability of HO-1 to stabilize the blood-spinal cord barrier and limit neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0520, USA
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Boyd BS, Puttlitz C, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, John CM, Trivedi A, Topp KS. Deviations in gait pattern in experimental models of hindlimb paresis shown by a novel pressure mapping system. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2272-83. [PMID: 17539027 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the central and peripheral nervous system result in varying degrees of paresis and as such alter gait. We developed novel quantitative measures to assess compensatory patterns of gait in experimental models of unilateral and bilateral hindlimb paresis. We hypothesized that hindlimb paresis results in unique alterations in the gait cycle that reflect the symmetry of the initial lesion. To test this hypothesis, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury or a moderately severe spinal cord contusion injury at T8. Kinematic and timing parameters were captured simultaneously in all four limbs and alterations in gait were then compared to relevant sham controls. Gait analysis consisted of walking trials through a gait tunnel positioned over a Tekscan pressure sensor grid. After sciatic nerve injury, animals unweighted the injured limb by shifting their center of mass toward the contralateral forelimb and hindlimb. These changes in weight-bearing occurred simultaneously with an increase in stance time on the contralateral limbs. As might be expected spinal cord injured animals unweighted their hindlimbs, as shown by reduced hindlimb contact force and contact pressure. These adjustments coincided with a shortening of forelimb stance time and stride length. These findings show both alterations and compensatory changes in gait that reflect the symmetry of the initial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0736, USA.
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Trivedi A, Olivas AD, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Inflammation and Spinal Cord Injury: Infiltrating Leukocytes as Determinants of Injury and Repair Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:283-292. [PMID: 18059979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune response that accompanies spinal cord injury contributes to both injury and reparative processes. It is this duality that is the focus of this review. Here we consider the complex cellular and molecular immune responses that lead to the infiltration of leukocytes and glial activation, promote oxidative stress and tissue damage, influence wound healing, and subsequently modulate locomotor recovery. Immunomodulatory strategies to improve outcomes are gaining momentum as ongoing research carefully dissects those pathways, which likely mediate cell injury from those, which favor recovery processes. Current therapeutic strategies address divergent approaches including early immunoblockade and vaccination with immune cells to prevent early tissue damage and support a wound-healing environment that favors plasticity. Despite these advances, there remain basic questions regarding how inflammatory cells interact in the injured spinal cord. Such questions likely arise as a result of our limited understanding of immune cell/neural interactions in a dynamic environment that culminates in progressive cell injury, demyelination, and regenerative failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143
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Hsu JYC, McKeon R, Goussev S, Werb Z, Lee JU, Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 facilitates wound healing events that promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2006; 26:9841-50. [PMID: 17005848 PMCID: PMC2659718 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1993-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that are involved in both injury and repair mechanisms in the CNS. Pharmacological blockade of MMPs, limited to the first several days after spinal cord injury, improves locomotor recovery. This beneficial response is, however, lost when treatment is extended beyond the acutely injured cord to include wound healing and tissue remodeling. This suggests that some MMPs play a beneficial role in wound healing. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the role of MMP-2, which is actively expressed during wound healing, in white matter sparing and axonal plasticity, the formation of a glial scar, and locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. MMP-2 increased between 7 and 14 d after injury, where it was immunolocalized in reactive astrocytes bordering the lesion epicenter. There was reduced white matter sparing and fewer serotonergic fibers, caudal to the lesion in injured MMP-2 null animals. MMP-2 deficiency also resulted in increased immunoreactivity to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and a more extensive astrocytic scar. Most importantly, locomotion in an open field, performance on a rotarod, and grid walking were significantly impaired in injured MMP-2 null mice. Our findings suggest that MMP-2 promotes functional recovery after injury by regulating the formation of a glial scar and white matter sparing and/or axonal plasticity. Thus, strategies exploiting MMPs as therapeutic targets must balance these beneficial effects during wound healing with their adverse interactions in the acutely injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yu C Hsu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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50
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Pullela R, Raber J, Pfankuch T, Ferriero DM, Claus CP, Koh SE, Yamauchi T, Rola R, Fike JR, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic injury to the immature brain results in progressive neuronal loss, hyperactivity and delayed cognitive impairments. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:396-409. [PMID: 16943663 DOI: 10.1159/000094166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immature brain may be particularly vulnerable to injury during critical periods of development. To address the biologic basis for this vulnerability, mice were subjected to traumatic brain injury at postnatal day 21, a time point that approximates that of the toddler-aged child. After motor and cognitive testing at either 2 weeks (juveniles) or 3 months (adults) after injury, animals were euthanized and the brains prepared for quantitative histologic assessment. Brain-injured mice exhibited hyperactivity and age-dependent anxiolysis. Cortical lesion volume and subcortical neuronal loss were greater in brain-injured adults than in juveniles. Importantly, cognitive decline was delayed in onset and coincided with loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that trauma to the developing brain results in a prolonged period of pathogenesis in both cortical and subcortical structures. Behavioral changes are a likely consequence of regional-specific neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Pullela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0520, USA
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